Michael Newbrey

General Research Interests and Background

My general research interests include freshwater teleost systematics, biogeography, and ecology for both extant and extinct fishes. I am particularly interested in the effects of climate change on fish populations and evolution. The geologic record contains many instances of major climate change and as such the fishes deposited before, during, and after climate change can be studied to give insight into the effects of climate change on fishes. Below, I discuss some of my research in greater detail.

COLONIZATION AND RESPONSE OF LATE PLEISTOCENE LACUSTRINE FISH POPULATIONS TO CLIMATE CHANGE
North Dakota has many late Pleistocene fossil fish localities. Since North Dakota has been glaciated numerous times, fishes have repeatedly colonized and been displaced by glaciers. These fishes were deposited during a time of climate change and provide us with the opportunity to study the effects of climate change on fishes. To study fish species colonization and the response of populations to climate change, Allan Ashworth and I reexamined a well-preserved late Pleistocene to early Holocene fossil fish deposit on the Missouri Coteau, North Dakota. The fossil fishes in the assemblage include complete specimens of yellow perch (Perca flavescens, see photo), brassy minnow (Hybognathus hankinsoni), blacknose shiner (Notropis heterolepis), banded killifish (Fundulus diaphanus), and brook stickleback (Culaea inconstans). The sequence of colonization is explained by individual thermal and relative water velocity tolerances for each species. We found there are six peaks in fish abundance during approximately 1000 years indicating a response to environmental perturbations. Charcoal deposition from fires is inferred to represent episodic droughts during which nutrient levels were reduced and fish abundance declined. The fluctuations follow an overall trend of increased fish abundance during a time when lake-marginal vegetation changed from a spruce to a deciduous forest in response to climatic warming. This study provides insight into the complex effects of a changing climate on fish populations and demonstrates the potential of using fossils to examine the long-term patterns of contemporary fish species. The results are published in the Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 61:1807-1816.

THE REE HEIGHTS FOSSIL FISH LOCALITY, SOUTH DAKOTA: A NEW LOOK AT SOME OLD FISHES
Aside from my PhD research, I examined a published description of a fossil fish locality, the Ree Heights fossil locality, which was thought to be deposited during a glacial event. The fossils are of fish species still living in the area today and I recognized that they inhabit warm water. To explain the apparent discrepancy of why warm water fishes would be deposited during a glacial event, I assumed that either the fishes were misidentified or they were deposited during an earlier interglacial period. To answer these questions, I teamed up with Allan Ashworth and Ken Lepper, Department of Geosciences, NDSU, and Jane Willenbring-Staiger, University of Minnesota. Together, we have taken a closer look at the site and its fossils to test the hypotheses. The Ree Heights fossil site, South Dakota, is located within a moraine complex of the James River Lobe of the Laurentide Ice Sheet. Previously published research (Ossian 1973) described a 10 m thick fossil fish bed, interbedded within late Wisconsinan Cary gravels (12-22k years old) and overlain by a glacial till. Ten extant species of fish were reported including black bullhead catfish (Ameiurus melas), least madtom catfish (Noturus hildebrandi), banded killifish (Fundulus diaphanus), largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides), bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus), pumpkinseed (L. gibbosus), orangespotted sunfish (L. humulis), yellow perch (Perca flavescens), channel darter (Percina cf. copelandi), and Iowa darter (Etheostoma exile)(Ossian 1973).

