Baird-Lange, Lorrayne Y., and Hildegard Schnuttgen. A Bibliography of Chaucer, 1974-1985. Hamden: Archon Books, 1988.

Baugh, Albert C., ed. Chaucer. 2nd ed. Goldentree Bibliographies in Language and Literature. Arlington Heights: AHM Publishing Corp., 1977.

Beidler, Peter G., and Elizabeth M. Biebel, eds. Chaucer's "Wife of Bath's Prologue and Tale": An Annotated Bibliography, 1900-1995. The Chaucer Bibliographies 6. Toronto and Buffalo: University of Toronto Press, in association with the University of Rochester, 1998.

Benson, Larry D. A Glossarial Concordance to the Riverside Chaucer. 2 vols. Garland Reference Library of the Humanities 1699. New York: Garland Publishing, 1993.

Bisson, Lillian M. Chaucer and the Late Medieval World. London: Macmillan, 1998.

Barron, Caroline M. London in the Late Middle Ages: Government and People, 1200-1500. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003.

Bush, M. L., ed. Serfdom and Slavery: Studies in Legal Bondage. London and New York: Longman, 1996.

Chazelle, Celia Martin, et al., eds. Why the Middle Ages Matter: Medieval Light on Modern Injustice. London and New York: Routledge, 2012. ["The word 'medieval' is often used in a negative way when talking about contemporary issues; Why the Middle Ages Matter refreshes our thinking about this historical era, and our own, by looking at some pressing concerns from today's world, asking how these issues were really handled in the medieval period, and showing why the past matters now. The contributors here cover topics such as torture, animal rights, marriage, sexuality, imprisonment, refugees, poverty and end of life care. They shed light on relations between Christians and Muslims and on political leadership. This collection challenges many negative stereotypes of medieval people, revealing a world from which, for instance, much could be learned about looking after the spiritual needs of the dying, and about integrating prisoners into the wider community with the emphasis on reconciliation between victim and criminal. It represents a new level of engagement with issues of social justice by medievalists and provides a highly engaging way into studying the middle ages for students" (publisher's description).]

Cole, Andrew. Literature and Heresy in the Age of Chaucer. Cambridge Studies in Medieval Literature 71. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008.

Coulton, G[eorge] G[ordon]. Parish Life in Medieval England. London: E. Stock, 1907. [A 16-page article, reprinted from The Churchman, April, 1907.]

Davies, R. G., and J. H. Denton, eds. The English Parliament in the Middle Ages. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1981.

Denton, Jeffrey Howard, ed. Orders and Hierarchies in Late Medieval and Renaissance Europe. Toronto and Buffalo: University of Toronto Press, 1999.

DeVries, Kelly. Medieval Military Technology. Peterborough, ON: Broadview Press, 1992.

Duggan, Anne J., ed. Nobles and Nobility in Medieval Europe: Concepts, Origins, Transformations. Woodbridge, Suffolk: Boydell and Brewer, 2002.

Friar, Stephen. Heraldry for the Local Historian and Genealogist. Stroud, Gloucestershire: Alan Sutton, 1992.

Fulton, Helen. "Cheapside in the Age of Chaucer." In Medieval Cultural Studies: Essays in Honour of Stephen Knight. Ed. Ruth Evans, Helen Fulton, and David Matthews. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2006. Pp. 138-151. [On the City of London in the late Middle Ages; "London Lickpenny" is cited in evidence.]

Gimpel, Jean. The Medieval Machine: The Industrial Revolution of the Middle Ages. 2nd ed. Aldershot: Wildwood House, 1988. [Translated from the French: La révolution industrielle du moyen âge. By studying medieval technology and invention, the author shows how energy resources, manpower, and ingenuity revolutionized medieval agriculture, industry, construction, and mining, creating a genuine industrial revolution, and how the eventual economic and social decline that began in fourteenth-century Europe parallels the failings of modern industrial society.]

Goodman, Anthony. John of Gaunt: The Exercise of Princely Power in Fourteenth-Century Europe. London: Longman, 1992.

Gurr, T. R. "Historical Trends in Violent Crime: A Critical Review of the Evidence." Crime and Justice 3 (1981): 295-353.

Guth, DeLloyd J. Late-Medieval England, 1377-1485. Conference on British Studies, Bibliographical Handbooks. Cambridge, London, New York, and Melbourne: Cambridge University Press, for the Conference on British Studies, 1976. [With a supplement: Rosenthal, Joel T., ed. Late Medieval England (1377-1485): A Bibliography of Historical Scholarship, 1975-1989. Kalamazoo, MI: Medieval Institute Publications, Western Michigan University, 1994.]

Hanawalt, Barbara A., ed. Chaucer's England: Literature in Historical Context. Medieval Studies at Minnesota 4. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1992.

Hanawalt, Barbara A. Crime and Conflict in English Communities, 1300-1348. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1979.

Harpur, James. Inside the Medieval World: A Panorama of Life in the Middle Ages. London: Cassell, 1995.

Harris, Stephen J., and Bryon L. Grigsby, eds. Misconceptions about the Middle Ages. Routledge Studies in Medieval Religion and Culture 7. New York: Routledge, 2008. [Contents: Was the medieval church corrupt? / Frans van Liere -- Papal infallibility / Elaine M. Beretz -- "The age of faith": everyone in the Middle Ages believed in God / Peter Dendle -- Everyone was an orthodox, educated Roman Catholic / Michael D. C. Drout -- Myth of the virgin nun / Mary Dockray-Miller -- Medieval Popess / Vincent DiMarco -- Medieval monks: funnier than you thought / Liam Ethan Felsen -- Medieval attitudes toward Muslims and Jews / Michael Frassetto -- Crusades: eschatological lemmings, younger sons, papal hegemony, and colonialism / Jessalynn Bird -- Myth of the mounted knight / James G. Patterson -- Myth of the flat earth / Louise M. Bishop -- Medieval sense of self / Ronald J. Ganze -- Middles Ages were a superstitious time / Peter Dendle -- Age before reason / Richard Raiswell -- Rehabilitating medieval medicine / Anne Van Arsdall -- Medieval misconceptions / Bryon Grigsby -- Medieval cuisine: hog's swill or culinary art? / Jean-François Kosta-Théfaine -- What did medieval people eat? / Christopher Roman -- Medieval drama / Carolyn Coulson-Grigsby -- Shakespeare did not write in Old English / Marijane Osborn -- Austere age without laughter / Michael W. George -- King Arthur: the once and future misconception / S. Elizabeth Passmore -- "Peasants revolt"? / Paul Strohm -- Medieval sense of history / Richard H. Godden -- Medieval peasant / Dinah Hazell -- Witches and the myth of the medieval Burning Times / Anita Obermeier -- Medieval child: an unknown phenomenon? / Sophie Oosterwijk -- Were women able to read and write in the Middle Ages? / Helen Conrad-O'Briain -- Teaching Chaucer in Middle English / C. David Benson -- Medieval chastity belt unbuckled / Linda Migl Keyser.]

Harvey, Ruth. The Culture of the Court in the Medieval World. Explorations in Medieval Culture and Society. London: Macmillan; Toronto: University of Toronto Press, [forthcoming].

Hicks, Michael. Richard II: The Man behind the Myth. London: Collins and Brown, 1991.

Horrox, Rosemary. Centre and Localities in Medieval England, 12th-16th Century. Explorations in Medieval Culture and Society. London: Macmillan; Toronto: University of Toronto Press, [forthcoming].

Jones, Malcolm. The Secret Middle Ages. Stroud, Gloucestershire: Alan Sutton, 2002. ["Using the wealth of medieval art, much of it unseen or ignored by museums and art historians, Jones paints a compelling picture of life as imagined by the masses between 1200 and 1500. The civilization that emerges is both like and unlike our own, one teeming with the richness of life and its contradictions. In contrast to most medieval studies, Jones does not focus exclusively on religious or aristocratic art, but looks instead to the products of popular and folk art, such as jewelry, tableware, illustrations, carvings, and textiles. All evoke the vivid creative imagination and strong visual culture of the Middle Ages. This book offers a major reassessment of the high medieval period. Medievalists and those interested in the history of language and customs will find it to be essential reading. Richly illustrated, it provides a brilliant and evocative picture of medieval Europe by a leading authority on medieval folklore. As Jones writes, gems and precious metals may dazzle the eye, but a pewter brooch, though it may look tawdry, is of more real significance and tells us more about the Middle Ages than a treasure chest of royal jewels" (publisher's description).]

Karras, Ruth Mazo, Joel Kaye, and E. Ann Matter, eds. Law and the Illicit in Medieval Europe. The Middle Ages. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2008. [Contents: The reordering of law and the illicit in eleventh and twelfth-century Europe / Edward M. Peters -- A fresh look at medieval sanctuary / William Chester Jordan -- Heresy as politics and the politics of heresy, 1022-1180 / R. I. Moore -- Legal ethics: a medieval ghost story / James A. Brundage -- The ties that bind: legal status and imperial power / James Muldoon -- Licit and illicit in the Yarnall collection at the University of Pennsylvania: pages from the decretals of Pope Gregory IX / Robert Somerville -- Judicial violence and torture in the Carolingian empire / Patrick Geary -- The ambiguity of treason in Anglo-Norman-French law, c.1150-c.1250 / Stephen D. White -- Illicit religion: the case of Friar Matthew Grabow, O.P. / John Van Engen -- Marriage, concubinage, and the law / Ruth Mazo Karras -- Crusaders' rights revisited: the use and abuse of crusader privileges in early thirteenth-century France / Jessalynn Bird -- Learned opinion and royal justice: the role of Paris masters of theology during the reign of Philip the Fair / William J. Courtenay -- Coin and punishment in medieval Venice / Alan M. Stahl -- Licit and illicit in the rhetoric of the investiture conflict / Alex Novikoff -- Satisfying the laws: the legenda of Maria of Venice / Susan Mosher Stuard -- Canon law and Chaucer on licit and illicit magic / Henry Ansgar Kelly -- Law and science: constructing a border between licit and illicit knowledge in the writings of Nicole Oresme / Joel Kaye.]

Kay, F. George. Lady of the Sun: The Life and Times of Alice Perrers. London: Frederick Muller, 1966.

Keen, M[aurice] H[ugh]. England in the Later Middle Ages: A Political History. London: Methuen, 1973.

Keen, M[aurice] H[ugh]. English Society in the Later Middle Ages, 1348-1500. The Penguin Social History of Britain. London: Allen Lane / Penguin Books, 1990.

Kelly, John. The Great Mortality: An Intimate History of the Black Death, the Most Devastating Plague of All Time. New York: HarperCollins Publishers, 2005.

Lander, J. R. The Limitations of English Monarchy in the Later Middle Ages: The 1986 Joanne Goodman Lectures. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1989.

Mathew, Gervase. The Court of Richard II. London: John Murray, 1968.

McDonald, Nicola, ed. Medieval Obscenities. Woodbridge, Suffolk: York Medieval Press / Boydell and Brewer, 2006. ["Obscenity is, if nothing else, controversial. Its definition, consumption and regulation fire debate about the very meaning of art and culture, law, politics and ideology. And it is often, erroneously, assumed to be synonymous with modernity. Medieval Obscenities examines the complex and contentious role of the obscene--what is offensive, indecent or morally repugnant--in medieval culture from late antiquity through to the end of the Middle Ages in western Europe. Its approach is multidisciplinary, its methodologies divergent and it seeks to formulate questions and stimulate debate. The essays examine topics as diverse as Norse defecation taboos, the Anglo-Saxon sexual idiom, sheela-na-gigs, impotence in the church courts, bare ecclesiastical bottoms, rude sounds and dirty words, as well as the modern reception and representation of the medieval obscene. They demonstrate not only the vitality of medieval obscenity, but its centrality to our understanding of the Middle Ages and ourselves" (publisher's description).]

McKisak, May. The Fourteenth Century, 1307-1399. Oxford History of England 5. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1959.

Menocal, Maria Rosa. The Ornament of the World: How Muslims, Jews, and Christians Created a Culture of Tolerance in Medieval Spain. Fwd. Harold Bloom. Boston: Little, Brown, 2002.

Meyerson, Mark D., Daniel Thiery, and Oren Falk, eds. "A Great Effusion of Blood": Interpreting Medieval Violence. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2003.

Morris, Richard. Cathedrals and Abbeys of England and Wales: The Building Church, 600-1540. London: Dent, 1979.

Mortimer, Ian. The Time Traveler's Guide to Medieval England: A Handbook for Visitors to the Fourteenth Century. London: Bodley Head / Random House, 2008. [The conceit of the book is, as the title suggests, that if one were to travel in time to fourteenth-century England, reading the standard history books would not have prepared you well; this is a broad social history, describing the sorts of things that one might experience were one to make such a journey.]

Myers, A. R. England in the Late Middle Ages. 8th ed. Pelican History of England 4. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, 1971.

Ormrod, W. M. The Reign of Edward III: Crown and Political Society in England, 1327-1377. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1990.

Ormrod, W. M. "Who was Alice Perrers?" Chaucer Review 40 (2005-2006): 219-229.

Pollard, A. J. Late Medieval England, 1399-1509. Longman History of Medieval England. Harlow, Essex, and New York: Longman, 2000.

Porter, Pamela. Medieval Warfare in Manuscripts. London: British Library, 2000.

Razi, Zvi. Life, Marriage, and Death in a Medieval Parish: Economy, Society, and Demography in Halesowen, 1270-1400. Past and Present. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1980. [A case study of social patterns in a specific medieval village.]

Reynolds, Susan. Fiefs and Vassals: The Medieval Evidence Reinterpreted. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994.

Rigby, S. H. English Society in the Later Middle Ages: Class, Status and Gender. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1995. [A good, well-researched and well-balanced consideration of the crucial questions; Chap. 7 on women's roles is excellent in detailing precisely what women could and could not do at the various levels of the social hierarchy (generally, there were few things which men of a certain class could do which women could not, except that women of every class were not permitted to act independently in matters of politics). Does not, like too many others, make the error of trying to consider issues of gender independently of issues of social class and status.]

Runciman, Steven (Sir). A History of the Crusades. 3 vols. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1951-1954.

Seward, Desmond. The Hundred Years War: The English in France, 1337-1453. New York: Atheneum, 1978.

Singman, Jeffrey L., and Will McLean. Daily Life in Chaucer's England. Daily Life through History. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1995.

Stone, Lawrence. "Interpersonal Violence in English Society, 1300-1980." Past and Present no. 101 (Nov. 1983): 22-33. [P. 25 (summarizing findings by Gurr): "It looks as if the homicide rates in thirteenth-century England were about twice as high as those in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries and that those of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries were some five to ten times higher than those today. Gurr concludes that 'these early estimates of homicide rates . . . sketch a portrait of a society in which men [but rarely women] were easily provoked to violent anger, and were unrestrained in the brutality with which they attacked their opponents. Interpersonal violence was a recurring fact of rural and urban life' ['Historical Trends,' 307]."
Conclusion, p. 32: further study is needed, but "[w]hat already seems clear . . . is that medieval English society was twice as violence-prone as early modern English society, and early modern English society at least five times more violence-prone than contemporary English society. It also seems clear that most of this pre-modern violence was outside of the family rather than within it, as today. The notion that there was once upon a time a peace-loving, conflict-free, golden age of the village, whether located in the middle ages or the early modern period, is shown up to be a myth."]

Sumption, Jonathan. The Hundred Years War. 2 vols. The Middle Ages Series. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1999.

Toy, Sidney. A History of Fortification from 3000 BC to AD 1700. London: Heinemann, 1955.

Underdown, David. Revel, Riot, and Rebellion: Popular Politics and Culture in England, 1603-1660. Oxford: Clarendon Press; New York: Oxford University Press, 1985.

Waugh, Scott L. England in the Reign of Edward III. Cambridge Medieval Textbooks. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991.

Waugh, Scott L., and Peter D. Diehl, eds. Christendom and its Discontents: Exclusion, Persecution, and Rebellion, 1000-1500. Cambridge, and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996.

Acker, Paul. "The Missing Conclusion of The Book of Physiognomy." Medium Ævum 54 (1985): 266-270.

Ackerman, Robert W[illiam]. "The World View of the Middle Ages." Chap 5 of his Backgrounds to Medieval English Literature. Random House Studies in Language and Literature (SLL) 7. New York: Random House, 1966. Pp. 103-126.

Anderson, George K. The Legend of the Wandering Jew. Hanover, NH: University Press of New England, 1991.

Bartlett, Robert. Trial by Fire and Water: The Medieval Judicial Ordeal. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1986.

Bellamy, John G. Crime and Public Order in England in the Later Middle Ages. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1973.

Binski, Paul. Medieval Death: Ritual and Representation. London: British Museum Press, 1996.

Black, Maggie. Food and Cooking in Medieval Britain: History and Recipes. London: English Heritage, 1999.

Blair, John, and Nigel Ramsay, eds. English Medieval Industries: Craftsmen, Techniques, Products. London: Hambledon, 1991.

Bloch, Marc. The Royal Touch: Sacred Monarchy and Scrofula in France and England. Trans. J. E. Anderson. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1973.

Bloomfield, Morton W. The Seven Deadly Sins: An Introduction to the History of a Religious Concept, with Special Reference to Medieval English Literature. East Lansing: Michigan State College Press, 1952.

Bloomfield, Morton W., and Charles W. Dunn. The Role of the Poet in Early Societies. Woodbridge, Suffolk: Boydell and Brewer, 1990.

Boase, T. S. R. Death in the Middle Ages: Mortality, Judgment and Remembrance. Library of Medieval Civilization. London: Thames and Hudson, 1972.

"The Book of Physiognomy." In The World of Piers Plowman. Ed. and trans. Jeanne Krochalis and Edward Peters. The Middle Ages. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1975. Pp. 218-228. [Character as revealed through physical features, especially how to read character in the features of the face.]

Braswell, Mary Flowers. The Medieval Sinner: Characterization and Confession in the Literature of the English Middle Ages. Rutherford: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press; London: Associated University Presses, 1983.

Brown, Peter. The Body and Society: Men, Women and Sexual Renunciation in Early Christianity. Lectures on the History of Religions ns 13. New York: Columbia University Press, 1988.

Brown, Peter. The Cult of the Saints, its Rise and Function in Latin Christianity. The Haskell Lectures on the History of Religions ns 2. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1981.

Bullock-Davies, Constance. Menestrellorum Multitudo: Minstrels at a Royal Feast. Cardiff: Wales University Press, 1978.

Bumke, Joachim. The Concept of Knighthood in the Middle Ages. Trans. W. T. H. Jackson and Erika Jackson. New York: AMS Press, 1982.

Bynum, Caroline Walker. Fragmentation and Redemption: Essays on Gender and the Human Body in Medieval Religion. New York: Zone Books, 1991.

