REFERENCES and DOCUMENTATION

Sample References
Citing Resources

SAMPLE REFERENCE ENTRIES

The following samples follow the conventions according to Turabian or the Chicago style. "N" refers to a footnote or endnote entry; "B" refers to a Bibliography entry, and "RL" refers to a List-of-References entry. For information on other types of entries see Kate L. Turabian, A Manual for Writers of Term Papers, Theses, and Dissertations. 6th ed. rev. by John Grossman and Alice Bennet (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996).

Book	Edited Book
Article in Book	Article in Journal
Newspaper Article	On-line Document
In-text Reference	Second Footnote Reference

BOOK & AUTHOR

N		1. Jan Narveson, Moral Matters (Don Mills ON:
	Broadview Press, 1993), 52.

		2. Nicholas P. White, A Companion to Plato's Republic
	(Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing, 1979), 15-20.

B	Narveson, Jan. Moral Matters. Don Mills ON:
		Broadview Press, 1993

	White, Nicholas P. A companion to Plato's Republic.
		Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing, 1979.

RL	Narveson, Jan. 1993. Moral Matters. Don Mills ON: Broadview
		Press.

	White, Nicholas P. 1979. A companion to Plato's Republic.
		Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing.

Other Samples

BOOK & EDITOR

N		3. Wesley Cragg and Christine M. Koggel, eds.,
	Contemporary Moral Issues, 4th ed. (Toronto: McGraw-Hill Ryerson, 1997), xiv.

		4. Gregory Vlastos, ed., Plato, A Collection of Critical
	Essays (Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press, 1978), 1: x.

B	Cragg, Wesley, and Christine M. Koggel, eds. Contemporary
		Moral Issues. 4th ed. Toronto:McGraw-Hill Ryerson, 1997.

	Vlastos, Gregory, ed. Plato, A Collection of Critical Essays.
		2 vols. Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press, 1978.

RL	Cragg, Wesley, and Christine M. Koggel, eds. 1997.
		ContemporaryMoral Issues. 4th ed. Toronto:McGraw-Hill Ryerson.

	Vlastos, Gregory, ed. 1978. Plato, A Collection of Critical Essays.
		2 vols. Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press.

Other Samples

ON-LINE DOCUMENT

N		10. Joseph A. Buijs, "Philosophical Commentary"
	[document on-line]; available from http://www.ualberta.ca/ ~jbuijs/assign.htm#philcommentary; accessed 23 August 2001.

B	Buijs, Joseph A. "Philosophical Commentary." Document on-line.
		Available from http://www.ualberta.ca./~jbuijs /assign.htm#philcommentary. Accessed 23 August 2001.

RL	Buijs, Joseph A. 2000. Philosophical Commentary. Document
		on-line. Available from http://www.ualberta.ca./ ~jbuijs/assign.htm#philcommentary. Accessed 23 August 2001.

Other Samples

CITING RESOURCES

     There are two common styles for citing resources: footnotes or endnotes commonly used in the Humanities; and in-text, parenthetical references commonly used in the Sciences.
     In using the footnote or endnote format, a bibliography citing all the resources that have been used is often included at the end of a large work, such as dissertations or books. In shorter papers, there is no need to include a separate bibliography; all the resources used in the paper should appear in the footnotes or endnotes.
     In using the reference list format, an abbreviated reference is included in the text of the paper, citing the author and date in parentheses, in conjunction with a List of References at the end of the paper. If specific pages are cited, then page numbers are included in parenhteses after the date.
    A reference must be cited when quoting directly from a resource. References should also be cited when facts, viewpoints, arguments, or interpretations are presented in a paper that are taken from another resource, i.e., they are not yours.

Footnote/Endnote References
     First Reference (see the sample "N" references above)
     Second (and later) References

In-text References

Top

SECOND (and later) FOOTNOTE/ENDNOTE REFERENCES

	11. White, 25.
		[refers to the work by White already previously cited in note 2]

	12. White, Companion, 25.
		[refers to the book title abbreviated here and already previously cited in note 2; this format is used when there is more than one work, book or article, by White cited in the paper]

	13. Shorey, "Ethics," 1: 10.
		[refers to the article title abbreviated here and already previously cited in note 6; this format is used when there is more than one work, article or book, by Shorey cited in the paper]

	14. Ibid., 115
		[refers to the immediately preceding reference, in this care the article by Shorey cited in note 13.]

Footnote/Endnote References
First Reference (see the sample "N" references above)
Second (and later) References

In-text References

Top

IN TEXT, PARENTHETICAL REFERENCES
(with an RL entry under a List of References in alphabetical order at the end of the paper)

	(White 1979, 25)
		[last name of author, year, and specific page reference]

	(1979, 26)
		[only the date and specific page number is used when the author's name is already mentioned in the sentence, in this case White]

	(Cragg and Koggel 1997, xiv)

	(Shorey 1978, 1:10)
		[the volume number is included for clarity]

	(Buijs 2000)

Footnote/Endnote References
First Reference (see the sample "N" references above)
Second (and later) References

In-text References

Top

Last updated: April 27, 2007

N		5. Patrick Nowell-Smith, "The Right to Die," in
	Contemporary Moral Issues, ed. Wesley Cragg and Christine M. Koggel (Toronto: McGraw-Hill Ryerson, 1997), 22-29.

		6. Paul Shorey, "Plato's Ethics," in Plato, A Collection of
	Critical Essays , ed. Gregory Vlastos (Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press, 1978), 1: 7-34.

B	Nowell-Smith, Patrick. "The Right to Die." In Contemporary
		Moral Issues , ed. Wesley Cragg and Christine M. Koggel, 22-29. Toronto: McGraw-Hill Ryerson, 1997.

	Shorey, Paul. "Plato's Ethics." In Plato, A Collection of Critical
		Essays, ed. Gregory Vlastos, 1: 7-34. Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press, 1978.

RL	Nowell-Smith, Patrick. 1997. The Right to Die. In Contemporary
		Moral Issues , ed. Wesley Cragg and Christine M. Koggel, 22-29. Toronto: McGraw-Hill Ryerson.

	Shorey, Paul. 1978. Plato's Ethics. In Plato, A Collection of
		Critical Essays , ed. Gregory Vlastos, 1: 7-34. Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press.

N		7. James Rachels, "Active and Passive Euthanasia," The
	New England Journal of Medicine 292, no. 2 (9 January 1975): 78-80.

		8. J. R. S. Wilson, "The Argument of Republic IV,"
	Philosophical Quarterly 26 (1976): 111-124.

B	Rachels, James. "Active and Passive Euthanasia." The New
		England Journal of Medicine 292, no. 2 (9 January 1975): 78-80.

	Wilson, J. R. S. "The Argument of Republic IV," Philosophical
		Quarterly 26 (1976): 111-124.

N		9. Ann Landers, "Fight for Right to Die with Dignity,"
	The Edmonton Journal, 6 February 1994, F5.

B	Landers, Ann. "Fight for Right to Die with Dignity." The
		Edmonton Journal , 6 February 1994, F5.

RL	Landers, Ann. 1994. Fight for Right to Die with Dignity. The
		Edmonton Journal , 6 February, F5.

RL	Rachels, James. 1975. Active and Passive Euthanasia. The New
		England Journal of Medicine 292, no. 2 (9 January): 78-80.

	Wilson, J. R. S. 1976. The Argument of Republic IV.
		Philosophical Quarterly 26: 111-124.