The identification of seven taxa can be confirmed from the Ree Heights Locality: banded kilifish; bullhead, Ameiurus (either A. nebulosus or A. natalis); brindled madtom catfish, N. cf. miurus; orangespotted sunfish; pumkinseed sunfish; yellow perch; and a darter, Etheostomatinae. Six taxa were misidentified or can not be confirmed: black bullhead; least madtom catfish; largemouth bass; bluegill sunfish; Iowa darter; and channel darter. Three unreliable or incorrect characteristics were used to indicate the presence of A. melas. First, a single pectoral spine identified as A. melas (UNSM 71139) has eight large retrorse teeth on the posterior margin as in A. nebulosus unlike the smooth spines of A. melas. Second, variation in the humeral processes in Ameiurus lack diagnostic qualities among extant material. Third, the posterior extension of the supraoccipital crest (UNSM 71133) is moderately large as seen in both A. nebulosus (e.g., UMMZ 182059) and A. melas (e.g., UMMZ 173108). The initial identification of N. hildebrandi was based on the morphology of the pectoral spine (UNSM 71130); Ossian’s figure was used for examination as the original specimen was unavailable for examination. The pectoral spine has robust dentition that occurs on the anterior and posterior margin of the specimen as in N. miurus (UMMZ 165840). The specimen of largemouth bass (UNSM 71037) is missing but lacks the urohyal that was initially used to identify the specimen. Furthermore, the urohyals examined in skeletal centrarchids were variable and lacked diagnostic attributes. The specimens of bluegill sunfish (UNSM 71034, 71036) have been reassigned to L. humulis as the preopercularmandibular canal pores are nearly as large as the ventro-lateral surface of the dentary unlike L. gibbosus and L. macrochirus. Furthermore, UNSM 71035 lacks any diagnostics characteristics attributable to L. macrochirus. All of the fossil darter specimens are referred to here as Percidae, Etheostomatinae with no further taxonomic resolution. The specimens formerly assigned to Iowa darter (UNSM 71162-71169), and channel darter (UNSM 71770), lack important generic, diagnostic qualities associated with natural color, lateralis system, prevomer, palatine, and the premaxillary frenum.

The smaller size (50-150mm) and young age (1 year old) of bluegills and some yellow perch, indicates the water depth was probably less than 3 m. The depositional environment was probably near a shoreline as ostracodes, frogs, and snails were present. The distribution of the seven species indicates a warmer climate than that expected for South Dakota during the late Pleistocene. The distribution of F. diaphanus (geographic range latitudes 40°-49°N), L. humulis (geographic range latitudes 29°-45°N), and N. miurus (geographic range latitudes 31°-42°N) suggests a mean annual temperature range of 6°-10°C. Mean annual temperature at the site today is 7°C. However, late Wisconsinan pollen assemblages for South Dakota are spruce-dominated indicating cooler and wetter conditions than today. The warmth indicated by the Ree Heights fish fauna is inconsistent with the interpretation of a late Wisconsinan age and climate. To test the hypothesis that the Ree Heights fish bed could be older, Ken Lepper collected two sediment samples were collected from different horizons within the fish beds. The samples yielded preliminary Optically Stimulated Luminescence (OSL) dating age estimates of 120k years old or greater suggesting that a late Wisconsinan age is unlikely. The relatively warm conditions indicated by the fish assemblage and the preliminary OSL age estimates indicate that the deposits could be of interglacial age. This research is ongoing but our initial results were presented at the 2006 Biennial Meeting of the American Quaternary Association. Ultimately, I hope to use the Ree Heights fossils to study the effects of climate change on fishes. Funding was provided to me by the Geological Society of America.

Orangespotted sunfish, Lepomis humulis	Pumpkinseed sunfish, L. gibbosus

Masters Thesis Abstract
Riparian areas are inextricably linked to aquatic systems. In light of widespread riparian and littoral zone tree removal caused by logging, cottage development, and road development, more research needs to be done to assess the importance of woody structure as fish habitat. The objectives of this study were to: 1) quantify the morphology (e.g., branching complexity, length, etc.) of trees in lakes as it relates to physical habitat for fish, and 2) identify relations between species richness, diversity, abundance, and total length of individual fish species and the physical characteristics of submerged trees. Trees in Katherine Lake, Wisconsin were selected using random and random-stratified sampling. Tree morphology (e.g., branching complexity, bole diameter, wet length, freeboard, clearance, minimum depth of tree, total water depth at tree, and bridging distance), general site habitat characteristics (e.g., distance to other coarse woody structure [coarse woody debris], site slope, mean depth, and dominant and subdominant particle sizes), and fish metrics (e.g., taxa richness, diversity, adult abundance, and adult total length) were quantified at each site. Conifers were found to be more abundant than deciduous trees in Katherine Lake and physically complex trees of either type were rare. Branching complexity in coniferous trees was highly correlated with bole diameter, wet length, and clearance, whereas, branching complexity in deciduous trees was highly correlated with wet length. A total of 16 species of fish utilized submerged wood as habitat. There were significantly more smallmouth bass (Micropterus dolomieu) and bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus) on sites with submerged wood compared to sites without submerged wood in Katherine Lake. Conifer trees had significantly higher numbers of schooling cyprinids (Cyprinidae), bluegill, and walleye (Sander vitreus) when compared to deciduous trees. Fish taxa richness, diversity, and abundance increased in coniferous and deciduous trees that were morphologically more complex with greater amounts of fine branching. Complex trees were dominated by schooling cyprinids, rock bass (Ambloplites rupestris), smallmouth bass, bluegill, and yellow perch (Perca flavescens). Walleyes were common in complex conifers but not deciduous trees. Less complex trees appeared to attract greater numbers of young-of-the-year (YOY) smallmouth bass and YOY rock bass as opposed to adults of the same species. Adult black crappie and rock bass showed seasonal tendencies in moving away from sites with submerged trees in late August. This study demonstrates that wood is important in lakes as fish habitat and continuous recruitment of new, more-complex trees from riparian areas is important to sustain the long-term ecological processes inherent to the riparian area-littoral zone ecotone. Ultimately, better policies need to be established in order to protect riparian vegetation, shoreline wood, and wood recruitment into lakes. This research has also been published in the Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 62:2110-2123.