Bynum, Caroline Walker. Jesus as Mother: Studies in the Spirituality of the High Middle Ages. Publications of the Center for Medieval and Renaissance Studies, UCLA, 16. Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press, 1982.

Bynum, Caroline Walker, and Paul Freedman, eds. Last Things: Death and the Apocalypse in the Middle Ages. The Middle Ages Series. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1999.

Canfield, J. Douglas. Word as Bond in English Literature from the Middle Ages to the Restoration. The Middle Ages. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1989.

Carey, Hilary M. Courting Disaster: Astrology at the English Court and University in the Later Middle Ages. London: Macmillan, 1992.

Classen, Albrecht, ed. The Book and the Magic of Reading in the Middle Ages. Medieval Casebooks. London and New York: Routledge, 1999.

Cobban, Alan B. English University Life in the Middle Ages. London: University College London Press, 1998.

Cobban, Alan B. Medieval Universities: Their Development and Organization. London: Methuen, 1975.

Cohn, Samuel K[line], Jr. The Black Death Transformed: Disease and Culture in Early Renaissance Europe. London: Arnold; New York: Oxford University Press, 2002. [Includes a section on the plague in the Middle Ages.]

Coleman, Simon, and John Elsner. Pilgrimage: Past and Present in the World Religions. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1995.

Colish, M. L. The Mirror of Language: A Study of the Medieval Theory of Knowledge. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1968.

Constable, Giles. "Introduction" [On beards in history, especially the symbolic meanings and social practices surrounding facial hair during the European Middle Ages, being part of the Introduction to an edition of "Apologia de Barbis," by "B" (probably "Burchard"), Abbot of Bellevaux.] In Apologiae Duae: Gozechini, Epistola ad Walcherum; Burchardi, ut videtur, Abbatis Bellevallis, Apologia de Barbis. Ed. R. B. C. Huygens. Corpus Christianorum, Continuatio Mediaevalis 62. Turnhout: Brepols, 1985. Pp. 47-130 and four plates between pp. 44 and 45.

Constable, Giles. "Opposition to Pilgrimage in the Middle Ages." Studia Gratiana 19 (1976): 123-146.

Cook, William R., and Ronald B. Herzman. The Medieval World View: An Introduction. New York: Oxford University Press, 1983.

Coss, Peter. The Knight in Medieval England. Gloucester: Alan Sutton, 1993.

Costen, Michael. "The Pilgrimage to Santiago de Compostela in Medieval Europe." In Pilgrimage in Popular Culture. Ed. Ian Reader and Tony Walter. Houndsmills, Hampshire: Macmillan, 1993. Pp. 137-154.

Crane, Susan. The Performance of Self: Ritual, Clothing, and Identity During the Hundred Years War. Middle Ages Series. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2002.

Craun, Edwin D[avid]. Lies, Slander, and Obscenity in Medieval English Literature: Pastoral Rhetoric and the Deviant Speaker. Cambridge Studies in Medieval Literature 31. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997. [On the sins of the tongue (slander, jangling, japing, gossip, villainy) as described by medieval preachers and found in the stories of Geoffrey Chaucer, John Gower, and William Langland.]

Cummins, John. The Hound and the Hawk: The Art of Medieval Hunting. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1988.

Curry, Walter C. Chaucer and the Mediaeval Sciences. 2nd ed. New York: Barnes and Noble, 1960.

Curry, Walter C. The Middle English Ideal of Personal Beauty as Found in the Metrical Romances, Chronicles, and Legends of the XIII, XIV and XV Centuries. Baltimore: J. H. Furst, 1916.

Daniell, Christopher. Death and Burial in Medieval England, 1066-1550. London and New York: Routledge, 1997.

Davies, Horton, and Marie-Hélène Davies. Holy Days and Holidays: The Medieval Pilgrimage to Compostela. London: Associated University Presses, 1982.

De Hamel, Christopher. Scribes and Illuminators. Medieval Craftsmen. London: The British Museum, 1992.

Duby, Georges. The Chivalrous Society. Trans. Cynthia Postan. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1977.

Duby, Georges. The Three Orders: Feudal Society Imagined. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992.

Eade, John, and Michael J. Sallnow. Contesting the Sacred: The Anthropology of Christian Pilgrimage. London: Routledge, 1991.

Edden, Valerie. "The Devotional Life of the Laity in the Late Middle Ages." In Approaching Medieval English Anchoritic and Mystical Texts. Ed. Dee Dyas, Valerie Edden, and Roger Ellis. Christianity and Culture: Issues in Teaching/Research. Cambridge: D. S. Brewer / Boydell and Brewer, 2005. Pp. 35-49.

Eliade, Mircea. The Quest: History of Meaning in Religion. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1969.

Emerson, Jan Swango, and Hugh Feiss, eds. Imagining Heaven in the Middle Ages: A Book of Essays. Afterword by Jeffrey Burton Russell. Garland Medieval Casebooks 27; Garland Reference Library of the Humanities 2096. New York: Garland Publishing, 2000. [On the Christian Otherworld (including issues of heavenly corporality, sexuality, etc.) as presented in Dante's Divine Comedy, "The Vision of Tundale," Bernard of Cluny's De contemptu mundi, the Victorines, Thomas Aquinas, and others.]

Evans, G[illian] R[osemary]. Getting it Wrong: The Medieval Epistemology of Error. Studien und Text zur Geistesgeschichte des Mittelalters 63. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1998. ["Getting it Wrong deals with the dark side of the medieval theory of knowledge, the ways in which perceptions can err, curiosity get out of hand, and knowledge damage the knower. The first and second parts explore the organs, powers and faculties of the soul and the ways in which teaching and learning occur. The third part of the book examines medieval ideas of 'common knowledge' and the ways in which individuals can share or fail to share the knowledge human beings ought to have. The fourth part considers wisdom and folly, security and incompleteness of knowledge, truth and lies" (publisher's description).]

Felsenstein, Frank. "Jews and Devils: Anti-Semitic Stereotypes of Late Medieval and Renaissance England." Literature and Theology 4 (1990): 15-28.

Ferguson, Arthur B. The Indian Summer of English Chivalry: Studies in the Decline and Transformation of Chivalric Idealism. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1960.

Finucane, Ronald C. Miracles and Pilgrims: Popular Beliefs in Medieval England. Totowa, NJ: Rowman and Littlefield, 1977.

Finucane, Ronald C. The Rescue of the Innocents: Endangered Children in Medieval Miracles. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1997.

French, Katherine L. The People of the Parish: Community Life in a Late Medieval English Diocese. The Middle Ages. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2001.

French, Katherine L., Gary G. Gibbs, and Beat A. Kümin, eds. The Parish in English Life, 1400-1600. Manchester and New York: Manchester University Press, 1997.

Ganz, Peter F., ed. The Role of the Book in Medieval Culture: Proceedings of the Oxford International Symposium, 26 September-1 October 1982. 2 vols. Bibliogia 3 and 4. Turnhout, Belgium: Brepols Publishers, 1986.

Gasquet, Francis Aidan. Parish Life in Mediaeval England. The Antiquary's Books. London: Methuen and Co., 1906.

Getz, Faye Marie. Medicine in the English Middle Ages. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1998.

Gies, Frances. The Knight in History. New York: Harper and Row, 1984.

Goodich, Michael, ed. Other Middle Ages: Witnesses at the Margins of Medieval Society. The Middle Ages Series. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1998. ["The fascinating cast of characters on the margins of medieval Europe, including the visionaries and sexual dissidents, the suicidal and psychologically unbalanced, the lepers and converts, reveal the fears of a people for whom life was made both meaningful and terrifying by the sacred. After centuries of historical silence, these and other disenfranchised members of the medieval public have been given a voice by Michael Goodich in a unique collection of texts from the mid-eleventh through the fourteenth centuries. Translated from their original Latin, Hebrew, and Arabic, these texts, many of them first-person narratives or testimonies, give insight into those figures who made medieval society uneasy" (publisher's description).]

Gottfried, Robert S. Doctors and Medicine in Medieval England, 1340-1530. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1986.

Grant, Edward. Planets, Stars, and Orbs: The Medieval Cosmos, 1200-1687. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993.

Gurevich, Aron. Medieval Popular Culture: Problems of Belief and Perception. Trans. János M. Bak and Paul A. Hollingsworth. Cambridge Studies in Oral and Literate Culture 14. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; Paris: Maison des Sciences de l'Homme, 1988. [On "popular" religion and "folk" culture; reconstructing the "beliefs" of medieval commoners. Includes an excellent chapter on the cults of saints and beliefs in miracles: "Peasants and Saints" (Chap. 2; pp. 39-77).]

Hadley, D[awn] M. Death in Medieval England: An Archaeology. Stroud, Gloucestershire: Tempus, 2001.

Hammond, P. W. Food and Feast in Medieval England. London: Alan Sutton, 1993. ["Based on archaeological and written evidence, this book deals with everything we know about Medieval food, from hunting and harvesting to food hygiene and the organization of a large household kitchen. Evaluates the nutritional value of Medieval Food, the customs associated with its serving and eating, and the organization of feasts."]

Hanawalt, Barbara A. Growing Up in Medieval London: The Experience of Childhood in History. New York: Oxford University Press, 1993.

Harrison, Dick. Medieval Space: The Extent of Microspatial Knowledge in Western Europe During the Middle Ages. Lund Studies in International History 34. Lund: Lund University Press, 1996. [Challenges Marc Bloch and others who assert that medieval people rarely left their own villages: uses data from Somerset and from locations in Sweden to show that "non-permanent mobility" was quite common (just as other studies have shown that "permanent migrations" were common among the lower classes), that marriage partners often came from quite distant places, and the "microspatial knowledge" of a medieval peasant--the extent of the world around him which he knew with some familiarity--was probably as much as 60 miles or more. "[T]he typical Western European of the high Middle Ages was not an isolated village-dweller" (abstract on verso of title page).
While the bulk of the book is taken up with presenting and discussing empirical data from three regions, the introduction and conclusion are more broadly theoretical, introducing ideas of "macrospace" and "microspace" (the latter is the world one actually knows; the former is the mental construct of the rest of the world: a portolan map or the chart of Canterbury Cathedral and it precincts is "microspatial," while a mappemundi is "macrospatial," having more to do with myth and received wisdom than with observation). Harrison has some discussion in his introduction of maps in these terms, as well as of pilgrimage and pilgrimage guidebooks (and the strata of local, regional, and international cults of saints: few saints had more than local significance), and Mandeville's Travels; he discusses the fact that Viking travels to Greenland and North America, and real journeys to China, had no large-scale significance in changing the received ideas about the world. (He also notes that Chinese accounts of contacts with Europeans, and oriental knowledge of the occident, was as sketchy and misinformed as European ideas about the east.)]

Harrison, Dick. Social Militarisation and the Power of History: A Study of Scholarly Perspectives. Lund: Nordic Academic Press, 1999. [A consideration of four "perspectives" on history in four different parts of the world, including (Chap. 4) a view of the "Dark Ages" of Europe as a transition from a world of "peace" and "bureacratic" governance of the Roman world to a more Germanic world of war and warlords (cf. esp. 154 and 170), the world of Hrothgar and of Mynyddog in the Y Gododdin (154) succeeds the world of the Roman senator. This process includes the gradual "militarisation" of Christian doctrine, where the Church focusses upon God as a God of Judaic victories rather than God as a peace-loving Christ; St. Augustine is a significant moment in the process, for he provides a Christian rationale of the "just war" (175, 196), which leads by the eleventh century to the idea of "crusade" (197). Harrison points out that such scholarly perspectives are and are not true: while focussing upon one documentable feature to construct a particular history, other perspectives and other possible histories are ignored. "[T]he image is extremely one-sided. It only shows us Western Europe from the point of view of social militarisation. It does not show agrarian development, the growth of Christian culture (monasteries, convents, saints' vitae, etc.), changes in political behaviour, the shifting balance between towns and countryside, the evolution of new forms of social dependence (what some might refer to as feudalisation), the emergence of new territorial units (all the way from parishes to empires), etc., etc. What we see above is an image of European history from c. 400 to c. 1100 strictly observed through a filter of social militarisation" (197). The conclusion is that history is a construction, "manufactured to suit our present needs" (199), but such constructions are also, then, open to our criticism, historical judgement, and correction (197, 199).]

Haskett, Timothy S., ed. Crime and Punishment in the Middle Ages: Papers Presented at the Tenth Annual Medieval Workshop, University of Victoria, British Columbia, Canada, 8 February 1997. Victoria, BC: Humanities Centre, University of Victoria, 1998.

Herlihy, David. The Black Death and the Transformation of the West. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1997.

Hill, Ordelle G. The Manor, the Plowman, and the Shepherd: Agrarian Themes and Imagery in Late Medieval and Early Renaissance English Literature. Selinsgrove, PA: Susquehanna University Press, 1992.

Hopper, Vincent F. Medieval Number Symbolism: Its Source, Meaning, and Influence on Thought and Expression. New York: Columbia University Press, 1938.

Horrox, Rosemary, trans. and ed. The Black Death. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1994. [A collection of contemporary documents, illustrating the spread and consequences of the plague.]

Hudson, John. "Violence, Theft, and the Making of the English Common Law." In Crime and Punishment in the Middle Ages: Papers Presented at the Tenth Annual Medieval Workshop, University of Victoria, British Columbia, Canada, 8 February 1997. Ed. Timothy S. Haskett. Victoria, BC: Humanities Centre, University of Victoria, 1998. Pp. 19-35. [Offers interesting observations on crime and punishment in the Middle Ages, on the use of ordeals, etc.; Hudson makes the point that incarceration was not common (seeking some form of resolution and restitution was the norm); indeed, for many types of crime the punishment was mutilation or execution, and in early periods it was sometimes the case that the public mutilation was carried out by the victim as a form of obtaining satisfaction (31).]

Huizinga, Johan. The Autumn of the Middle Ages. Trans. Rodney J. Payton and Ulrich Mammitzsch. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996.

Humphrey, Chris, and W. M. Ormrod, eds. Time in the Medieval World. Woodbridge, Suffolk: Boydell and Brewer, 2001. ["By exploring some of the more important senses of time which were in circulation in the medieval world, scholars from a wide range of disciplines trace competing definitions and modes of temporality in the middle ages, explaining their influence upon life and culture. The issues explored include anachronism as a feature in earlier senses of time, perceptions of death and of the Last Judgement, time in literary narratives and in music, constructions of time as used in the professions, and original work on the particular systems and technologies which were used for the keeping of time, such as clocks and calendars" (publisher's description). [Includes essays on Chaucer and Sir Gawain and the Green Knight.]]

Hunt, Tony. The Medieval Surgery. Woodbridge, Suffolk: Boydell and Brewer, 1992.

Hussey, Maurice. Chaucer's World: A Pictorial Companion. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1967.

Hutchinson, A. M. "Devotional Reading in the Monastery and in the Late Medieval Household." In De cella in seculum: Religious and Secular Life and Devotion in Late Medieval England; An Interdisciplinary Conference in Celebration of the Eighth Centenary of the Consecration of St. Hugh of Avalon, Bishop of Lincoln, 20-22 July, 1986. Ed. Michael G. Sargent. Cambridge, and Wolfeboro, NH: D. S. Brewer / Boydell and Brewer, 1989. Pp. 215-227.

Jaritz, G., and G. Moreno-Riano, eds. Time and Eternity: The Medieval Discourse. International Medieval Research. Turnhout, Belgium: Brepols, 2003. ["This volume is composed of selected papers from the main strand, 'Time and Eternity,' at the seventh International Medieval Congress held in July 2000 at Leeds. It attests to the fact that the medieval experience of time and eternity was rich and complex, and that its investigation is open to various approaches and methods. Time and (the possibility of impossibility of) its beginning and its end were frontiers to be explored and to be under-stood. To make the reader more familiar with the field of study, the volume begins with Wesley Stevens's plenary address 'A Present Sense of Things Past: Quid est enim tempus?,' a stimulating introduction not only with regard to some of the basic problems in conceptualizing the nature of time but also to the dating of historical events and the use of calendars for that purpose. Following Stevens's essay, the volume is organised into seven broader themes covering a variety of questions and trying to offer new insights into the medieval perception and constructions of time. They deal with the computation or time and the use of calendars; Jewish concepts of time and redemption; Christian philosophies of eternity and time; monastic and clerical conceptions; literary representations; time and art; and apocalyptic expectations. The volume's selection of authors is international in scope and represents some of the leading current scholarship in the field. It proves that we still 'thirst to know the power and the nature of time' (St Augustine)" (publisher's description).]

Jussen, Bernhard, ed. Ordering Medieval Society: Perspectives on Intellectual and Practical Modes of Shaping Social Relations. Trans. Pamela E. Selwyn. The Middle Ages Series. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2000.

Jusserand, Jean A. A. J. English Wayfaring Life in the Middle Ages. Trans. Lucy Toulmin Smith. 4th ed. London: E. Benn, 1950.

Kabir, Ananya Jahanara, and Deanne Williams, eds. Postcolonial Approaches to the European Middle Ages: Translating Cultures. Cambridge Studies in Medieval Literature 54. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005. ["Ranging across a variety of academic disciplines, including art history, cartography, and Anglo-Saxon and Arabic studies, this volume highlights the connections between medieval and postcolonial studies through the exploration of a common theme: translation in its broadest sense as a mechanism of, and metaphor for, cultures in contact, confrontation and competition. The essays form a set of case studies of translation as the transfer of language, culture, and power" (publisher's description).]

Kaeuper, Richard W. Chivalry and Violence in Medieval Europe. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 1999.

Kantorowicz, Ernst H[artwig]. The King's Two Bodies: A Study in Mediaeval Political Theology. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1957.

Karant-Nunn, S. C., ed. Varieties of Devotion in the Middle Ages and Renaissance. Arizona Studies in the Middle Ages and Renaissance 7. Turnhout, Belgium: Brepols, 2003.

Kendall, Alan. Medieval Pilgrims. New York: Putnam's, 1970.