Download a pdf of the thesis: Newbrey Masters Thesis 2002 - Morphology of CWS

EFFECTS OF STREAM BARRIERS AS IMPEDIMENTS TO WARMWATER FISH MOVEMENT WITH AN EMPHASIS ON CULVERTS AND SILTATION: AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY

Newbrey, M.G., M.A. Bozek, and C.J. Edwards. Final Report to the North Central Research Station. U.S. Forest Service, Grand Rapids, MN submitted 5 November 2001.

Abstract
We reviewed information on existing physiological capabilities of fish and current fish passage technology to determine passage impediments and needs of fish. The purpose of this annotated bibliography was to assess problems for 27 species of fish stemming from Forest Service culverts and low head dams intersecting warmwater streams in the Chequamegon-Nicolet National Forest, Wisconsin. The general problems for fish movement through culverts and other barriers are associated with water velocities, vertical jumps, or channel alterations. However, limited information was available on movement and migration of most species considered here, particularly quantitative information on physiological capabilities. It is clear that more research is needed prior to recommending appropriate fish passage criteria needed to pass all fish beyond barriers considered in this report. Species rating curves for sustained and burst swimming speeds in relation to total body length and temperature need to be constructed in order to determine which size and design culverts would be adequate to pass fish. Until more information regarding migration behavior, habitat use, and physiological capabilities is collected, design needs and criteria cannot be evaluated and developed to facilitate fish movements and prevent habitat fragmentation.

Download a pdf of the report: Newbrey et al. 2001 - Fish Passage Annotated Bibliography

Curriculum Vitae (abbreviated)

PUBLICATIONS

Scientific Papers (Peer-reviewed)
Cook, T.D., M.V.H. Wilson and M.G. Newbrey. In Press. The first record of the large lamniform shark, Cardabiodon ricki, from North America and a new empirical test for its presumed antitropical distribution. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 19 pp., 3 figures.

Newbrey, M.G., A.M. Murray, M.V.H. Wilson, D.B. Brinkman and A.G. Neuman. 2009. Seventy-five-million-year-old tropical tetra-like fish from Canada tracks Cretaceous global warming. Proceedings of the Royal Society, B 276:3829-3833, 3 pages in Supplementary Data.

Newbrey, M.G., M.V.H. Wilson and A.C. Ashworth. 2008. Climate Change and Evolution of Growth in Late Cretaceous to Recent North American Esociformes, pp. 311-350. In Mesozoic Fishes 4 - Systematics, Homology, and Nomenclature; edited by G. Arratia, H.P. Schultze, and M.V.H. Wilson. Verlag Dr. Friedrich Pfeil, München, Germany.

Newbrey, M.G., M.V.H. Wilson and A.C. Ashworth. 2007. Centrum growth patterns provide evidence for two small taxa of Hiodontidae in the Cretaceous Dinosaur Park Formation. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 44:721-732.

Newbrey, M.G., M.A. Bozek, M.J. Jennings and J.E. Cook. 2005. Branching complexity and morphological characteristics of coarse woody structure as lacustrine fish habitat. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 62:2110-2123.