Kerr, Margaret H. "R. v. Hawisa, R. v. Alan the Miller, and William Son of John v. Walter Son of Ralf Hose: Three Murder Trials in England c. 1200." In Crime and Punishment in the Middle Ages: Papers Presented at the Tenth Annual Medieval Workshop, University of Victoria, British Columbia, Canada, 8 February 1997. Ed. Timothy S. Haskett. Victoria, BC: Humanities Centre, University of Victoria, 1998. Pp. 87-111. [She begins with a proviso: technically, these are homicide trials, not murder trials, since there was no law of "murder" (in the sense as distinguishing a premeditated act from an accidental one) in thirteenth-century England. Most of the essay is a description of various types of ordeal and the rituals and regulations surrounding them, leading to a somewhat paradoxical conclusion that there was a very real kind of justice available in the medieval system, and that "a person may have been safer while on trial for a crime than at most other times in his or her life" (111).
The judicial ordeal and trial by combat were not common practices throughout the Middle Ages as is often thought, but had a relatively short lifespan, being a regular part of the English judicial system only in the late Anglo-Saxon and early Norman periods. Further, of the many cases which Kerr has studied, very few actually went so far as to complete the ordeal: some sort of resolution was found, or a pardon was issued, before the case ever got to the point of the ordeal. In many of the cases where ordeals were endured, we do not know the results, but for those cases where the results are known, there is a remarkable level (ca. 75%) of people acquitted by the ordeal: was God intervening to protect the innocent? or are the results skewed by some more human agency? Kerr's argument is that the priests (who administered the ordeals, to seek out the judgment of God upon the accused) "rigged" the ordeals in the favour of the accused (allowing hot irons to cool before being touched etc.), primarily in order to save people from execution: like the church-sanctioned practice of sanctuary, or the church's "benefit of clergy," the priests were attempting to avoid being involved in execution (100). From the point of view of the church, the proper response to a criminal act involved confession, restitution and penance, leading to absolution and reconciliation, not execution (106). And, in 1215 (at the Fourth Lateran Council), the Church outlawed the use of judicial ordeals, insisting that cases should be tried on the evidence, not by "tempting" God: all of the ordeals except trial by combat ceased in England almost immediately thereafter; trial by combat survived the proscription (in part because it was not administered by priests but by secular authorities, and because it was consonant with aristocratic ideals), and continued to be an option in English law down to 1819 (109) (though Kerr also notes that the judicial battle was not with real weapons and not to the death; it was conducted with wooden sticks and leather shields [110]). Again, of the various relevant cases which Kerr has studied (some 1,832), only two actually got to the point where the battle was fought: in most cases, some other resolution of the dispute was found early, or the accusers dropped their accusations when faced with the necessity of "proving" the charge in battle, or, failing which, he faced being himself mutilated or executed (110-111).]

Kieckhefer, Richard. Magic in the Middle Ages. Cambridge Medieval Textbooks. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989. ["Covering the years 500 to 1500, this book examines natural and demonic magic and its position in medieval culture. Kieckhefer argues that magic should not be treated as a fringe subject, but rather as an area vital for the understanding of medieval life."]

Kitzinger, Ernst. Early Medieval Art. 1940; Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1964.

Knowles, David. The Evolution of Medieval Thought. London: Longmans, 1962.

Knowles, David. The Religious Orders in England. 3 Vols. 1948; Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979.

Koldeweij, Jos. "The Wearing of Significative Badges, Religious and Secular: The Social Meaning of a Behavioural Pattern." Trans. Ruth Koenig. In Showing Status: Representation of Social Positions in the Middle Ages. Ed. Wim [Willem Pieter] Blockmans, and Antheun Janse. Medieval Texts and Cultures of Northern Europe 2. Turnhout, Belgium: Brepols, 1999. Pp. 307-328. [Besides using jewellery as ornamentation to display one's prosperity, medieval people in many walks of life also wore "badges," religious or secular, to display one's membership in various forms of elite groups (including membership in the household of a royal or noble family, or membership among those who had visited a particular pilgrimage site). Koldeweij's article is intended to illustrate that there are also a great many surviving badges with literary and erotic motifs, which may have been sold at the end of public performances. [Chaucer's pilgrims include various "badge" wearers, most prominently the Pardoner with his Vernicle, but there are others, and the Prioress's "Amor vincit omnia" brooch might be a badge of a sort, too (Koldeweij describes and illustrates a whole range of badges in the shapes of alphabetic letters, some of which represent "Amours," and some of which may have been purchased at the ends of public dramatic performances or readings of romances [311-316]).]]

LaBarge, Margaret Wade. Medieval Travellers: The Rich and the Restless. London: Hamish Hamilton, 1982.

Ladner, Gerhart B. "Homo viator: Mediaeval Ideas on Alienation and Order." Speculum 42 (1967): 233-259.

Landsberg, Sylvia. The Medieval Garden. London: British Museum, 1995.

Lawrence, Clifford H[ugh], ed. The English Church and the Papacy in the Middle Ages. New York: Fordham University Press, 1965.

Lawrence, Clifford H[ugh]. The Friars: The Impact of the Early Mendicant Movement on Western Society. The Medieval World. London: Longman Academic, 1994.

Lawrence, Clifford H[ugh]. Medieval Monasticism: Forms of Religious Life in Western Europe in the Middle Ages. London and New York: Longman, 1984.

Leff, Gordon. The Dissolution of the Medieval Outlook: An Essay on the Intellectual and Spiritual Change in the Fourteenth Century. New York: Harper and Row, 1976.

Le Goff, Jacques, ed. Medieval Callings. Trans. Lydia G. Cochrane. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1990. [". . . these essays by eleven renowned medievalists present nuanced profiles of the major social and professional groups--the callings--of the Middle Ages."]

Le Goff, Jacques. "Merchant's Time and Church's Time in the Middle Ages." In his Time, Work, and Culture in the Middle Ages. Trans. Arthur Goldhammer. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1980. Pp. 29-42. [Church's Time is time as a borrowing from eternity; it is not measurable, and is not available for earthly profit. Merchant's Time is desacralized time, disenchanted time; it is the secularized basis of productive effort and commerce.]

Lewis, C. S. The Discarded Image: An Introduction to Medieval and Renaissance Literature. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1964.

Linehan, Peter, and Janet L. Nelson, eds. The Medieval World. London and New York: Routledge, 2001.

Mathew, Gervase. "Ideals of Friendship." In Patterns of Love and Courtesy: Essays in Memory of C. S. Lewis. Ed. John Lawlor. Evanston: Northwestern University Press, 1966. Pp. 45-53.

McCall, Andrew. The Medieval Underworld. London: Hamish Hamilton, 1979.

Midmer, Roy. English Mediaeval Monasteries, 1066-1540: A Summary. London: Heinemann, 1979.

Newhauser, Richard, ed. In the Garden of Evil: The Vices and Culture in the Middle Ages. Papers in Mediaeval Studies 18. Toronto: Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies, 2005. ["The areas touched on in this collection of essays are numerous: from late-antique and late-medieval demonology to scholastic analytic philosophy, from sins of the tongue to 'motions' of the heart, from penitentials and sermons to illuminations in the bibles moralisées and works in the conflictus genre, from discourse analysis to textual criticism" (publisher's description).]

Newman, Francis X., ed. Social Unrest in the Late Middle Ages. Medieval and Renaissance Texts and Studies 39. Binghamton: Center for Medieval and Renaissance Studies, SUNY, 1986.

Nicolle, David, ed. A Companion to Medieval Arms and Armour. Woodbridge, Suffolk: Boydell and Brewer, 2002. ["Arms and armour in Europe developed dramatically during the thousand years from the fifth to the fifteenth century. During this broad sweep of time civilisations rose and fell and population movements swept from east to west, bringing in their wake advances and modifications absorbed and expanded by indigenous populations. So although the primary focus of this book is on the arms and armour of Europe, it also includes neighbouring cultures where these had a direct influence on developments and changes within Europe, from late Roman cavalry armour, Byzantium and the East to the influence of the Golden Horde. A truly impressive band of specialists cover issues ranging from the migrations to the first firearms, divided into three sections: From the Fall of Rome to the Eleventh Century, Emergence of A European Tradition in the High Middle Ages, and New Influences and New Challenges of the Late Middle Ages; throughout there is particular emphasis on the social and technological aspects of medieval military affairs" (publisher's description).]

Olson, Clair C. "The Minstrels at the Court of Edward III." PMLA 56 (1941): 601-612.

Onians, Richard Broxton. The Origins of European Thought about the Body, the Mind, the Soul, the World, Time, and Fate. 2nd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1954.

Ormrod, Mark, and Phillip Lindley, eds. The Black Death in England. Stamford, Lincolnshire: Paul Watkins, 1996.

Ousterhout, Robert, ed. The Blessings of Pilgrimage. Illinois Byzantine Studies 1. Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1990.

Page, Sophie. Medieval Astrology in Manuscripts. London: British Library, 2002.

Pantin, William Abel. The English Church in the Fourteenth Century. Mediaeval Academy Reprints for Teaching 5. 1955; rpt. Toronto: University of Toronto Press in association with the Mediaeval Academy of America, 1980.

Pfaffenbichler, Matthias. Armourers. Medieval Craftsmen. London: The British Museum, 1992.

Pieper, Josef. The Four Cardinal Virtues. Trans. Richard Winston, et al. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1965.

Platt, Colin. King Death: The Black Death and its Aftermath in Late-Medieval England. London: UCL Press, 1996.

Price, B. B. Medieval Thought: An Introduction. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 1992.

Purdon, Liam O., and Cindy L. Vitto, eds. The Rusted Hauberk: Feudal Ideals of Order and their Decline. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 1994.

"Race and Ethnicity in the Middle Ages." A special issue of The Journal of Medieval and Early Modern Studies 31.1 (Winter 2001).

Rapp, Francis. "Religious Belief and Practice." In The New Cambridge Medieval History, Vol. 7: c.1415-c.1500. Ed. Christopher Allmand. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1998. Pp. 205-219.

Rashdall, Hastings. The Universities of Europe in the Middle Ages. 2nd ed. Ed. F. M. Powicke and A. B. Emden. 3 vols. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1936.

Redon, Odile, Françoise Sabban, and Silvano Serventi. The Medieval Kitchen: Recipes from France and Italy. Trans. Edward Schneider. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998.

Rickert, Edith, ed. Chaucer's World. New York: Columbia University Press, 1962.

Ridyard, Susan J., ed. Chivalry, Knighthood, and War in the Middle Ages. Sewanee Mediaeval Studies 9. Sewanee, TN: University of the South Press, 1999.

Ridyard, Susan J., ed. Death, Sickness and Health in Medieval Society and Culture. Sewanee Mediaeval Studies 10. Sewanee, TN: University of the South Press, 2000.

Robertson, D. W., Jr. Chaucer's London. New York: Wiley, 1968.

Rörig, Fritz. The Medieval Town. Trans. D. Bryant. London: B. T. Batsford, 1967.

Rosener, Werner. Peasants in the Middle Ages. Trans. Alexander Stutzer. London: Polity Press, 1991.

Rosenwein, Barbara H., and Lester K. Little, ed. Debating the Middle Ages: Issues and Readings. Oxford, and Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishers, 1998. [A collection of essays on current controversies in medieval studies, with sections on the Roman empire, feudalism, gender studies, religion and society.]

Russell, Jeffrey Burton. Dissent and Order in the Middle Ages: The Search for Legitimate Authority. Twayne Studies in Intellectual and Cultural History 3. Boston: Twayne, 1992.

Ryan, Christopher, ed. The Religious Roles of the Papacy: Ideals and Realities, 1150-1300. Papers in Mediaeval Studies 8. Toronto: Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies, 1989.

Sargent-Baur, Barbara N., ed. Journeys toward God: Pilgrimage and Crusade. Studies in Medieval Culture, Second Series, 30; Occasional Studies Series 5. Kalamazoo: Medieval Institute Publications, Western Michigan University, 1992.

Saunders, Tom. "The Feudal Construction of Space: Power and Domination in the Nucleated Village." In The Social Archaeology of Houses. Ed. Ross Samson. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1990. Pp. 181-196. [A Marxist analysis of the spatial construction of feudalism in the medieval village. Abstract: "Social space is both the medium and the outcome of human practice. Any research into social dynamics therefore requires a spatial as well as a temporal dimension. However, the role of social space in the production and reproduction of social relations can only be assessed through concrete research. It is here that the discipline of archaeology has most to offer. The concrete context utilised below is that of medieval feudal society, a society based on rent extraction through the private control of landed estates. Its social structure was thus constituted within a hierarchy of land rights and through a hierarchy of space. Hence the development of politically regulated space was part of the very essence of feudalism. The reflexive relationship between social and spatial relations is examined through an analysis of the nucleated village. The rigorous definition of feudal space, restricting access and physical movement, it seen as being intrinsically linked to the economic power of feudal lords and their domination of the peasantry" (181).
Last part of the Introduction: "Drawing on contemporary research within human geography, a materialist interpretation of space is used to explore class and power relations between lord and peasant within the English nucleated village. The argument is structured into three parts: first, there is a methodological discussion on the spatial construction of society; second, a definition of feudalism is offered, outlining the feudal construction of space in the abstract; and third, a concrete examination is made of the spatial data so far recovered from the Raunds area project in Northamptonshire" (182). In the village, the placement of the principal components--manor, church (placed beside and in league with the manor), tenements, and roads--emphasizes feudal dependencies, seen, for instance, in a particularly extreme form in the hamlet of West Cotton (adjacent to Raunds) where the mill was within the enclosed grounds of the manor, accessible to the peasants only by passing through the lord's gatehouse (190).]

Schiffhorst, G. J., ed. The Triumph of Patience: Medieval and Renaissance Studies. Orlando: University Presses of Florida, 1978.

Shannon, Alberta C., OSA. The Medieval Inquisition. 1984; Minnesota: Liturgical Press, 1991.

Sheehan, Michael M., ed. Aging and the Aged in Medieval Europe. Papers in Mediaeval Studies 11. Toronto: Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies, 1990.

Sheridan, Ronald, and Anne Ross. Grotesques and Gargoyles: Paganism in the Medieval Church. Devon: David and Charles, 1975.

Simonsohn, Shlomo. The Apostolic See and the Jews. 8 vols. Studies and Texts 94, 95, 99, 104-106, 109, 110. Toronto: Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies, 1988-1991.

Simson, Otto Georg von. The Gothic Cathedral: Origins of Gothic Architecture and the Medieval Concept of Order. 2nd ed. Bollingen Series 48. New York: Pantheon Books, 1962.

Smalley, Beryl. The Study of the Bible in the Middle Ages. 3rd ed. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1983.

Southern, Richard W. (Sir). The Making of the Middle Ages. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1953.

Southern, Richard W. (Sir). Western Society and the Church in the Middle Ages. The Pelican History of the Church 2. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, 1970.

Southworth, John. The English Medieval Minstrel. Woodbridge, Suffolk: Boydell and Brewer, 1990.

Starkie, Walter Fitzwilliam. The Road to Santiago: Pilgrims of St. James. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1965.

Sumption, Jonathan. Pilgrimage: An Image of Mediaeval Religion. London: Faber and Faber, 1975.

Swanson, R. N. Religion and Devotion in Europe, c.1215-c.1515. Cambridge Medieval Textbooks. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995.

Szittya, Penn R. The Antifraternal Tradition in Medieval Literature. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1986.

Taylor, Henry D. The Medieval Mind: A History of the Development of Thought and Emotion in the Middle Ages. 4th ed. 2 vols. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1962.

Tentler, Thomas N. Sin and Confession on the Eve of the Reformation. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1977.

Thomas, Keith Vivian. Religion and the Decline of Magic. New York: Scribner, 1971. [This is an important study of medieval "superstitions" and their suppression in the time of the Reformation.]

Trachtenberg, Joshua. The Devil and the Jews: The Medieval Conception of the Jew and its Relation to Modern Antisemitism. Harper Torchbooks 822. 1943; rpt. New York: Harper and Row, Publishers, 1966.

Trachtenberg, Joshua. Jewish Magic and Superstition: A Study in Folk Religion. Temple Books. New York: Atheneum, 1975. [Among other sections of interest, Chap. 15 is on Judaic / Biblical traditions of prophetic dreams and dream interpretation.]

Turnbull, Stephen R. The Book of the Medieval Knight. London: Arms and Armour Press, 1985.

Van Uytven, Raymond. "Showing Off One's Rank in the Middle Ages." In Showing Status: Representation of Social Positions in the Middle Ages. Ed. Wim [Willem Pieter] Blockmans, and Antheun Janse. Medieval Texts and Cultures of Northern Europe 2. Turnhout, Belgium: Brepols, 1999. Pp. 19-34. [On the "semiotic systems" of using clothing and food to display social status in medieval cultures.]

Von Martels, Z. R. W. M., ed. Alchemy Revisited: Proceedings of the International Conference on the History of Alchemy at the University of Groningen. Collection de Travaux de l'Académie Internationale d'Histoires des Sciences 33. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1990.

Wagner, David L., ed. The Seven Liberal Arts in the Middle Ages. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1984.

Ward, Benedicta. Miracles and the Medieval Mind. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1987.

Watt, Diane. Secretaries of God: Women Prophets in Late Medieval and Early Modern England. Woodbridge, Suffolk: Boydell and Brewer, 1997.

Webb, Diane. "Pardons and Pilgrims." In Promissory Notes on the Treasury of Merits: Indulgences in Late Medieval Europe. Ed. Robert N[orman] Swanson. Brill's Companions to the Christian Tradition 5. Leiden and Boston: Brill, 2006. Pp. ??.

Webb, Diana. Pilgrimage in Medieval England. London and New York: Hambledon, 2000.

Webb, Diana. Pilgrims and Pilgrimage in the Medieval West. The International Library of Historical Studies 12. London and New York: I. B. Tauris, 2001.

White, Lynn, Jr. Medieval Religion and Technology. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1978.

Williams, Arnold. "Chaucer and the Friars." Speculum 28 (1953): 499-513.

Williams, Arnold. "Relations between the Mendicant Friars and the Regular Clergy in England in the later Fourteenth Century." Annuale Mediaevale 1 (1960): 22-95.

Williman, Daniel, ed. The Black Death: The Impact of the Fourteenth-Century Plague. Medieval and Renaissance Texts and Studies 13. Binghamton: Center for Medieval and Renaissance Studies, SUNY, 1982.

Wilson, Stephen G., ed. Saints and their Cults: Studies in Religious Sociology, Folklore and History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984.

Ziegler, Philip. The Black Death. New York: Harper and Row, 1969.

Birns, Nicholas. "The Trojan Myth: Postmodern Reverberations." Exemplaria 5 (1993): 45-78.

Gordon, George. "The Trojans in Britain." Essays and Studies 9 (1924): 9-30.

Griffin, Nathaniel E. Dares and Dictys: An Introduction to the Study of Medieval Versions of the Story of Troy. Baltimore: J. H. Furst, 1907.

Heninger, S. K., Jr. "The Tudor Myth of Troy-novant." Southern Atlantic Quarterly 61 (1961-1962): 378-387.

MacDougall, Hugh A. Racial Myth in English History: Trojans, Teutons and Anglo-Saxons. Montreal: Harvest House, 1982.

McCall, John P., and George Rudisill, Jr. "The Parliament of 1386 and Chaucer's Trojan Parliament." Journal of English and Germanic Philology 58 (1959): 276-288.

Parsons, A. E. "The Trojan Legend in England: Some Instances of its Application to the Politics of the Times." Modern Language Review 24 (1929): 253-264, 394-408.

Sklar, Elizabeth S. "Guido, the Middle English Troy Books, and Chaucer: The English Connection." Neophilologus 76 (1992): 616-628.

Tatlock, John S. P. The Legendary History of Britain. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1950.

Amtower, Laurel, and Dorothea Kehler, eds. The Single Woman in Medieval and Early Modern England: Her Life and Representation. Medieval and Renaissance Texts and Studies 263. Tempe: Arizona Center for Medieval and Renaissance Studies, 2003. [Contents: The single woman as saint: three Anglo-Norman success stories / Jane Zatta -- I want to be alone: the single woman in fifteenth-century legends of St. Katherine of Alexandria / Paul Price -- Gender, marriage, and knighthood: single ladies in Malory / Dorsey Armstrong -- To be or not to be married: single women, money-lending, and the question of choice in late Tudor and Stuart England / Judith M. Spicksley -- A strange hatred of marriage: John Lyly, Elizabeth I, and the ends of comedy / Jacqueline Vanhoutte -- Chaucer's Sely widows / Laurel Amtower -- (Re)creations of a single woman: discursive realms of the Wife of Bath / Jeanie Grant Moore -- Good grief: widow portraiture and masculine anxiety in early modern England / Allison Levy -- Working girls: status, sexual difference, and disguise in Ariosto, Spenser, and Shakespeare / Tracey Sedinger -- "News form the dead": the strange story of a woman who gave birth, was executed, and was resurrected as a virgin / Susan C. Staub -- Frances Howard and Middleton and Rowley's the changeling: trials, tests, and the legibility of the virgin body / Mara Amster.]

Atkinson, Clarissa. The Oldest Vocation: Christian Motherhood in the Middle Ages. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1991.

Baker, Derek, ed. Medieval Women: Dedicated and Presented to Prof. Rosalind M. T. Hill on the Occasion of her 70th Birthday. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1978.

Barratt, Alexandra, ed. Women's Writing in Middle English. Longman Annotated Texts. London: Longman, 1992.

Barron, Caroline M. "The 'Golden Age' of Women in Medieval London." In Medieval Women in Southern England. A Special Issue of Reading Medieval Studies 15 (1989): 35-58. [Argues that women were relatively well off in late medieval London, and less well off in the age of the Tudors.]

Beer, Frances. Women and Mystical Experience in the Middle Ages. Woodbridge, Suffolk: Boydell and Brewer, 1992.

Bennett, Judith M. Ale, Beer, and Brewsters in England: Women's Work in a Changing World, 1300-1600. New York: Oxford Univeristy Press, 1996.

Bennett, Judith M. "Medieval Women, Modern Women: Across the Great Divide." In Culture and History, 1350-1600: Essays on English Communities, Identities and Writing. Ed. David Aers. Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1992. Pp. 147-175. [Argues that there is a continuity between medieval and modern women, and that ideas of a "great divide," of some sort of "great transformation," between then and now does a disservice to feminism.]

Bennett, Judith M., and Amy M. Froide, eds. Singlewomen in the European Past, 1250-1800. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1998.

Berman, Constance H., Charles W. Connell, and Judith Rice Rothschild, eds. The Worlds of Medieval Women: Creativity, Influence, Imagination. Literary and Historical Perspectives of the Middle Ages 2. Morgantown: West Virginia University Press, 1985.

Bernau, Anke, Sarah Salih, and Ruth Evans, eds. Medieval Virginities. Cardiff: University of Wales Press; Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2003. ["From Joan of Arc to Britney Spears, the figure of the virgin has been the subject of considerable scholarly and popular interest. Yet virginity itself is a paradoxical condition, both perfect and monstrous, present and absent, often visible only insofar as it is under threat. Medieval Virginities traces some of the specific manifestations of virginity in late medieval culture. It shows how virginity is represented in medical, legal, hagiographical and historical texts, as well as how the seductive but dangerous figure of the virgin affects the aims and objectives of these texts. Because virginity is so often thought of as self-identical and ahistorical, Medieval Virginities aims to theorize and historicize its various manifestations and to demonstrate how representations and discussions of virginity continuously shift and change. The variety of subjects and disciplines represented here testify both to the elusiveness of virginity and to its lasting appeal and importance. Medieval Virginities shows how virginity's inherent ambiguity highlights the problems, contradictions and discontinuities lurking within medieval ideologies. It will be essential reading for anyone interested in questions of gender identity, conceptions of the body, subjectivity, truth and representation in medieval culture" (publisher's description). Contents: "Introduction: Virginities and Virginity Studies," by Sarah Salih, Anke Bernalj and Ruth Evans; "When is a Bosom Not a Bosom?: Problems with 'Erotic Mysticism,'" by Sarah Salih; "The Sheela-na-Gig: An Incongruous Sign of Sexual Purity?" by Juliette Dor; "Virginity and Chastity Tests in Medieval Welsh Prose," by Jane Cartwright; "Four Virgins' Tales: Sex and Power in Medieval Law," by Kim M. Phillips; "The Labour of Continence: Masculinity and Clerical Virginity," by John H. Arnold; "Edward the Celibate, Edward the Saint: Virginity in the Construction of Edward the Confessor," by Joanna Huntington; "Alchemy and the Exploration of Late Medieval Sexuality," by Jonathan Hughes; "The Jew, the Host and the Virgin Martyr: Fantasies of the Sentient Body," by Ruth Evans; "Can the Virgin Martyr Speak?" by Robert Mills; "'Saint, Witch, Man, Maid or Whore?': Joan of Arc and Writing History," by Anke Bernau; "Virginity Now and Then: A Response to Medieval Virginities," by Jocelyn Wogan-Browne.]

Blamires, Alcuin. The Case for Women in Medieval Culture. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1997.

Blamires, Alcuin, ed. Woman Defamed and Woman Defended: An Anthology of Medieval Texts. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992.

Boffey, Julia. "Women Authors and Womens' Literacy in Fourteenth- and Fifteenth-Century England." In Women and Literature in Britain, 1150-1500. 2nd ed. Ed. Carol M. Meale. Cambridge Studies in Medieval Literature 17. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996. Pp. 159-182.

Bornstein, Diane. "Women at Work in the Fifteenth Century." Fifteenth-Century Studies 6 (1983): 33-40.

Brown-Grant, Rosalind. Christine de Pizan and the Moral Defence of Women: Reading Beyond Gender. Cambridge Studies in Medieval Literature 40. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 2000.

Bullough, Vern L., and James A. Brundage, eds. Handbook of Medieval Sexuality. Garland Reference Library of the Humanities 1696. New York: Garland Publishing, 1996. [Includes essays on canon law and church teaching, on medical teachings about sex and procreation, on medieval gender, on medieval marriage, on homosexuality, cross dressing, prostitution, contraception, and castration.]

Bynum, Caroline Walker. Holy Feast and Holy Fast: The Religious Significance of Food to Medieval Women. The New Historicism 1. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1987.

Cadden, Joan. The Meanings of Sex Difference in the Middle Ages: Medicine, Natural Philosophy, and Culture. Cambridge Studies in the History of Medicine. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995. [Abstract: "In describing and explaining the sexes, medicine and science participated in the delineation of what was 'feminine' and what was 'masculine' in the Middle Ages. Hildegard of Bingen and Albertus Magnus, among others, writing about gynecology, the human constitution, fetal development, or the naturalistic dimensions of divine Creation, became increasingly interested in issues surrounding reproduction and sexuality. Did women as well as men produce procreative seed? How did the physiology of the sexes influence their healthy state and their susceptibility to disease? Who derived more pleasure from intercourse, men or women? This book explores how scientific ideas about sex differences in the later Middle Ages participated in the broader culture's assumptions about gender. Cadden discusses how medieval natural philosophical theories and medical notions about reproduction and sexual impulses and experiences intersected with ideas about such matters as the social roles of men and women, and the purpose of marriage" (publisher's description).
Contents: Introduction. Part I: Seeds and Pleasures: The Evolution of Learned Opinions. Chap. 1: "Prelude to Medieval Theories and Debates: Greek Authorities and their Latin Transformations"; Chap. 2: "The Emergence of Issues and the Ordering of Opinions"; Chap. 3: "Academic Questions: Female and Male in Scholastic Medicine and Natural Philosophy." Part II: Sex Difference and the Construction of Gender. Chap. 4: "Feminine and Masculine Types" [physiognomic lore]; Chap. 5: "Sterility: The Pursuit of Progeny and the Failure of Reproductive Function"; Chap. 6: "Is Sex Necessary? The Problem of Sexual Abstinence." Conclusion.]

Caporale-Bizzini, Silvia, ed. Narrating Motherhood(s), Breaking the Silence: Other Mothers, Other Voices. Bern, Berlin, Brussels, Frankfurt-am-Main, New York, Oxford, Vienna: Peter Lang, 2006. ["Feminist theory on motherhood has successfully transformed mothers into subjects of their own discourse, recognized the historical, heterogeneous and socially constructed origins of their life experience while, at the same time, widening our understanding of the notion of mothering. This collection combines a literary and a wider cultural perspective from which to look at the topic of the representation of other or forgotten motherhoods. Mothers who have been forced to live exiled and away from their children, women who after trying to conceive, get pregnant but discover they cannot bear to become mothers, or even literary characters based on an autobiographical experience of a sexually abusive mother. The essays critically point out how writing becomes a tool to think and write about the many aspects of motherhood such as an idealized maternal experience versus the real one or the accepted stereotypes of the good mother and the bad mother" (publisher's description).]

Casey, Kathleen. "The Cheshire Cat: Reconstructing the Experience of Medieval Women." In Liberating Women's History: Critical Essays. Ed. B. A. Carroll. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1976. Pp. 224-249.

Clover, Carol J. "Regardless of Sex: Men, Women, and Power in Early Northern Europe." Speculum 68 (1993): 363-387. [Speculum 68.2 (April 1993) is a Special Issue entitled "Studying Medieval Women: Sex, Gender, Feminism." Clover argues against the assumption of a simple male=powerful, female=victim approach to the Middle Ages, since power relations fluctuated, and even gender was a fairly fluid concept: "sexual difference used to be less a wall than a permeable membrane . . . in a world in which a physical woman could become a social man, a physical man could (and sooner or later [as in old age] did) become a social woman" (p. 387).]

Collis, Louise. Memoirs of a Medieval Woman: The Life and Times of Margery Kempe. New York: Harper and Row, 1983.

Coss, Peter R. The Lady in Medieval England, 1000-1500. Stroud, Gloucestershire: Sutton Publishing, 1998.

Crawford, Anne, ed. Letters of the Queens of England, 1100-1547. Stroud, Gloucestershire: Alan Sutton, 1994.

Damico, Helen, and Alexandra Hennessey Olsen, eds. New Readings on Women in Old English Literature. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1989.

DuBruck, Edelgard, ed. New Images of Medieval Women: Studies Toward a Cultural Anthropology. Lewiston, NY: Edwin Mellen Press, 1989.

Duby, Georges. Medieval Marriage: Two Models from Twelfth-Century France. Trans. Elborg Forster. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1978.

Edwards, Robert R., and Vickie Ziegler, eds. Matrons and Marginal Women in Medieval Society. Woodbridge, Suffolk: Boydell and Brewer, 1995.

Elliott, Dyan. Spiritual Marriage: Sexual Abstinence in Medieval Wedlock. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1993.

Ennen, Edith. The Medieval Woman. Trans. Edmund Jephcott. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1989.

Erler, Mary C[arpenter]. Women, Reading, and Piety in Late Medieval England. Cambridge Studies in Medieval Literature 46. Cambridge, and New York: Cambridge University Press, 2002.

Erler, Mary C[arpenter], and Maryanne Kowaleski, eds. Women and Power in the Middle Ages. Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press, 1988.

Eshlean, Lori. "Weavers of Peace, Weavers of War." In Peace and Negotiation: Strategies for Coexistence in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance. Ed. Diane Wolfthal. Arizona Studies in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance 4. Turnhout: Brepols Publishers, 2000. Pp. 15-37. [On the roles of women in peace and war.]

Evans, Rudy, and Lesley Johnson, eds. Feminist Readings in Middle English Poetry: The Wife of Bath and All Her Sect. London: Routledge, 1995.

Ferrante, Joan M. "Public Postures and Private Maneuvers: Roles Medieval Women Play." In Women and Power in the Middle Ages. Ed. Mary Erler and Maryanne Kowaleski. Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press, 1988. Pp. 213-229.

Ferrante, Joan M. Woman as Image in Medieval Literature from the Twelfth Century to Dante. New York: Columbia University Press, 1975.

Fiero, Gloria K., Wendy Pfeffer, and Mathé Allain, eds. and trans. Three Medieval Views of Women: La Contenance des Fames, Le Bien des Fames, Le Blasme des Fames. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1989.

Geary, Patrick J. Women at the Beginning: Origin Myths from the Amazons to the Virgin Mary. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2006. ["In these four artfully crafted essays, Patrick Geary explores the way ancient and medieval authors wrote about women. Geary describes the often marginal role women played in origin legends from antiquity until the twelfth century. Not confining himself to one religious tradition or region, he probes the tensions between women in biblical, classical, and medieval myths (such as Eve, Mary, Amazons, princesses, and countesses), and actual women in ancient and medieval societies. Using these legends as a lens through which to study patriarchal societies, Geary chooses moments and texts that illustrate how ancient authors (all of whom were male) confronted the place of women in their society. Unlike other books on the subject, Women at the Beginning attempts to understand not only the place of women in these legends, but also the ideologies of the men who wrote about them. The book concludes that the authors of these stories were themselves struggling with ambivalence about women in their own worlds and that this struggle manifested itself in their writings" (publisher's description).
Contents: "Women and Origins in Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages"; "Writing Women Out: Amazons and Barbarians"; "A Tale of Two Judiths"; "Writing Women In: Sacred Genealogy and Gender"; "Women at the End."]

Gee, Loveday Lewes. Women, Art and Patronage from Henry III to Edward III, 1216-1377. Woodbridge, Suffolk: Boydell and Brewer, 2002. ["In Britain in the high Middle Ages women played an active and significant role as artistic patrons. This study considers who these women were, their social status, the sources of their wealth and their motives for acting as they did, in addition to examining the various buildings, tombs and artefacts which they commissioned. Their piety, interests and concerns, and the cultural and social context of their lives are discussed in the context of the evidence offered by surviving buildings, tombs, manuscripts and seal impressions, together with relevant wills, documents and contemporary texts" (publisher's description).]

Gies, Frances, and Joseph Gies. Women in the Middle Ages. New York: Thomas Y. Crowell, 1978.

Goldberg, P. J. P., ed. Women in England, 1275-1525. Manchester Medieval Sources. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1995.

Goldberg, P. J. P. "Women in Fifteenth-Century Town Life." In Towns and Townspeople in the Fifteenth Century. Ed. John A. F. Thomson. Stroud, Gloucestershire, and Wolfeboro Falls, NH: Alan Sutton, 1988. Pp. 107-128. [That women enjoyed varied roles and a good deal of integration in town life.]

Goldberg, P. J. P., ed. Women in Medieval English Society, c. 1200-1500. Sutton History. Stroud, Gloucestershire: Alan Sutton, 1997. [First published in 1992 as Woman is a Worthy Wight: Women in English Medieval Society, c.1200-1500. The collection is based upon the proceedings of a conference entitled "Woman is a Worthy Wight" held at Cambridge in 1988. This edition has a new Preface (in part, summarizing scholarship on the subject since the original publication), but the texts of the essays are unchanged.
"The authors present a broad, balanced approach to the subject by analysing the position and influence of women in a variety of religious and secular contexts. Among the important areas discussed are marriage and servanthood, work and status, confession and charity, lordship and estate management. . . . The authors consider in detail the workings of medieval marriage, the status of peasant women in the countryside, the provision of charity for women, the information about gender that can be revealed by archaeology, the responsibility of women in the household and their influence on the running of great estates" (publisher's description).]

Hallett, Nicky. "Women." In A Companion to Chaucer. Ed. Peter Brown. Blackwell Companions to Literature and Culture. Oxford, and Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishers, 2000. Pp. 480-494.

Hanawalt, Barbara A. "Narratives of a Nurturing Culture: Parents and Neighbors in Medieval England." Essays in Medieval Studies 12 (1996): 1-21.

Hanawalt, Barbara A., ed. Women and Work in Preindustrial Europe. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1986.

Harrison, Dick. The Age of Abbesses and Queens: Gender and Political Culture in Early Medieval Europe. Lund: Nordic Academic Press, 1998. [A study of political culture of early medieval Europe, especially as reflected in documentary evidence for attitudes towards women (was there a gendered political culture? were there specific spheres of influence in which females had sway?). Harrison argues that gender is an important aspect of medieval political culture, and that men and women in similar circumstances often acted in quite different ways as a result, but that sweeping generalizations about "all-powerful males and permanently suppressed females" have flourished only in the absence of historical research in this field (29). Harrison's conclusion is that the stereotypes of female emotion and irrationality arise in this period ("[w]hat we see [in the texts under consideration] is gender in the process of being constructed"), despite (perhaps because of) very real women exercising very real political power and influence.]

Harwood, Britton J., and Gillian R. Overing, eds. Class and Gender in Early English Literature: Intersections. Bloomington: University of Indiana Press, 1994.

Haskell, Ann S. "The Paston Women on Marriage in Fifteenth-Century England." Viator 4 (1973): 459-471.

Holloway, Julia Bolton, Constance S. Wright, and Joan Bechtold, eds. Equally in God's Image: Women in the Middle Ages. New York: Peter Lang, 1990.

Jewell, Helen M. Women in Medieval England. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1996.

Johnson, Penelope D. Equal in Monastic Profession: Religious Women in Medieval France. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991. ["A study of women living in religious communities which explores the ways in which gender affected their behavior and also shows how many were respected and self-respecting people who shared with monks a family model of monastic life which was mostly gender-neutral."]

Kanner, Barbara, ed. The Women in England from Anglo-Saxon Times to the Present: Interpretive Bibliographical Essays. Hamden, CT: Archon, 1979.

Kelly, Kathleen Coyne, and Marina Leslie, eds. Menacing Virgins: Representing Virginity in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance. Fwd. Margaret Ferguson. Newark, DE: University of Delaware Press, 1999.

Kermode, Jenny, and Garthine Walker, eds. Women, Crime, and the Courts in Early Modern England. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 1994. [A "collection of seven original essays" which "explores the relationship between the law and women's lives, and demonstrates that women were far from passive victims in a male-dominated legal system."]

Kirshner, Julius, and Suzanne Wemple, eds. Women of the Medieval World: Essays in Honour of John H. Mundy. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1985.