Newbrey, M.G. and A.C. Ashworth. 2004. A fossil record of colonization and response of lacustrine fish populations to climate change. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 61:1807-1816.

Newbrey, M.G. and M.A. Bozek. 2003. Age, growth, and mortality of Joffrichthys triangulpterus (Teleostei: Osteoglossidae) from the Paleocene Sentinel Butte Formation, North Dakota, USA. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 23:494-500.

Newbrey, M.G. and M.A. Bozek. 2000. A new species of Joffrichthys (Teleostei: Osteoglossidae) of the Sentinel Butte Formation (Paleocene), of North Dakota, USA. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 20:6-14.

Teaching Papers (Peer-reviewed)
Baltezore, J.M. and M.G. Newbrey. 2007. The infection dynamics of a hypothetical virus in a high school: Use of an ultraviolet detectable powder. The American Biology Teacher 69:99-103.

Newbrey, M.G. and J.M. Baltezore. 2006. Poster presentations: conceptualizing, constructing, and critiquing. The American Biology Teacher 68:550-554.

Symposia and Extended Abstracts
Newbrey, M.G. and M.V.H. Wilson. 2005. Recognition of annular growth on centra of Teleostei with application to Hiodontidae of the Cretaceous Dinosaur Park Formation. In Dinosaur Park Symposium; edited by D.R. Braman, F. Therrien, E.B. Koppelhus, and W. Taylor. Special Publication of the Royal Tyrrell Museum, Drumheller, Alberta. pp. 61-68. Refereed.

Newbrey, M.G., M.V.H. Wilson and A.C. Ashworth. 2005. Growth characteristics of Cretaceous and Cenozoic North American Esociformes: Implications for systematics. In Fourth International Meeting on Mesozoic Fishes - Systematics, Homology, and Nomenclature, Extended Abstracts; edited by F.J. Poyato-Ariza. Servicio de Publicaciones de la Universidad Autónoma de Madrid / UAM Ediciones. pp. 201-204.

ORAL PRESENTATIONS

Published Abstracts
Newbrey, M.G., A.M. Murray, M.V.H. Wilson, D.B. Brinkman and A.G. Neuman. 2008. Paleolatitudinal response of Characiformes (Teleostei: Ostariophysi) to Cenozoic climate change. Society of Vertebrate Paleontology 68th Annual Meeting. Cleveland, Ohio, October 15-18. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 28(supplement to 3):121A.

Newbrey, M.G., M.V.H. Wilson and A.C. Ashworth. 2005. Growth characteristics of North American Hiodontidae (Teleostei) from the Late Cretaceous to Recent. Society of Vertebrate Paleontology 65^th Annual Meeting. Mesa, Arizona, October 19-22. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 25(supplement to 3):96A.

Newbrey, M.G., M.V.H. Wilson and A.C. Ashworth. 2005. Growth characteristics of Cretaceous and Cenozoic North American Esociformes: Implications for systematics. Fourth International Meeting on Mesozoic Fishes, Miraflores de la Sierra, Madrid, Spain, August 8-13.

Newbrey, M.G., A.C. Ashworth and M.V.H. Wilson. 2004. Geographic trends in North American Freshwater Fishes from the Cretaceous to the Pliocene. Society of Vertebrate Paleontology 64^th Annual Meeting. Denver, Colorado, November 3-6. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 24(supplement to 3):98A.

Newbrey, M.G. and A.C. Ashworth. 2003. Fish community dynamics, growth of yellow perch, and correlations with climate and fire in an early Holocene lake in North Dakota. Society of Vertebrate Paleontology 63rd Annual Meeting. St. Paul, Minnesota, October 15-18. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 23(supplement to 3):82A-83A.

Newbrey, M.G. and M.A. Bozek. 2002. Growth of Esox tiemani of the Paleocene Sentinel Butte Formation of North Dakota with evidence to estimate mean annual temperature. Society of Vertebrate Paleontology 62^nd Annual Meeting. Norman, Oklahoma, October 9-12. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 22(supplement to 3):92A.

Newbrey, M.G. and B.R. Erickson. 2001. The fish assemblage of Wannagan Creek Quarry, Bullion Creek Formation (Paleocene: Tiffanian), North Dakota. Society of Vertebrate Paleontology 61^st Annual Meeting. Bozeman, Montana, October 3-6. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 21(supplement to 3):83A.