Kittel, Ruth. "Women under the Law in Medieval England, 1066-1485." In The Women of England from Anglo-Saxon Times to the Present: Interpretive Bibliographical Essays. Ed. Barbara Kanner. Hamden, CT: Archon Books, 1979. Pp. 124-137.

Lampe, David. "Sex Roles and the Role of Sex in Medieval English Literature." In Handbook of Medieval Sexuality. Ed. Vern L. Bullough and James A. Brundage. Garland Reference Library of the Humanities 1696. New York: Garland Publishing, 1996. Pp. 401-426. [On "bedroom scenes" from Beowulf to Malory, with significant sections on Gawain and the Green Knight, Gower, Langland, and (especially) Chaucer.]

Larrington, Carolyne. Women and Writing in Medieval Europe. London: Routledge, 1995.

Levin, Carole, and Jeanie Watson, eds. Ambiguous Realities: Women in the Middle Ages and Renaissance. Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1987.

Leyser, Henrietta. Medieval Women: A Social History of Women in England, 450-1500. Women in England. London: Weidenfeld and Nicholson, 1995.

Lucas, Angela M. Women in the Middle Ages: Religion, Marriage and Letters. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1983.

Maddern, Philippa. "Honour among the Pastons: Gender and Integrity in Fifteenth-Century English Provincial Life." Journal of Medieval History 14 (1988): 357-371. [The Paston Letters reveal a strong orientation towards the community, with significant scope for women to be involved in public affairs.]

Mann, Jill. Apologies to Women. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991.

Martos, Joseph, and Pierre Hégy, eds. Equal at the Creation: Sexism, Society, and Christian Thought. Toronto and Buffalo: University of Toronto Press, 1998.

Mate, Mavis E. Women in Medieval English Society. New Studies in Economic and Social History 39. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999. ["This book presents a concise and accessible introduction to the various issues and debates surrounding women and their position in medieval society. Professor Mate examines the role women played in the economy, clarifies legal provisions for women and highlights the importance of class, as well as gender, in determining marriage and opportunities" (publisher's description).]

McCash, June Hall, ed. The Cultural Patronage of Medieval Women. Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press, 1996.

McLaughlin, Eleanor. "Women, Power and the Pursuit of Holiness in Medieval Christianity." In Women of Spirit: Female Leadership in the Jewish and Christian Traditions. Ed. Rosemary Ruether, and Eleanor McLaughlin. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1979. Pp. 99-130.

McNamara, Jo Ann Kay, and Suzanne Wemple. "The Power of Women through the Family in Medieval Europe, 500-1100." In Women and Power in the Middle Ages. Ed. Maryanne Kowaleski and Mary Erler. Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press, 1988. Pp. 83-101.

Meale, Carol M. "'. . . Alle the bokes that I haue of latyn, englisch, and frensch': Laywomen and their Books in Late Medieval England." In Women and Literature in Britain, 1150-1500. Ed. Carol M. Meale. 2nd ed. Cambridge Studies in Medieval Literature 17. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996. Pp. 128-158.

Meale, Carol M. "Reading Women's Culture in Fifteenth-Century England: The Case of Alice Chaucer." In Mediaevalitas: Reading the Middle Ages; The J. A. W. Bennett Memorial Lectures, Ninth Series, Perugia, 1995. Ed. Piero Boitani and Anna Torti. Cambridge: D. S. Brewer / Boydell and Brewer, 1996. Pp. 81-101 and 8 plates (between pp. 102-103).

Meale, Carol M. Women and Literature in Britain, 1150-1500. Cambridge Studies in Medieval Literature 17. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993.

Meale, Carol M, and Julia Boffey. "Gentlewomen's Reading." In The Cambridge History of the Book in Britain, Volume III: 1400-1557. Ed. Lotte Hellinga and J. B. Trapp. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999. Pp. 526-540.

Mirrer, Louise, ed. Upon my Husband's Death: Widows in the Literature and Histories of Medieval Europe. Studies in Medieval and Early Modern Civilization. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1991.

Morewedge, Rosemarie T., ed. The Role of Woman in the Middle Ages. Albany: State University of New York, 1975.

Morrison, Susan Signe. Women Pilgrims in Late Medieval England: Private Piety as Public Performance. Routledge Research in Medieval Studies 3. London and New York: Routledge, 2000. [Includes sections on Margery Kempe and Chaucer's Wife of Bath.]

Parsons, John Carmi, ed. Medieval Queenship. Stroud, Gloucestershire: Alan Sutton, 1994.

Parsons, John Carmi, and Bonnie Wheeler, eds. Medieval Mothering. The New Middle Ages 3; Garland Reference Library of the Humanities 1979. New York and London: Garland Publishing, 1996. [Among other content, "[t]heoretical essays examine medical and literary sources to establish that for male commentators, the narrowly biological, female parameters of maternity were insistently supplanted by images of nurturant mothering, an ungendered activity that could be preempted and associated with male behavior."]

Partner, Nancy F. "No Sex, No Gender." Speculum 68 (1993): 363-387. [Speculum 68.2 (April 1993) is a Special Issue entitled "Studying Medieval Women: Sex, Gender, Feminism." "The two polar terms of sex and gender (alias: body vs. society; nature vs. culture; biology vs. artifice) offered us in current discussions are just not enough conceptual equipment to address the complex issues of psychosexual identity and collective culture. . . . A middle or third term is always needed--'self' or 'sexuality' will do quite well--to acknowledge the developmental negotiations of mind with world which produce men and women who do tend to be recognizably like others of the same sex (and class, society, etc.) when regarded collectively, but yet are quite distinct and individual when seen 'close up.' Gender, as a concept carrying all the explanatory weight for human behaviour, thins out and dehumanizes the individual while never accounting for the deviance, rebellion, and simple idiosyncrasy which happily fill the historical record. The currently missing middle term of psychosexual development would restore the reality that human beings actively negotiate their way into their worlds; they are not passively processed by them" (pp. 441-442).]

Phillips, Kim M. Medieval Maidens: Young Women and Gender in England, c.1270-c.1540. Manchester Medieval Studies. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2003. [Abstract: "The medieval landscape, as traditionally viewed through the eyes of scholars, was hardly populated by women--aside from the occasional dazzling queen or mistress, strong-willed abbess, or exotic mystic. This picture has been dramatically altered by the scholarship of the last few decades as women have been restored to the medieval scene. However, to date, young unmarried women or 'maidens' have attracted little academic attention. This book aims to fill that gap by examining the experiences and voices of young womanhood. The life-phase of 'adolescence' was rather different for maidens than for young men, and, as such, merits study in its own right. At the same time a study of young womanhood provides insights into ideals of feminine gender roles and identities at different social levels. Young women were engaged in the process of acquiring the gendered selves required of adult women, but were themselves representative of a powerful ideal of femininity. This book will appeal to students interested in themes of women and gender, youth and the life-cycle, upbringing and sexuality in the medieval period."]

Power, Eileen. Medieval People. 10th ed. London: Methuen, 1963.

Power, Eileen. Medieval Women. Ed. M. M. Postan. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1975.

Ranft, Patricia. Women and Spiritual Equality in Christian Tradition. New York: St. Martin's Press, 2000.

Ranft, Patricia. Women and the Religious Life in Premodern Europe. London: Macmillan; New York: St. Martin's Press, 1996. [On the achievements of women in religious orders (abbesses, visionaries, contributions to music, science, etc.). Includes sections on Hildegard of Bingen, Heloise, etc.]

Riddy, Felicity. "Women Talking About the Things of God: A Late Medieval Subculture." In Women and Literature in Britain, 1150-1500. Ed. Carol M. Meale. Cambridge Studies in Medieval Literature 17. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993. Pp. 104-127.

Roberts, Anna, ed. Violence Against Women in Medieval Texts. Gainesville, Tallahassee, Tampa, Boca Raton, Pensacola, Orlando, Miami, Jacksonville: University Press of Florida, 1998.

Rose, Mary Beth, ed. Women in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance: Literary and Historical Perspectives. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 1991.

Salih, Sarah. Versions of Virginity in Late Medieval England. Woodbridge, Suffolk: Boydell and Brewer, 2001. ["This study looks at the question of what it meant to be a virgin in the Middle Ages, and the forms which female virginity took. It begins with the assumptions that there is more to virginity than sexual inexperience, and that virginity may be considered a gendered identity, a role which is performed rather than biologically determined. The author explores versions of virginity as they appear in medieval saints' lives, in the institutional chastity of nuns, and as shown in the book of Margery Kempe, showing how it can be active, contested, vulnerable but also recoverable" (publisher's description).]

Salter, David. "'Born to Thraldom and Penance': Wives and Mothers in Middle English Romance." In Writing Gender and Genre in Medieval Literature: Approaches to Old and Middle English Texts. Ed. Elaine Treharne. Essays and Studies ns 55. Cambridge: D. S. Brewer / Boydell and Brewer, for the English Association, 2002. Pp. 41-59.

Schulenburg, Jane Tibbetts. "Female Sanctity: Public and Private Roles, ca. 500-1100." In Women and Power in the Middle Ages. Ed. Mary Erler and Maryanne Kowaleski. Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press, 1988. Pp. 102-125.

Shahar, Shulamith. The Fourth Estate: A History of Women in the Middle Ages. Trans. Chaya Galai. London: Methuen, 1983.

Sheehan, Michael M., CSB. "The Wife of Bath and her Four Sisters: Reflections on a Woman's Life in the Age of Chaucer." Medievalia et Humanistica ns 13 (1985): 23-42. [Rpt. in Critical Essays on Chaucer's "Canterbury Tales." Ed. Malcolm Andrew. London: Open University Press; Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1991. Pp. 187-204.
This is an excellent essay, summarizing the current state of our knowledge about women in the period of Chaucer. Sheehan objects to the "generalizations" and universalizing tendencies of many current articles, since, on the one hand, there were many distinctions between women of different groups which distinctions are too often blurred by modern writers, and, secondly, we are only just beginning to analyze the available evidence: this field of study is still in its infancy and it is too soon to be drawing broad conclusions.]

Smith, Susan L. The Power of Women: A Topos in Medieval Art and Literature. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1995.

Straus, Barrie Ruth. "Freedom through Renunciation?: Women's Voices, Women's Bodies, and the Phallic Order." In Desire and Discipline: Sex and Sexuality in the Premodern West. Ed. Jacqueline Murray and Konrad Eisenbichler. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1996. Pp. 245-264.

"Studying Medieval Women: Sex, Gender, Feminism." A Special Issue of Speculum 68.2 (April 1993).

Taylor, Jane, and Lesley Smith. Women and the Book: Assessing the Visual Evidence. British Library Studies in Medieval Culture. London: British Library, 1997.

Van Houts, Elisabeth. Memory and Gender in Medieval Europe, 900-1200. Explorations in Medieval Culture and Society 1. London: Macmillan; Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1999. ["Tracing the oral and written memories of families and monastic communities though chronicles, saints' lives, and material objects such as jewellery and memorial stones, Elisabeth van Houts argues that in the Middle Ages, as now, the knowledge of the past was shaped by men as well as women. Men may have dominated the pages of literature but many of the stories they wrote were told to them by women. The Norman Conquest of England in 1066 provides a case study to illustrate the ways in which one memorable event reverberated through the generations. In England and Normandy, men and women remembered their ancestors' experiences: the worst were kept alive orally for a long time before they were written down, the best were put on paper straight away" (publisher's advertisement). Van Houts challenges the traditional view, that medieval historical writing was the product of self-perpetuating monastic and male privilege, Van Houts emphasizes the collaboration of women and men in preserving both the memory of familial ancestry as well as in the production of chronicles, annals, and saints' lives.]

Ward, Jennifer C. English Noblewomen in the Later Middle Ages. The Medieval World. London and New York: Longman, 1992. ["A look into the often varied life and activities of the noblewoman--her role in household and estate business, the use of wealth and show, and the exercise of hospitality and patronage."]

Warren, Nancy Bradley. Spiritual Economies: Female Monasticism in Later Medieval England. The Middle Ages Series. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2001.

Watt, Diane, ed. Medieval Women in their Communities. Cardiff: University of Wales Press; Toronto and Buffalo: University of Toronto Press, 1997.

Wiethaus, Ulrike, ed. Maps of Flesh and Light: The Religious Experience of Medieval Women Mystics. Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 1993.

Wilson, Katharina M., and Elizabeth M. Makowski. Wykked Wyves and the Woes of Marriage: Misogamous Literature from Juvenal to Chaucer. SUNY Series in Medieval Studies. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1990.

Wright, Sharon Hubbs. "Women in the Northern Courts: Interpreting Legal Records of Familial Conflict in Early Fifteenth-Century Yorkshire." Florilegium 19 (2002): 27-48. [The story of Kathleen Northfolk, a Yorkshire heiress whose uncle tried to do her out of her inheritance, is more complicated and nuanced than Eileen Power, who first brought it to scholarly notice, was aware. This is a story about how Kathleen's mother fought back on behalf of her daughter--and eventually won.]

Andreas Capellanus. The Art of Courtly Love. Trans. John Jay Parry. 1941; New York: W. W. Norton, 1969.

Benson, Larry D. "Courtly Love and Chivalry in the Later Middle Ages." In Fifteenth-Century Studies: Recent Essays. Ed. Robert F. Yeager. Hamden, CT: Archon Books, 1984. Pp. 237-257.

Bloch, R. Howard. Medieval Misogyny and the Invention of Western Romantic Love. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991.

Brooke, Christopher. The Medieval Idea of Marriage. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1989.

Bullough, Vern L., and James Brundage. Handbook of Medieval Sexuality. New York and London: Garland Publishing, 1996.

Burnley, J. D. "Fine Amor: Its Meaning and Context." Review of English Studies ns 31 (1980): 139-148.

Calabrese, Michael. "Ovid and the Female Voice in the De Amore [i.e., Andreas Capellanus, The Art of Courtly Love]and the Letters of Abelard and Heloise." Modern Philology 95 (1997-1998): 1-26.

Camille, Michael. The Medieval Art of Love: Objects and Subjects of Desire. London: Laurence King; New York: Abrams, 1998. [The symbolism of love in European art (paintings, illuminations, tapestries, jewellry) of the Middle Ages.]

Cartlidge, Neil. Medieval Marriage: Literary Approaches, 1100-1300. Woodbridge, Suffolk: Boydell and Brewer, 1997.

Cherchi, Paolo. Andreas and the Ambiguity of Courtly Love. Toronto Italian Studies. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1995.

Chewning, Susannah Mary. Intersections of Sexuality and the Divine in Medieval Culture: The Word Made Flesh. Aldershot, Hants., and Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2005. ["As distinct from the many recent collections and studies of medieval literature and culture that have focused on gender and sexuality as their major themes, this collection considers and serves to re-think and re-situate religion and sexuality together. Including 'traditional' works such as Chaucer and the Pearl-poet, as well as less well known and studied texts--such as alchemical texts and the Wohunge group--the contributors here focus on the meeting point of these two often-examined concepts. They seek an understanding of where sex and religion distinguish themselves from one another, and where they do not. This volume locates the Divine and the Erotic within the continuum of experience and devotion that characterize the paradox of the medieval world. Not merely original in their approaches, these authors seek a new vision of how these two inter-connected themes--sexuality and the Divine--meet, connect, distinguish themselves, and merge within medieval life, language, and literature" (publisher's description).]

Crosland, Jessie. "Ovid's Contribution to the Conception of Love known as 'L'Amour courtois.'" Modern Language Review 42 (1947): 199-206.

Donaldson, E. Talbot. "The Myth of Courtly Love." Ventures 5.2 (1965): 16-23. [Reprinted in his Speaking of Chaucer. London: Athlone Press, 1970. Pp. 154-163.]

Dronke, Peter. "'Andreas Capellanus.'" Journal of Medieval Latin 4 (1994): 51-63. [Challenges received opinions on the historicity of Andreas and the situation that he describes; there was probably no such person, and the book should be treated as a work of satire.]

Edwards, Robert R., and Stephen Spector, eds. The Olde Daunce: Love, Friendship, Sex and Marriage in the Medieval World. Binghamton: Center for Medieval and Renaissance Studies, SUNY, 1991.

Ferrand, Jacques. A Treatise on Lovesickness. Trans. Donald A. Beecher and Massimo Ciavolella. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 1990.

Ferrante, Joan M., and George D. Economou, eds. In Pursuit of Perfection: Courtly Love in Medieval Literature. Port Washington, NY: Kennikat Press, 1975.

Gilson, Etienne. The Mystical Theology of Saint Bernard. Trans. A. H. C. Downes; Introd. Jean Leclerq. Cistercian Studies 120. Kalamazoo: Cistercian Publications, 1990. [Lectures delivered in 1933 at University College of Wales (Aberystwith). Originally published as Le théologie mystique de saint Bernard. Études de philosophie médiévale 20. Paris: J. Vrin, 1934. Includes a section on Courtly Love.]

Jaeger, C. Stephen. Ennobling Love: In Search of a Lost Sensibility. The Middle Ages Series. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1999. ["Stephen Jaeger contends that love and sex in the Middle Ages related to each other very differently than in the post-medieval period. Love was not only a mode of feeling and desiring, or an exclusively private sentiment, but a way of behaving and a social ideal. It was a form of aristocratic self-representation, its social function to show forth virtue in lovers, to raise their inner worth, to increase their honor and enhance their reputation" (publisher's description).]

Kahn-Blumstein, Andrée. Misogyny and Idealization in the Courtly Romance. Studien zur Germanistik, Anglistik und Komparatistik 41. Bonn: Bouvier, 1977.

Kelly, Henry Ansgar. "Gaston Paris's Courteous and Horsely Love." In The Spirit of the Court: Selected Proceedings of the 4th Congress of the International Courtly Literature Society, Toronto 1983. Ed. Glyn Burgess and Robert Taylor. Cambridge: D. S. Brewer, 1985. Pp. 217-223.

Kelly, Henry Ansgar. Love and Marriage in the Age of Chaucer. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1975.

MacFarlane, Alan. Marriage and Love in England, 1300-1840. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1986.

Mathew, Gervase. "Marriage and Amour Courtois in Late Fourteenth-Century England." In Essays Presented to Charles Williams. Ed. C. S. Lewis. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1947. Pp. 128-135.

McCash, June Hall. "Mutual Love as a Medieval Ideal." In Courtly Literature: Culture and Context; Selected Papers from the 5th Triennial Congress of the International Courtly Literature Society, Dalfsen, The Netherlands, 9-16 August 1986. Ed. Keith Busby and Erik Kooper. Utrechtse Publikaties voor Algemene Literatuurwetenschap / Utrecht Publications in General and Comparative Linguistics 25. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 1990. Pp. 429-438.

Miller, Robert P. "The Wounded Heart: Courtly Love and the Medieval Antifeminist Tradition." Women's Studies 2 (1977): 335-350.

Moi, Toril. "Desire in Language: Andreas Capellanus and the Controversy of Courtly Love." In Medieval Literature: Criticism, Ideology and History. Ed. David Aers. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1986. Pp. 11-33.

Monson, Don A. "Andreas Capellanus and the Problem of Irony." Speculum 63 (1988): 539-572.

Newman, Francis X., ed. The Meaning of Courtly Love. Albany: State University of New York, 1968.

O'Donoghue, Bernard. The Courtly Love Tradition. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1982.

Oppel, John. "Saint Jerome and the History of Sex." Viator 24 (1993): 1-22. [Despite the Wife of Bath and many modern critics, St. Jerome's work is not antifeminist; it is anti-matrimonial and, in particular, against a certain kind of marriage (one which disempowers women by making them nothing more than child-bearers). The Adversus Jovinianum needs to be viewed in the context of the history of the family rather than as a source of medieval antifeminism.]

Paxson, James J., and Cynthia A. Gravlee, eds. Desiring Discourse: The Literature of Love, Ovid through Chaucer. Selinsgrove, PA: Susquehanna University Press, 1998.

Payer, Pierre J. The Bridling of Desire: Ideas of Sex in the Later Middle Ages. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1993. ["The later Middle Ages saw the emergence of an integral theory of human sexuality, a systematic account of its origins, role, and significance in the divine plan. Instead of simply dismissing medieval views of sex as misogynist and guilt-ridden, Pierre Payer urges a re-examination of medieval writers' understanding of sexuality within the context of their cosmological perspective" (publisher's summary). Cf. Beryl Rowland's comment in her review of this book and his Sex and the Penitentials (reviewed together), in Florilegium 14 (1995-1996): 205-211; p. 211: "Taking issue with the popular, present-day view that the sexual codes were devised by neurotic misogynists, obsessed by sex and an overwhelming sense of personal guilt, Payer skillfully argues the contrary view that the writers were for the most part learned, dispassionate philosophers and that the nature, intention, and morality of sex as conceived by them was positive and reasonable."]

Porter, Pamela. Courtly Love in Medieval Manuscripts. London: British Library, 2003.

Salisbury, Joyce E., ed. Sex in the Middle Ages: A Book of Essays. Garland Medieval Casebooks 3; Garland Reference Library of the Humanities 1360. New York: Garland Publishing, 1991.

Schnell, Rüdiger. "The Discourse on Marriage in the Middle Ages." Trans. Andrew Sheilds. Speculum 73 (1998): 771-786. [Challenges the assumption that medieval discourse on marriage was antifeminist, and that antifeminist attitudes were to be expected among medieval priests; Schnell studies marriage sermons and finds that they generally encourage mutuality, and that they were more likely to blame men than to blame women for marital failures.]

Wack, Mary F. "Imagination, Medicine, and Rhetoric in Andreas Capellanus' 'De Amore.'" In Magister Regis: Studies in Honor of Robert Earl Kaske. Ed. Arthur Gross, Emerson Brown Jr., Giuseppe Mazzotta, Thomas D. Hill, and Joseph S. Wittig. New York: Fordham University Press, 1986. Pp. 101-115.

Wack, Mary F. "The Liber de Heros Morbo of Johannes Afflacius and its Implications for Medieval Love Conventions." Speculum 62 (1987): 324-344. [On lovesickness.]

Wack, Mary F. Lovesickness in the Middle Ages: The Viaticum and its Commentaries. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1990.

Wack, Mary F. "New Medieval Medical Texts on Amor Hereos." In Zusammenhänge, Einflüsse, Wirkungen: Kongressakten zum Ersten Symposium de Mediävistenverbandes in Tübingen, 1984. Ed. Joerg O. Fichte, Karl Heinz Göller, and Bernhard Schimmelpfennig. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 1986. Pp. 288-298. [On lovesickness.]

Witte, John, Jr. From Sacrament to Contract: Marriage, Religion, and Law in the Western Tradition. The Family, Religion, and Culture Series. Louisville, KY: Westminster John Knox Press, 1997. [Chap. 1 is on marriage in the Middle Ages.]

Herlihy, David. Medieval Households. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1985.

Houlbrooke, Ralph A. The English Family, 1450-1700. Themes in British Social History. London and New York: Longman, 1984.

Itnyre, Cathy Jorgensen, ed. Medieval Family Roles: A Book of Essays. Garland Medieval Casebooks 15; Garland Reference Library of the Humanities 1727. New York and London: Garland Publishing, 1996.

Joyce, Rosemary A., and Susan D. Gillespie, eds. Beyond Kinship: Social and Material Reproduction in House Societies. Fwd. Clark E. Cunningham. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2000.

Neel, Carol, ed. Medieval Families: Perspectives on Marriage, Household, and Children. MART: The Medieval Academy Reprints for Teaching 40. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2004.

Netting, Robert McC., Richard R. Wilk, Eric J. Arnould, eds. Households: Comparative and Historical Studies of the Domestic Group. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1984.

O'Day, Rosemary. The Family and Family Relationships, 1500-1900: England, France, and the United States of America. Themes in Comparative History. London: Macmillan, 1994. [A historical study of the family, which begins from a presupposition that socio-religious prescriptions are not a good source for the history of the family: given human nature, the search for comfort and harmony will predominate despite all attempts at ideological imposition from outside (husbands and wives have regularly "negotiated their own levels of comfort" apart from legal niceties and moral prescriptions).]

Orme, Nicholas. Medieval Children. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2001.

Phillpotts, B[ertha] S[urtees]. Kindred and Clan in the Middle Ages and After: A Study in the Sociology of the Teutonic Races. Cambridge Archaeological and Ethnological Series. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1913.

Sheehan, Michael M., CSB. Marriage, Family, and Law in Medieval Europe. Ed. James K. Farge. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1996.

Yanagisako, S. "Family and Household: The Analysis of Domestic Groups." Annual Review of Anthropology 8 (1979): 161-205.

Cunnington, Cecil W., and Phillis Cunnington. Handbook of English Mediaeval Costume. Illus. Barbara Phillipson. London: Faber and Faber, 1952.

Hartley, Dorothy. Mediaeval Costume and Life. London: Batsford, 1931.

Hunt, Alan. Governance of the Consuming Passions: A History of Sumptuary Law. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1996.

Newton, Stella M. Fashion in the Age of the Black Prince: A Study of the Years 1340-1365. Woodbridge, Suffolk: D. S. Brewer, 1980.

Russell, Jeffrey Burton. "The Flat Error: The Modern Distortion of Medieval Geography." Mediaevalia 15 (1993 [for 1989]): 337-353.

Russell, Jeffrey Burton. Inventing the Flat Earth: Columbus and Modern Historians. New York: Praeger, 1991. ["Arguing against the fable that when Columbus discovered America he proved that the Earth is round, to the astonishment of his contemporaries, this work discusses geographical knowledge in the Middle Ages, as well as why and how the error was first propogated in the 1820s and 1830s."]

Simek, Rudolf. "The Shape of the Earth in the Middle Ages and Medieval Mappaemundi." In The Hereford World Map: Medieval World Maps and Their Context. Ed. P. D. A. Harvey. London: British Library, 2006. Pp. 293-303. [ Simek considerations representations of the earth in the later Middle Ages. Among other things, Simek declares that he has found no references in post-1000 European literature to a flat earth (educated medieval people knew that the earth was a sphere).]

Stevens, Wesley M. "The Figure of the Earth in Isidore's 'De natura rerum.'" Isis 71 [257] (1980): 268-277.

Barley, Maurice [Willmore]. Houses and History. London: Faber and Faber, 1986. [A history of houses in England to ca. 1900, including medieval castles, hall houses, etc. Chap. 8: "Peasant Houses in the Middle Ages."]

Barnwell, P. S., and A. T. Adams. The House Within: Interpreting Medieval Houses of Kent. London: HMSO, for the Royal Commission on the Historical Monuments of England, 1994.

Brunskill, R. W. Vernacular Architecture: An Illustrated Handbook. 4th ed. London: Faber and Faber, 2000. [Previous editions published under the title Illustrated Handbook of Vernacular Architecture (1987). An encyclopedic guide to the basic types of houses in English history.]

Chapelot, Jean, and Robert Fossier. The Village and the House in the Middle Ages. Trans. Henry Cleere. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985. [Trans. of Le village et la maison au moyen âge (Paris: Hachette, 1980).]

Grenville, Jane. Medieval Housing. The Archaeology of Medieval Britain. London and Washington: Leicester University Press, 1997.

Hanawalt, Barbara A. "Medieval English Women in Rural and Urban Domestic Space." Dumbarton Oaks Papers 52 (1998): 19-26.

Johnson, Matthew. Housing Culture: Traditional Architecture in an English Landscape. London: UCL Press; Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1993. [Includes a discussion of the structure and layout of medieval houses and fields (including social uses of interior space).]

Kingsford, C[harles] L[ethbridge]. "Historical Notes on Mediaeval London Houses." London Topographical Record 10 (1916): 44-144; 11 (1917): 28-81; 12 (1920): 1-66.

McKinney, Carole Lynn. "Women's Domestic Space in Selected Works of Medieval Literature." M.A. thesis, North Carolina State University, 1999.

Pearson, Sarah. The Medieval Houses of Kent: An Historical Analysis. London: HMSO, for the Royal Commission on the Historical Monuments of England, 1994.

Pearson, Sarah, P. S. Barnwell, and A. T. Adams. A Gazetteer of Medieval Houses of Kent. London: HMSO, for the Royal Commission on the Historical Monuments of England, 1994.

Samson, Ross, ed. The Social Archaeology of Houses. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1990.

Schofield, John. Medieval London Houses. New Haven and London: Yale University Press, for the Paul Mellon Centre for Studies in British Art, 1994.

Schofield, John. "Social Perception of Space in Medieval and Tudor London Houses." In Meaningful Architecture: Social Interpretations of Buildings. Ed. Martin Locock. Worldwide Archaeology Series 9. Aldershot, Hampshire, and Brookfield, VT: Avebury, 1994. Pp. 188-206.

Smith, J. T., P[atrick] A[rthur] Faulkner, and Anthony Emery. Studies in Medieval Domestic Architecture. Ed. M. J. Swanton. Royal Archaeological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland: Monographs. London: Royal Archaeological Institute, 1975. [Contents: "Timber-Framed Building in England," by J. T. Smith (1-26 and Pls. I-VIII); "Medieval Aisled Halls and Their Derivatives," by J. T. Smith (27-44 and Pls. IX-X); "Medieval Roofs: A Classification," by J. T. Smith (45-83 and Pls. XI-XVI); "Domestic Planning from the Twelfth to the Fourteenth Centuries," by P. A. Faulkner (84-117); "Medieval Undercrofts and Town Houses," by P. A. Faulkner (118-133); "Dartington Hall, Devonshire," by Anthony Emery (134-152 and Pls. XVII-XX).]

Smith, Peter. Houses of the Welsh Countryside: A Study in Historical Geography. Royal Commission on Ancient and Historical Monuments in Wales. London: HMSO, 1975. [A thorough catalogue of house styles from the Middle Ages and modern periods; wonderfully illustrated with photographs, floor plans, and "cutaway" drawings (allowing a view of the interior and exterior in a single drawing).]

Sykes, Christopher. Ancient English Houses, 1240-1612. London: Chatto and Windus, 1990.

Thompson, Michael [Welman]. The Medieval Hall: The Basis of Secular Domestic Life, 600-1600 AD. Aldershot: Scolar Press; Brookfield, VT: Ashgate, 1995. [History of the Great Hall in medieval Britain and Europe. "This is the first general account of the history of the great hall in Britain and continental Europe from Anglo-Saxon times to the late middle ages. Using a wide range of literary and archaeological sources in combination with close examination of standing halls and remains, Michael Thompson describes and interprets the development of one of the dominant architectural features of medieval life. He also examines the social functions of the hall--the 'hall-culture,' a way of life turning on the great room at the social and physical centre of secular and religious communities. This broad, well-illustrated and ambitious review will be of great interest to architectural historians, of course, but its social-cultural approach makes it equally valuable to students of medieval history and literature. It informs and is informed by studies of literary sources as diverse as Beowulf and Gawain, monastic rules and Arthurian poetry" (publisher's description). Contents: Introduction; "Halls before the Norman Conquest"; "France and Germany"; "The Monastic Refectory"; "The Hall in the Castle"; "The Triumph of the Native Style"; "The Downward Spread"; "The Hall in the Later Middle Ages"; "The Decline of the Hall"; Conclusion.]

Wood, Margaret. The English Mediaeval House. London: Phoenix House, 1965.

Bowden, Betsy. Listeners' Guide to Medieval English: A Discography. Garland Reference Library of the Humanities 912. New York: Garland, 1988.

Burnley, David. A Guide to Chaucer's Language. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press, 1983.

Curran, S. Terrie. English from Cædmon to Chaucer: The Literary Development of English. Prospect Heights, IL: Waveland Press, 2002.

Elliott, Ralph W. V. Chaucer's English. The Language Library. London: André Deutsch, 1974.

Fulk, R. D. An Introduction to Middle English: Grammar and Texts. Peterborough, ON: Broadview Press, 2012.

Knapp, Peggy A[nn]. Time-Bound Words: Semantic and Social Economics from Chaucer's England to Shakespeare's. New York: St. Martin's Press, 2000. [A selection of "keywords" of the period is studied for how these words reflect the history and debates of the time ("corage," "estat," "fre," "gloss," "kynde," "lewed," "providence," "queynte," "sely," "thrift," and "virtu").]

Kökeritz, Helge. A Guide to Chaucer's Pronunciation. Medieval Academy Reprints for Teaching 3. 1961; Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1978.

Mossé, Fernand. A Handbook of Middle English. Trans. James A. Walker. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1952.

Samuels, M. L., and J. J. Smith. The English of Chaucer and his Contemporaries. Ed. J. J. Smith. Aberdeen: Aberdeen University Press, 1989.

Sandved, A. O. Introduction to Chaucerian English. Chaucer Studies 11. Woodbridge, Suffolk: Boydell and Brewer, 1989.

Wright, Joseph, and Elizabeth Mary Wright. An Elementary Middle English Grammar. 2nd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1928.

Aers, David. Chaucer, Langland and the Creative Imagination. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1980.

Aers, David. Community, Gender and Individual Identity: English Writing 1360-1430. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1989. ["David Aers explores the treatment of the community, gender and individual identity in English writing between 1360 and 1430, and focuses on Margery Kempe, Langland, Chaucer and the poet of Sir Gawain. He shows how these texts deal with questions about gender, the making of individual indentity and competing versions of community in ways which still speak powerfully in contemporary analysis of gender formation, sexuality and love."]

Akbari, Suzanne Conklin. Seeing Through the Veil: Optical Theory and Medieval Allegory. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2004. [Includes two chapters on the Romance of the Rose, two on Dante, and two on Chaucer ("Chaucer's Dream Visions" and "Chaucer's Personification and Vestigial Allegory in the Canterbury Tales").]

Alanus de Insulis. The Plaint of Nature. Trans. James J. Sheridan. Toronto: Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies, 1980.

Allen, David G., and Robert A. White, eds. Traditions and Innovations: Essays on British Literature of the Middle Ages and the Renaissance. Newark: University of Delaware Press, 1990.

Allen, Judson Boyce. The Ethical Poetic of the Later Middle Ages: A Decorum of Convenient Distinction. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1982.

Althoff, Gerd, Johannes Fried, and Patrick J. Geary, eds. Medieval Concepts of the Past: Ritual, Memory, Historiography. Publications of the German Historical Institute, Washington, DC. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, in association with the German Historical Institute, 2002.

Anderson, David. Before the Knight's Tale: Imitation of Classical Epic in Boccaccio's "Teseida." University Park: Pennsylvania University Press, 1988.

Astell, Ann W. Political Allegory in Late Medieval England. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1999.

Augustine (Saint). On Christian Doctrine. Trans. D. W. Robertson, Jr. The Library of Liberal Arts. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1958.

Baswell, Christopher. Virgil in Medieval England: Figuring the Aeneid from the Twelfth Century to Chaucer. Cambridge Studies in Medieval Literature. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995.

Battles, Dominique. The Medieval Tradition of Thebes: History and Narrative in the OF "Roman de Thèbes," Boccaccio, Chaucer, and Lydgate. Studies in Medieval History and Culture. New York: Routledge, 2004.

Baxter, Ron. Bestiaries and their Users in the Middle Ages. Stroud, Gloucestershire: Alan Sutton Publishing; London: Courtauld Institute, 1998.

Bennett, H. S. Chaucer and the Fifteenth Century. Oxford History of English Literature 2.1. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1947. [In the 1990 reprint of the whole series, this volume was retitled Chaucer and Fifteenth-Century Verse and Prose and renumbered Vol. 2.]

Bennett, J. A. W. Middle English Literature. Ed. and completed by Douglas Gray. Oxford History of English Literature 1.2. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1986.

Bennett, Michael J. "The Court of Richard II and the Promotion of Literature." In Chaucer's England: Literature in Historical Context. Ed. Barbara Hanawalt. Medieval Studies at Minnesota 4. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1992. Pp. 3-20.

Benson, Larry D. Contradictions, from "Beowulf" to Chaucer: Selected Studies of Larry D. Benson. Ed. Theodore M. Andersson and Stephen A. Barney. Aldershot, Hants.: Scolar Press; Brookfield, VT: Ashgate, 1995. [Includes reprintings of several of his Chaucer essays: 4. Chaucer's Spelling Reconsidered -- 5. The Order of The Canterbury Tales -- 8. The Occasion of The Parliament of Fowls -- 9. The "Love-Tydynges" in Chaucer's House of Fame -- 10. The "Queynte" Punnings of Chaucer's Critics -- 11. The Beginnings of Chaucer's English Style -- 13. Courtly Love and Chivalry in the Later Middle Ages.]

Benson, Larry D., ed. The Learned and the Lewd: Studies in Chaucer and Medieval Literature. Harvard English Studies 5. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1974.

Bernardo, Aldo S., and Saul Levin, eds. The Classics in the Middle Ages: Papers of the Twentieth Annual Conference of the Center for Medieval and Early Renaissance Studies. Medieval and Renaissance Texts and Studies 69. Binghamton, NY: Center for Medieval and Early Renaissance Studies, State University of New York, 1990.