Newbrey, M.G., M.A. Bozek and M. Jennings. 2001. Differences in architectural complexity of submerged deciduous versus conifer trees in relation to fish habitat. Midwest Fish and Wildlife Conference 63^rd Annual Meeting. Ames, Iowa.

Newbrey, M.G., M.A. Bozek and M. Jennings. 2001. Architectural complexity of submerged trees: Riparian and littoral zone management of fish habitat. Wisconsin Chapter American Fisheries Society 30^th Annual Meeting. Superior, Wisconsin. Invited presentation.

Newbrey, M.G., M.A. Bozek and M. Jennings. 2000. Architecture of submerged trees as fish habitat: Implications for riparian and littoral zone management. Midwest Fish and Wildlife Conference 62^ndAnnual Meeting. Minneapolis, Minnesota.

Newbrey, M.G. and M.A. Bozek. 1999. Growth of Esox tiemani and a new species of Joffrichthys of the Sentinel Butte Formation (Paleocene) near Almont, North Dakota. Proceedings of the North Dakota Academy of Sciences 53:208. Grand Forks, North Dakota.

Newbrey, M.G. and M.A. Bozek. 1997. A description of the fossil fish assemblage of the Sentinel Butte Formation (Paleocene) near Almont, North Dakota including two new species. Proceedings of the North Dakota Academy of Sciences 51:211. Grand Forks, North Dakota.

Newbrey, M.G. and M.A. Bozek. 1996. A morphological comparison of fossil fish scales and fish from the Sentinel Butte Formation (Paleocene) near Almont, North Dakota. Proceedings of the Iowa Academy of Sciences. Vol. 103.

Newbrey, M.G. 1995. Animal fossils from the Sentinel Butte Formation (Paleocene) near Almont, North Dakota. Proceedings of the Iowa Academy of Sciences. Vol. 102.

Coauthored Presentations (Published Abstracts)
Harings, N.M., K.M. Kleczka, M.A. Bozek and M.G. Newbrey. 2004. Behavioral observations and dietary analysis of bullfrog (Rana catesbieana) tadpoles to determine the utilization of submerged riparian trees on Lake Katherine, Oneida County, Wisconsin. Midwest Fish and Wildlife Conference 66^th Annual Meeting.

Bozek, M.A., B.J. Achuff, M.G. Newbrey and J.E. Cook. 2002. A dynamic model linking riparian area tree recruitment to submerged woody habitat in lakes. Annual Meeting of the American Society for Oceanography and Limnology. Victoria, BC, Canada.

Bozek, M.A., B.J. Achuff, M.G. Newbrey and J.E. Cook. 2002. Development of a dynamic model linking riparian area wood recruitment with submerged woody habitat. Wisconsin Chapter American Fisheries Society 31^st Annual Meeting.

Bozek, M.A., B.J. Achuff, M.G. Newbrey and J.E. Cook. 2002. Development of a dynamic model linking riparian area wood recruitment with submerged woody fish habitat. 132^nd Annual Meeting of the American Fisheries Society. Baltimore, MD.

Achuff, B.J., M.A. Bozek, J.E. Cook and M.G. Newbrey. 2002. Developing a dynamic model linking riparian area forests with littoral zone coarse woody structure in a temperate lake. Annual Meeting of the Ecological Society of America. Tucson, AZ.

Achuff, B.J., M.A. Bozek, J.E. Cook and M.G. Newbrey. 2002. Development of a riparian land-use model for the sustainable recruitment of coarse woody structure to lakes as fish habitat. North Central Division of the American Fisheries Society Meeting. Bettendorf, IA.

Achuff, B.J., M.A. Bozek, J.E. Cook and M.G. Newbrey. 2001. Linking riparian forest complexity and littoral zone habitat in a northern temperate lake. Midwest Fish and Wildlife Conference 63^rd Annual Meeting.

Presentations (Unpublished Abstracts)
Newbrey, M.G. 2007. Examination of growth provides insight into diversity and the effects of climate change on Dinosaur Provincial Park fossil fishes. Seminar series presentation, Royal Tyrrell Museum, Drumheller, Alberta.

Newbrey, M.G., A.C. Ashworth and M.V.H. Wilson. 2005. Geographic trends in North American Freshwater Fishes from the Cretaceous to the Pliocene: A climatic effect? Northern Plains Biological Symposium, Fargo, North Dakota.