Bertolet, Craig E. "The Rise of London Literature: Chaucer, Gower, Langland and the Poetics of the City in Late Medieval English Poetry." Ph.D. diss., Pennsylvania State University, 1995. [Abstract: "The extent to which London influenced late fourteenth-century English poetry has been a matter for some debate. Though not enjoying a literary tradition like Florence's, London did play a significant role in the shaping of English poetry. This dissertation demonstrates that a number of economic, social, and political elements came together in the late fourteenth century to provide a moment in English literature where London acquired a significant cultural presence in the poetry of Geoffrey Chaucer and his contemporaries: William Langland and John Gower.
"Urban poetry is plain in style. It elevates the importance of the community and addresses questions of just price, commodity, and the balancing of one's books. Elements of this paradigm would have been available to these three poets in French literature and, specifically for Chaucer whom we know read them, the works of Dante and Boccaccio.
"Using the market values of the city, Langland's Piers Plowman becomes as much an exploration of the value of the soul as it is a quest for the soul's redemption. As a result, Langland's poem critiques more than just the moral aspects of his society but the economic and social elements as well. Gower's Confessio Amantis concerns the role of truth in human society; many of the tales show that characters who seek truth prosper, while those who do not perish. Urban poetry for Chaucer expands the possibilities of the debate genre by allowing the incorporation of various speakers from every level of English society. But exchange takes other forms in his poetry, such as in the fabliaux where tricks are repaid in kind so that, by the end of the tale, all books appear to be balanced. In addition to questions of justice, Chaucer also explores the importance of the community to human relations. Those characters who separate from the community or cause others to be separated from it imperil its safety and, if they cannot be reformed, they must be avoided. City poetry declined in England after Chaucer's death, yet the influence of the city continues beyond the fourteenth century to drama and prose fiction."]

Boitani, Piero. English Medieval Narratives in the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries. Trans. Joan K. Hall. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982.

Boitani, Piero. The Tragic and the Sublime in Medieval Literature. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989.

Boitani, Piero, and Anna Torti, eds. Poetics: Theory and Practice in Medieval English Literature: J. A. W. Bennett Memorial Lectures, Seventh Series, Perugia, Italy, 1990. Cambridge: D. S. Brewer, 1991.

Bowers, John M. Chaucer and Langland: The Antagonistic Tradition. Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press, 2007. ["Although Geoffrey Chaucer and William Langland together dominate fourteenth-century English literature, their respective masterpieces, The Canterbury Tales and Piers Plowman, could not be more different. While Langland's poem was immediately popular and influential, it was Chaucer who stood at the head of a literary tradition within a generation of his death. John Bowers asks why and how Chaucer, not Langland, was granted this position. His study reveals the political, social, and religious factors that contributed to the formation of a literary canon in fourteenth-century England" (publisher's description).]

Brewer, Derek S., ed. Chaucer and Chaucerians: Critical Studies in Middle English Literature. London: Nelson, 1966.

Brewer, Derek S. English Gothic Literature. The History of Literature. New York: Schocken Books, 1987.

Brosamer, Matthew James. "Medieval Gluttony and Drunkenness: Consuming Sin in Chaucer and Langland." Ph.D. diss., University of California, Los Angeles, 1998. [DAI 58 (1997-1998): 4643A.]

Burke, Peter. Popular Culture in Early Modern Europe. London: Temple Smith; New York: New York University Press, 1978. [Includes an excellent chapter on "carnival" and the carnivalesque influences on popular culture.]

Burnley, J[ohn] David. Courtliness and Literature in Medieval England. Longman Medieval and Renaissance Library. London and New York: Longman, 1998. ["Courtliness is an important feature of medieval literature, and the ideals of social behavior and personal refinement play an integral part in much of the literature and poetry of the period. Courtliness and Literature in Medieval England traces the development of courtliness from its emergence in the exclusive world of the aristocratic courts of the 12th century to a bourgeois respectability in the 15th century. Using such literary examples as Chaucer and the 'Gawain' poet, David Burnley illustrates how the literature of the time reflected the framework of social and aesthetic ideals of medieval society" (publisher's description).
Contents: Ch. 1: "Prologue"; Ch. 2: "The Emergence of Courtliness"; Ch. 3: "The Aesthetic Ideal: Personal Beauty"; Ch. 4: "Courtly Values"; Ch. 5: "The Qualities of Courtliness"; Ch. 6: "Courtliness and the Individual"; Ch. 7: "Courtliness and Language"; Ch. 8: "Courtly Literature"; Ch. 9: "Courtly Love"; Ch. 10: "Courtliness and Religion"; Ch. 11: "Epilogue."]

Burrow, J. A. Essays on Mediaeval Literature. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1984.

Burrow, J. A. Gestures and Looks in Medieval Narrative. Cambridge Studies in Medieval Literature 48. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 2002.

Burrow, J. A. Medieval Writers and their Work: Middle English Literature and its Background, 1100-1500. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1982.

Burrow, J. A. Ricardian Poetry: Chaucer, Gower, Langland and the Gawain Poet. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1971.

Calin, William. The French Tradition and the Literature of Medieval England. University of Toronto Romance Series. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1995.

Canitz, A. E. Christa, and Gernot R. Wieland, eds. From Arabye to Engelond: Medieval Studies in Honour of Mahmoud Manzalaoui. Ottawa: University of Ottawa Press, 1999. [Arabia; the East; the Orient; Orientalism]

Carruthers, Mary. The Book of Memory: A Study of Memory in Medieval Culture. Cambridge Studies in Medieval Literature 10. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990.

Carruthers, Mary. "Reading with Attitude, Remembering the Book." In The Book and the Body. Ed. Dolores Warwick Frese and Katherine O'Brien O'Keeffe. University of Notre Dame Ward-Phillips Lectures in English Language and Literature 14. Notre Dame and London: University of Notre Dame Press, 1997. Pp. 1-33.

Carruthers, Mary J., and Elizabeth D. Kirk, eds. Acts of Interpretation: The Text in its Context: Essays on Medieval and Renaissance Literatures in Honor of E. Talbot Donaldson. Norman: Pilgrim Books, 1982.

Carruthers, Mary J., and Jan M. Ziolkowski, eds. The Medieval Craft of Memory: An Anthology of Texts and Pictures. Material Texts. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2003. [An anthology of medieval memory texts, to supplement Carruthers' The Book of Memory. "In antiquity and the Middle Ages, memory was a craft, and certain actions and tools were thought to be necessary for its creation and recollection. Until now, however, many of the most important visual and textual sources on the topic have remained untranslated or otherwise difficult to consult. Mary Carruthers and Jan M. Ziolkowski bring together the texts and visual images from the twelfth through the fifteenth centuries that are central to an understanding of memory and memory technique. These sources are now made available for a wider audience of students of medieval and early modern history and culture and readers with an interest in memory, mnemonics, and the synergy of text and image. The art of memory was most importantly associated in the Middle Ages with composition, and those who practiced the craft used it to make new prayers, sermons, pictures, and music. The mixing of visual and verbal media was commonplace throughout medieval cultures: pictures contained visual puns, words were often verbal paintings, and both were used equally as tools for making thoughts. The ability to create pictures in one's own mind was essential to medieval cognitive technique and imagination, and the intensely pictorial and affective qualities of medieval art and literature were generative, creative devices in themselves" (publisher's description).]

Chaganti, Seeta. The Medieval Poetics of the Reliquary: Enshrinement, Inscription, Performance. New Middle Ages. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2008. [Contents: The poetics of enshrinement -- Silent inscription, spoken ceremony: Saint Erkenwald and the enshrined judge -- The N-town assumption's impossible reliquary -- Enshrining form: Pearl as inscriptional object and devotional event -- Reliquaries of the mind: figuration, enshrinement, and performance in The pardoner's tale.]

Chambers, E. K. English Literature at the Close of the Middle Ages. Oxford History of English Literature 2.2. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1945.

Chance, Jane, ed. Gender and Text in the Later Middle Ages. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 1996.

Chance, Jane. Medieval Mythography: From Roman North Africa to the School of Chartres, A.D. 422-1177. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 1994.

Cherewatuk, Karen, and Ulrike Wiethaus. Dear Sister: Medieval Women and the Epistolary Genre. University Park: Pennsylvania University Press, 1993.

Cherniss, Michael D. Boethian Apocalypse: Studies in Middle English Vision Poetry. Norman, OK: Pilgrim Books, 1986.

Cohen, Jeffrey Jerome, ed. The Postcolonial Middle Ages. New Middle Ages. New York: St. Martin's Press, 2000.

Coleman, Janet. English Literature in History, 1350-1400: Medieval Readers and Writers. London: Hutchinson, 1981.

Curtius, Ernst R. European Literature and the Latin Middle Ages. Trans. W. R. Trask. Bollingen Series 36. New York: Pantheon Books, 1953.

Davenport, Tony [W(illiam) A(nthony)]. Medieval Narrative: An Introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004.

Davidoff, Judith M. Beginning Well: Framing Fictions in Late Middle English Poetry. Cranbury, NJ: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 1988. ["Explores the symbolic effects of narrative patterns in Middle Englilsh verse, in relation to medieval assumptions about narrative structures."]

Dean, James M., and Christian K. Zacher, eds. The Idea of Medieval Literature: New Essays on Chaucer and Medieval Culture in Honor of Donald R. Howard. Newark, DE: University of Delaware Press, 1992.

Delany, Sheila. Medieval Literary Politics: Shapes of Ideology. Cultural Politics. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1990.

Delumeau, Jean. History of Paradise: The Garden of Eden in Myth and Tradition. New York: Critical Continuum Books / Continuum Publishing, 1995.

Despres, Denise. Ghostly Sights: Visual Meditation in Late-Medieval Literature. Norman, OK: Pilgrim Books, 1989.

Doob, Penelope Reed. The Idea of the Labyrinth from Classical Antiquity through the Middle Ages. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1990.

Dyas, Dee. Pilgrimage in Medieval English Literature, 700-1500. Woodbridge, Suffolk: D. S. Brewer / Boydell and Brewer, 2001.

Economou, George D. The Goddess Natura in Medieval Literature. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1972. [Alan of Lille's The Complaint of Nature and its influence on The Romance of the Rose (Guillaume de Lorris and Jean de Meun), Geoffrey Chaucer, and John Gower.]

Edwards, Robert R. Ratio and Invention: A Study in Medieval Lyric and Narrative. Nashville: Vanderbilt University Press, 1989.

Emmerson, Richard K., and Bernard McGinn. The Apocalypse in the Middle Ages. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1993.

Emmerson, Richard K., and Ronald B. Herzman. The Apocalyptic Imagination in Medieval Literature. Middle Ages Series. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1992.

Everett, Dorothy. Essays on Middle English Literature. Ed. Patricia Kean. 1959; Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1978.

Ferster, Judith. Fictions of Advice: The Literature and the Politics of Counsel in Late Medieval England. Middle Ages Series. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1996.

Fisher, John H. "Wyclif, Langland, Gower, and the Pearl-Poet on the Subject of Aristocracy." In Studies in Medieval Literature in Honor of Professor Albert Croll Baugh. Ed. MacEdward Leach. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1961. Pp. 139-157.

Ford, Boris, ed. Chaucer and the Alliterative Tradition. New Pelican Guide to English Literature, 1.1. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, 1982.

Gellrich, Jesse M. The Idea of the Book in the Middle Ages: Language Theory, Mythology, and Fiction. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1985.

Geoffrey de Vinsauf. Poetria Nova of Geoffrey of Vinsauf. Trans. Margaret F. Nims. Toronto: Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies, 1967.

Goldie, Matthew Boyd, ed. Middle English Literature: A Historical Sourcebook. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 2003. [A collection of fourteenth- and fifteenth-century documents to aid students in the study of late medieval literature. Contents: "Conventions and Institutions," "Force and Order," "Gender, Sexuality, and Difference," "Images," "Labor and Capital," "Style and Spectacle," "Textualities."]

Gordon, Robert K., ed. The Story of Troilus as told by Benoît de Sainte-Maure, Giovanni Boccaccio, Geoffrey Chaucer, Robert Henryson. Mediaeval Academy Reprints for Teaching 2. 1934; Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1979.

Gradon, Pamela. Form and Style in Early English Literature. London: Methuen, 1971.

Green, D. H. Irony in the Medieval Romance. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979.

Green, D. H. "On Recognizing Medieval Irony." In The Uses of Criticism. Ed. A. P. Foulkes. Bern, 1976. Pp. 11-55.

Green, Richard Firth. Poets and Princepleasers: Literature and the English Court in the Late Middle Ages. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1980.

Griffin, Benjamin. Playing the Past: Approaches to English Historical Drama, 1385-1600. Woodbridge, Suffolk: Boydell and Brewer, 2001. ["Two overlapping areas of English historical drama are examined in this study. The first is the large group of plays dramatising the lives of powerful people in the past of the English nation (native-subject drama), from the end of the fourteenth century to the end of the sixteenth, and the second is the select group of these plays produced in the 1580s, at the height of their flourishing. Griffin charts the development of historical drama from the Mass and Saint plays on Thomas Becket, through the Reformation and its legacy, to the later history plays, showing that the history play is neither Shakespeare's nor an Elizabethan invention, but has its roots in medieval drama. The use made by Shakespeare and Marlowe of the various types of historical drama--the sacrificial, the festive and the formless genealogical--is discussed, and the decline of the history play examined, reviewing and amending critical explanations of the extinction of the genre" (publisher's description).]

Griffin, Miranda. "Dirty Stories: Abjection in the Fabliaux." New Medieval Literatures 3 (1999): 229-260.

Guillaume de Machaut. "Le Jugement du roy de Behaigne" and "Remede de Fortune." Ed. James I. Wimsatt and William W. Kibler; music ed. by Rebecca A. Baltzer. The Chaucer Library. Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press, 1989.

Hanna, Ralph, [III]. London Literature, 1300-1380. Cambridge Studies in Medieval Literature 57. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005. [On the literary culture of London in the years before Chaucer, including Anglo-Norman and Latin texts as well as Middle English. The focus of the book is on English romances (the Auchinleck Manuscript and MS Laud misc. 622) and William Langland's Piers Plowman. "Hanna emphasises the uneasy boundaries legal thought and discourse shared with historical and 'romance' thinking, and shows how the technique of romance, Latin writing associated with administrative culture, and biblical interests underwrote the great pre-Chaucerian London poem, William Langland's Piers Plowman" (publisher's description).]

Hassig, Debra, ed. The Mark of the Beast: The Medieval Bestiary in Art, Life, and Literature. Garland Medieval Casebooks 22; Garland Reference Library of the Humanities 2076. New York: Garland Publishing, 1999.

Hassig, Debra. Medieval Bestiaries: Text, Image, Ideology. RES Monographs on Anthropology and Aesthetics. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1995.

Heffernan, Thomas J., ed. The Popular Literature of Medieval England. Tennessee Studies in Literature 28. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1985.

Hen, Yitzhak, and Matthew Innes, eds. The Uses of the Past in Early Medieval Europe. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 2000.

Henderson, Arnold Clayton. "Animal Fables as Vehicles of Social Protest and Satire: Twelfth Century to Henryson." In Third International Beast Epic, Fable, and Fabliau Colloqium. Ed. Jan Goosens and Timothy Sodmann. Cologne: Bohlau, 1981. Pp. 160-173.

Hieatt, Constance B. The Realism of Dream Visions: The Poetic Exploitation of the Dream Experience in Chaucer and his Contemporaries. The Hague: Mouton, 1967.

Hines, John. The Fabliau in English. Longman Medieval and Renaissance Library. London and New York: Longman, 1993.

Holloway, Julia Bolton. The Pilgrim and the Book: A Study of Dante, Langland and Chaucer. New York: Peter Lang, 1987.

Housley, Norman. "Perceptions of Crusading in the Mid-Fourteenth Century: The Evidence of Three Texts." Viator 36 (2005): 415-433.

Houwen, L. A. J. R. "Animal Parallelism in Medieval Literature and the Bestiaries: A Preliminary Investigation." Neophilologus 78 (1994): 483-496.

Houwen, L. A. J. R., ed. Animals and the Symbolic in Mediaeval Art and Literature. Mediaevalia Groningana 20. Groningen: Egbert Forsten, 1997.

Howard, Donald R. Writers and Pilgrims: Medieval Pilgrimage Narratives and their Posterity. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1980.

Jackson, W. H., ed. Knighthood in Medieval Literature. Woodbridge, Suffolk: Boydell and Brewer, 1981.

Jackson, W. T. H. The Literature of the Middle Ages. New York: Columbia University Press, 1962.

Kerby-Fulton, Kathryn, Maidie Hilmo, and Linda Olson. Opening Up Middle English Manuscripts: Literary and Visual Approaches. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2012.

Kessel-Brown, Deirdre. "The Emotional Landscape of the Forest in the Mediaeval Love Lament." Medium Ævum 59 (1990): 228-247. [Where the garden (the "locus amoenus"--Kessel-Brown uses Curtius's phrase) is the landscape of "lovers' fulfilment," the forest "provides imagery for those unhappy in love" (p. 228).]

Kindrick, Robert L. Henryson and the Medieval Arts of Rhetoric. Garland Studies in Medieval Literature 8. New York: Garland, 1993.

Knox, Dilwyn. Ironia: Medieval and Renaissance Ideas about Irony. Columbia Studies in the Classical Tradition 16. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1989.

Kratzmann, Gregory, and James Simpson, eds. Medieval English Religious and Ethical Literature. Woodbridge, Suffolk: Boydell and Brewer, 1986.

Kruger, Steven F. Dreaming in the Middle Ages. Cambridge Studies in Medieval Literature 14. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992. [On dream-vision poetry and medieval dream theory.]

Kugel, James L., ed. Poetry and Prophecy: The Beginnings of a Literary Tradition. Myth and Poetics. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1990.

Lavezzo, Kathy, ed. Imagining a Medieval English Nation. Medieval Cultures 37. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2004. [Includes "Chaucer Imagines England (in English)" by Peggy A. Knapp; also "Hymeneal Alogic: Debating Political Community in 'The Parliament of Fowls'" by Kathleen Davis.]

Lawlor, John, ed. Patterns of Love and Courtesy: Essays in Memory of C. S. Lewis. London: Edward Arnold, 1966.

Lewis, C. S. The Allegory of Love: A Study in Medieval Tradition. London: Oxford University Press, 1936.

Lindahl, Carl, John McNamara, John Lindow, eds. Medieval Folklore: An Encyclopedia of Myths, Legends, Tales, Beliefs, and Customs. 2 vols. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, 2000.

Lynch, Kathryn L. The High Medieval Dream Vision: Poetry, Philosophy, and Literary Form. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1988. ["A redefinition of the dream vision form which attends to its role in contemporary philosophical debate."]

Machan, Tim William, ed. Medieval Literature: Texts and Interpretations. Medieval and Renaissance Texts and Studies 79. Binghamton: Center for Medieval and Renaissance Studies, SUNY, 1991.

Macrobius. Commentary on the Dream of Scipio. Trans. William H. Stahl. New York: Columbia University Press, 1952.

Manning, Stephen. Wisdom and Number. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1962. [On the nature of medieval lyrics.]

Margherita, Gayle. The Romance of Origins: Language and Sexual Difference in Middle English Literature. University Park: Pennsylvania University Press, 1994.