Newbrey, M.G. and A.C. Ashworth. 2005. If fossil fish could talk we would hear stories about drought: An examination of a late Pleistocene deposit near Jamestown, North Dakota. North Dakota Geological Society, Bismarck, North Dakota. May 17th. Abstract included in the North Dakota Geological Society 2005 annual report. Invited presentation.

Newbrey, M.G. 2001. The fish, taphonomy, and limnology of Wannagan Creek Quarry, Paleocene Bullion Creek Formation, North Dakota. Science Museum of Minnesota. Invited presentation.

Published Abstracts
Newbrey, M.G., T.D. Cook, M.V.H. Wilson, A.G. Neuman and G.T. Takeuchi. 2009. Growth characteristics of some Late Cretaceous lamniforms (Elasmobranchii) of North America. Society of Vertebrate Paleontology 69th Annual Meeting. Bristol, United Kingdom, September 23-26, 2009. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 29(supplement to 3):155A.

Brinkman, D.P., M.G. Newbrey and T.D. Cook. 2009. Fish of the Hell Creek Formation. Ninth North American Paleontological Convention (NAPC 2009), University of Cincinnati, Ohio, June 21-26, 2009, page 125.

Newbrey, M.G, A.M. Murray, M.V.H. Wilson and S.L. Cumbaa. 2007. Palatine morphology and the presence of fixed canine teeth in Cenozoic Esox (Teleostei: Esocidae) of North America. Society of Vertebrate Paleontology 67th Annual Meeting, Austin, Texas, October 17-20. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 27(supplement to 3):123-124A.

Newbrey, M.G., M.V.H. Wilson and A.C. Ashworth. 2006. Evidence for two taxa of Hiodontidae in the Cretaceous Dinosaur Park Formation, Alberta. Society of Vertebrate Paleontology 66^th Annual Meeting. Ottawa, Ontario, October 18-21. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 26(supplement to 3):105A.

Newbrey, M.G., K. Lepper, A.C. Ashworth and T.D. Kummer. 2006. Reassessment of the fishes, paleoenvironment, and age of the Ree Heights fossil fish locality, South Dakota. American Quaternary Association, Program and Abstracts of the 19th Biennial Meeting, pages 131-132, August 17-20, Bozeman, MT.

Newbrey, M.G. and M.V.H. Wilson. 2005. Recognition of annular growth on centra of Teleostei with application to Hiodontidae of the Cretaceous Dinosaur Park Formation. Dinosaur Park Symposium, Royal Tyrrell Museum, Drumheller, Alberta. September 24-25.

Newbrey, M.G. and J.L. Newbrey. 2004. Evidence for long-term abundance fluctuations of piscivorous birds in North Dakota from a fossil record of fish populations responding to climate change. North Dakota Chapter of the Wildlife Society Annual Meeting.

Newbrey, M.G. and A.C. Ashworth. July 2003. A new method to estimate early Holocene mean annual temperature using growth characteristics of fossil Perca flavescens (yellow perch). XVI International Union for Quaternary Research Congress.

PROFESSIONAL REPORTS AND WEB PUBLICATIONS
Newbrey, M.G. and J.M. Baltezore. 2005. Procedure to construct professional-quality posters. Peer reviewed by three anonymous reviewers for the American Biology Teacher for use as a supplement to Newbrey and Baltezore (2006). The file is available to download in Adobe pdf and Microsoft Word formats at http://www.ndsu.edu/grasus/baltezore/.

Newbrey, M.G., M.A. Bozek and C.J. Edwards. 2001. Effects of stream barriers as impediments to warmwater fish movement with an emphasis on culverts and siltation: An annotated bibliography. Final Report to the North Central Research Station. U.S. Forest Service, Grand Rapids, MN submitted November 5, 2001. 52pp.

PROFESSIONAL MEMBERSHIPS
American Fisheries Society, Webpage
American Quaternary Association, Webpage
American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists, Webpage
Geological Society of America, Webpage
National Association of Biology Teachers, Webpage
Society of Vertebrate Paleontology, Webpage
Mesozoic Fishes, Webpage

Michael Newbrey, Ph.D.

General Research Interests and Background

Curriculum Vitae (abbreviated)