McDonald, Nicola, ed. Pulp Fictions of Medieval England: Essays in Popular Romance. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2004. ["Middle English popular romance is the most audacious and compendious testimony to the imaginary world of the English Middle Ages. Yet, with few exceptions, it remains under read and under studied. Pulp fictions of medieval England demonstrates that popular romance not only merits and rewards serious critical attention, but that it is crucial to our understanding of the complex and conflicted world of medieval England. The book comprises ten essays on individual popular romances, with a focus on romances that, while enormously popular in the Middle Ages, have been neglected by modern scholarship. Each essay provides valuable introductory material, and there is a sustained argument across the contributions that the romances invite innovative, exacting and theoretically charged analysis. However, the essays do not support a single, homogenous reading of popular romance: the authors work with assumptions and come to conclusions about issues as fundamental as the genre's aesthetic codes, its political and cultural ideologies, and its historical consciousness that are different and sometimes opposed. This is a sign of healthy scholarship and of the vitality of the field of inquiry. Nicola McDonald's collection and the romances it investigates, are crucial to our understanding of the aesthetics of medieval narrative and to the ideologies of gender and sexuality, race, religion, political formations, social class, ethics, morality and national identity with which those narratives engage. It is essential reading for specialists of medieval English literature and for theorists of medieval and modern popular culture; yet its inclusion of detailed introductory material makes it equally accessible to students, both undergraduate and postgraduate, taking survey courses in medieval literature" (publisher's description).]

McKeon, Richard P. Selections from Medieval Philosophers. 2 vols. New York: Charles Scribners' Sons, 1929-1930.

Medcalf, Stephen, ed. The Later Middle Ages. The Context of English Literature. London: Methuen, 1981. [Though by now somewhat dated, this is still a tremendously useful introduction to the historical background of medieval literature. In particular, I recommend Starkey's essay on the "household" for its emphasis on the centrality of the family (not the individual) as the primary economic unit in society, for its discussion of marriage, of love and mistresses, as well as the significance of the organization of the royal household and its support of people like Geoffrey Chaucer or Thomas Hoccleve.]

Metilzki, Dorothee. The Matter of Araby in Medieval England. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1977. [Arabia; the East; the Orient; Orientalism]

Middleton, Anne. "The Idea of Public Poetry in the Reign of Richard II." Speculum 53 (1978): 94-114.

Minnis, A. J., ed. Middle English Poetry: Texts and Traditions; Essays in Honour of Derek Pearsall. York Manuscripts Conferences 5. Woodbridge, Suffolk: York Medieval Press / Boydell and Brewer, 2001.

Minnis, A. J., and Charlotte C. Morse, Thorlac Turville-Petre, eds. Essays on Ricardian Literature in Honour of J. A. Burrow. Oxford: Clarendon Press; New York: Oxford University Press, 1997.

Mohl, Ruth. The Three Estates in Medieval and Renaissance Literature. Columbia University Studies in English and Comparative Literature. New York: Columbia University Press, 1933.

Moorman, Charles. A Knyght there Was: The Evolution of the Knight in Literature. Lexington: University of Kentucky Press, 1967.

Morse, Ruth, and Barry Windeatt, eds. Chaucer Traditions: Studies in Honour of Derek Brewer. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990.

Murphy, James J. Latin Rhetoric and Education in the Middle Ages and Renaissance. Variorum Collected Studies Series. Aldershot, Hants., and Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2005. ["The essays in this volume deal with the history of rhetoric and education for the thousand years from the early Middle Ages to the European Renaissance. They represent the author's pioneering efforts over four decades to piece together a kind of mosaic which will provide elements necessary to construct a history of that thousand years of language activity. Some essays deal with individual writers like Giles of Rome, Peter Ramus, Gulielmus Traversanus, or Antonio Nebrija, some focus on the influence of Cicero and Quintilian and other ancient sources. The essays dealing specifically with education open up different inquiries into the ways language use was promoted, and by whom. Others explore the relations between Latin rhetoric and medieval English literature and, finally, several deal with the impact of printing, a subject still not completely understood" (publisher's description).]

Murphy, James J. Rhetoric in the Middle Ages: A History of Rhetorical Theory from Saint Augustine to the Renaissance. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1974.

Murphy, James J., ed. Three Medieval Rhetorical Arts. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1971.

Muscatine, Charles. The Old French Fabliaux. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1986.

Muscatine, Charles. Poetry and Crisis in the Age of Chaucer. Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press, 1972.

Nederman, Cary J. Worlds of Difference: European Discourses of Toleration, c.1100-c.1550. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2000.

Nitzsche, Jane Chance. The Genius Figure in Antiquity and the Middle Ages. New York: Columbia University Press, 1975.

Nolan, Barbara. "Promiscuous Fictions: Medieval Bawdy Tales and their Textual Liaisons." In The Body and the Soul in Medieval Literature. Ed. Piero Boitani and Anna Torti. The J. A. W. Bennett Memorial Lectures, Tenth Series, Perugia, 1998. Cambridge: D. S. Brewer, 1999. Pp. 79-105.

Owst, Gerald R. Literature and Pulpit in Medieval England: A Neglected Chapter in the History of English Letters and of the English People. 2nd ed. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1961.

Owst, Gerald R. Preaching in Medieval England: An Introduction to Sermon Manuscripts of the Period c. 1350-1450. Cambridge Studies in Medieval Life and Thought. 1926; rpt. New York: Russell and Russell, 1965.

Palmer, R. Barton, ed. Chaucer's French Contemporaries. Georgia State Literary Studies 10. New York: AMS, 1992.

Patch, Howard. The Goddess Fortuna in Medieval Literature. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1927.

Patterson, Lee, ed. Literary Practice and Social Change in Britain, 1380-1530. New Historicism: Studies in Cultural Politics 8. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990.

Patterson, Lee. Negotiating the Past: The Historical Understanding of Medieval Literature. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1987.

Paxson, James J., Lawrence M. Clopper, and Sylvia Tomasch, eds. The Performance of Middle English Culture: Essays on Chaucer and the Drama in Honor of Martin Stevens. Cambridge, and Rochester, NY: D. S. Brewer, 1998. [Contents: "Sponsorship, Reflexivity and Resistance: Cultural Readings of the York Cycle Plays," by Kathleen Ashley (9-24); "Eliding the 'Medieval': Renaissance 'New Historicism' and Sixteenth-Century Drama," by Richard K. Emmerson (25-41); "'Se in what stat thou doyst indwell': The Shifting Constructions of Gender and Power Relations in Wisdom," by Marlene Clark, Sharon Kraus, and Pamela Sheingorn (43-57); "The Chaucerian Critique of Medieval Theatricality," by Seth Lerer (59-76) ["Knight's Tale," "Miller's Tale"]; "The Experience of Modernity in Late Medieval Literature: Urbanism, Experience and Rhetoric in Some Early Descriptions of London," by John M. Ganim (77-96) [William Fitz Stephen, Descriptio; John Stow, Survey of London]; "Noah's Wife's Flood," by Alfred David (97-109) [Mystery cycles and "Miller's Tale"]; "Textual Pleasure in the Miller's Tale," by Richard Daniels (111-123); "Petrarch, Chaucer and the Making of the Clerk," by Warren Ginsberg (125-141) ["Clerk's Tale"]; "The Crisis of Mediation in Chaucer's Troilus and Criseyde," by Robert W. Hanning (143-159) [Pandarus, narrator]; "Reading Chaucer Ab Ovo: Mock-Exemplum in the Nun's Priest's Tale," by Peter W. Travis (161-181); "A Postmodern Performance: Counter-Reading Chaucer's Clerk's Tale and Maxine Hong Kingston's 'No Name Woman,'" by William McClellan (183-196).]

Pleij, Herman. Dreaming of Cockaigne: Medieval Fantasies of the Perfect Life. Trans. Diane Webb. New York: Columbia University Press, 2001. [On the Earthly Paradise and paradises in general, including gardens and pleasure parks.]

Powell, Susan, and Jeremy J. Smith, eds. New Perspectives on Middle English Texts: A Festschrift for R. A. Waldron. Woodbridge, Suffolk: Boydell and Brewer, 2000.

Putter, Ad, and Jane Gilbert, eds. The Spirit of Medieval English Popular Romance. Longman Medieval and Renaissance Library. Harlow, Essex, and New York: Longman, 2000.

Reiss, Edmund. The Art of the Middle English Lyric: Essays in Criticism. Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press, 1972.

Reiss, Edmund. "Number Symbol and Medieval Literature." Mediaevalia et Humanistica 1 (1970): 161-174.

Roberts, Lawrence D. Approaches to Nature in the Middle Ages. Medieval and Renaissance Texts and Studies 16. Binghamton: Center for Medieval and Renaissance Studies, SUNY, 1982.

Root, Jerry. "Space to speke": The Confessional Subject in Medieval Literature. American University Studies 2: Romance Languages and Literature 225. New York, Bern, Berlin, Frankfurt am Main, Paris, Vienna: Peter Lang, 1997. [On the Fourth Lateran Council (1215), with its new teachings on the need for regular confession, and its influence upon vernacular literature, which "creates a new and more popular language of the self. The literary texts of Chaucer, Machaut, and Juan Ruiz clearly demonstrate the influence of a confessional 'self' and use the language of confession to explore and construct the self as literary subject" (publisher's advertisement).]

Russell, J. Stephen. The English Dream Vision: Anatomy of a Form. Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 1988.

Salter, David. Holy and Noble Beasts: Encounters with Animals in Medieval Literature. Woodbridge, Suffolk: Boydell and Brewer, 2001. ["Because animals are neither wholly similar to, nor entirely different from, human beings, they have provided men and women with an endlessly fruitful point of departure from which to explore what it means to be human. The way in which human identity is inextricably bound up with the animal kingdom is particularly evident in medieval hagiography and romance (arguably the two most popular and prestigious genres of medieval literature), where the holiness of saints and the heroism of knights is frequently revealed through their miraculous encounters with wild beasts. Through an analysis of these literary sources, the book explores the broad range of attitudes towards animals and the natural world that were current in western Europe during the later middle ages. It argues that through their depictions of animals, medieval writers were not only able to reflect upon their own humanity, but were also able to explore the meaning of more abstract values and ideas (such as civility, sanctity and nobility) that were central to the culture of the time" (publisher's description).]

Salter, Elizabeth. Fourteenth-Century English Poetry: Contexts and Readings. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1983.

Saunders, Corinne J. The Forest of Medieval Romance: Avernus, Broceliande, Arden. Woodbridge, Suffolk: Boydell and Brewer, 1993.

Saunders, Corinne J. Rape and Ravishment in the Literature of Medieval England. Cambridge: D. S. Brewer / Boydell and Brewer, 2001. ["This work explores and untangles the theme of rape, and its counterpart ravishment, in Anglo-French cultural tradition between the disintegration of the classical world and the Renaissance. Tracing debate and dialogue across intellectual and literary discourses, Corinne Saunders places Middle English literary portrayals of rape and ravishment in the context of shifting legal, theological and medical attitudes. The treatment of rape and ravishment is considered across a wide range of literary genres: hagiography, where female saints are repeatedly threatened with rape; legendary history, as in the stories of Lucretia and Helen; and romance, where acts of rape and ravishment challenge and shape chivalric order, and romance heroes are conceived through rape. Finally, the ways in which Malory and Chaucer write and rewrite rape and ravishment are examined" (publisher's description).]

Scattergood, [Vincent] John. Reading the Past: Essays on Medieval and Renaissance Literature. Dublin: Four Courts Press, 1995.

Seymour, M. C., ed. English Writers of the Late Middle Ages. Authors of the Middle Ages 1. Aldershot, and Brookfield, VT: Variorum, 1994.

Silverstein, Theodore. Literate Laughter: Critical Essays in Medieval Narrative and Poetry. Ed. John C. Jacobs. Fwd. by Winthrop Wetherbee. Bern, Berlin, Bruxelles, Frankfurt-am-Main, New York, Oxford, Vienna: Peter Lang, 2002. [A collection of previously published essays by Silverstein, including several on Gawain and the Green Knight.]

Sinnreich-Levi, Deborah M., and Gale Sigal, eds. Voices in Translation: The Authority of "Olde Bookes" in Medieval Literature; Essays in Honor of Helaine Newstead. Pref. Harold M. Proshansky. Foreward Allen Mandelbaum. Intro. Frederick Goldin. AMS Studies in the Middle Ages 17. New York: AMS, 1992.

Spearing, A. C. Criticism and Medieval Poetry. 2nd ed. London: Edward Arnold, 1972.

Spearing, A. C. Medieval Dream Poetry. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1976.

Spearing, A. C. The Medieval Poet as Voyeur: Looking and Listening in Medieval Love-Narratives. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993.

Spearing, A. C. "The Poetic Subject from Chaucer to Spenser." In Subjects on the World's Stage: Essays on British Literature of the Middle Ages and the Renaissance. Ed. David C. Allen and Robert A. White. Newark, DE: University of Delaware Press, 1995. Pp. 13-37.

Spiegel, Gabrielle M. The Past as Text: The Theory and Practice of Medieval Historiography. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1997.

Staley, Lynn. Languages of Power in the Age of Richard II. University Park, PA: Penn State University Press, 2003. [Staley "offer[s] a way of 'reading' history through its refractions in literature. . . . [She] scrutinizes the ways in which Chaucer and other courtly writers participated in these attempts to articulate the concept of princely power. As one who took it upon himself to comment on the various means by which history is made, Chaucer emerges from Staley's narrative as a poet without peer" (publisher's description).]

Stanbury, Sarah. The Visual Object of Desire in Late Medieval England. The Middle Ages. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2008. ["Little remains of the rich visual culture of late medieval English piety. The century and a half leading up to the Reformation had seen an unparalleled growth of devotional arts, as chapels, parish churches, and cathedrals came to be filled with images in stone, wood, alabaster, glass, embroidery, and paint of newly personalized saints, angels, and the Holy Family. But much of this fell victim to the Royal Injunctions of September 1538, when parish officials were ordered to remove images from their churches. In this highly insightful book Sarah Stanbury explores the lost traffic in images in late medieval England and its impact on contemporary authors and artists. For Chaucer, Nicholas Love, Margery Kempe, the image debate provides an urgent language for exploring the demands of a material devotional culture--though these writers by no means agree on the ethics of those demands. As Stanbury contends, England in the late Middle Ages was keenly attuned to and troubled by its 'culture of the spectacle,' whether this spectacle took the form of a newly-made queen in Chaucer's Clerk's Tale or of the animate Christ in Norwich Cathedral's Despenser Retable. In picturing images and icons, these texts were responding to reformist controversies as well as to the social and economic demands of things themselves, the provocative objects that made up the fabric of ritual life" (publisher's description).
Contents: Introduction: Premodern fetishes -- Fetish, idol, icon. Knighton's Lollards, Capgrave's Katherine, and Walter Hilton's "Merk ymage" -- The despenser retable and 1381 -- Chaucer's sacramental poetic. Chaucer and images -- Translating Griselda -- The Clergeon's tongue -- Moving pictures. Nicholas Love's Mirror: dead images and the life of Christ -- Arts of self-patronage in The book of Margarey Kempe.]

Sturges, Robert S. Medieval Interpretation: Models of Reading in Literary Narrative, 1100-1500. Carbondale, IL: Southern Illinois University Press, 1991.

Summit, Jennifer. Lost Property: The Woman Writer and English Literary History, 1380-1589. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000. [Contents: "Following Corinne: Chaucer's Classical Women Writers"; "The City of Ladies in the Library of Gentlemen: Christine de Pizan in England, 1450-1526"; "The Reformation of the Women Writer"; "'A ladies penne': Elizabeth I and the Making of English Poetry."]

Tinkle, Theresa. Medieval Venuses and Cupids: Sexuality, Hermeneutics, and English Poetry. Figurae: Reading Medieval Culture. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1995.

Treharne, Elaine, ed. Writing Gender and Genre in Medieval Literature: Approaches to Old and Middle English Texts. Essays and Studies ns 55. Cambridge: D. S. Brewer / Boydell and Brewer, for the English Association, 2002. ["The essays in this annual English Association volume provide useful examples of how the conventions behind and the expectations evoked by literary modes and genres help to shape what purports to be an entirely essential and/or socially constructed aspect of identity of the 'he,' 'she,' or 'I' of the literary text. Ranging across materials from Old English Biblical poetry and hagiography to the late Middle English romances and fabliaux, the essays are united by a commitment to a variety of traditional scholarly methodologies. But each examines afresh an important aspect of what it means to be man or women, husband, son, mother, daughter, wife, devotee or love in the context of particular kinds of medieval literary texts" (publisher's description).]

Trigg, Stephanie, ed. Medieval English Poetry. Longman Critical Readers. London and New York: Longman, 1993.

Veldhoen, N. H. G. E., and H. Aertsen, eds. Companion to Early Middle English Literature. 2nd ed. Amsterdam: Free University Press, 1995.

Wasserman, Julian N., and Lois Roney, eds. Sign, Sentence, Discourse: Language in Medieval Thought and Literature. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 1989.

Wenzel, Siegfried. "Pestilence and Middle English Literature: Friar John Grimestone's Poems on Death." In The Black Death: The Impact of the Fourteenth-Century Plague; Papers of the Eleventh Annual Conference of the Centre for Medieval and Early Renaissance Studies. Ed. Daniel Williman. Intro. Nancy Siraisi. Medieval and Renaissance Texts and Studies 13. Binghamton, NY: Medieval and Renaissance Texts and Studies (Center for Medieval and Early Renaissance Studies, State University of New York at Binghamton), 1982. Pp. 131-159. [Six papers from the 1977 conference. Primarily on the verses of Grimestone, but within a broader context of plague references in Middle English literature, including Langland, Chaucer, and Lydgate. Argues that critics and historians (such as Ziegler) who describe the mentality of the late Middle Ages as "obsessed" with gruesome and macabre forms of death, or wracked by religious doubt because of the plague, cannot be justified with respect to England; such claims might be truer on the Continent but not in England (the flagellants are not to be found in England, for instance, and the literary references are not obsessive or especially macabre [cf., with similar results, Pearsall's later essay, "Signs of Life in Lydgate's 'Danse Macabre'"]). Pp. 148-149: Wenzel describes briefly the Dance of Death at St. Paul's (n. 92 mentions Lydgate's verses), as an imported Continental rather than English tradition, and which remained relatively rare in England (n. 102 also mentions that the "Dance of Death" is primarily an expression of "estates satire" rather than a response to plague). P. 150: Chaucer's Knight, when interrupting the Monk, recommends the avoidance of "heaviness" for reasons of health, which is also the position of Lydgate, expressed in the opening lines of "Doctrine for Pestilence" (lines 1-3 are quoted), and this may have been the more usual "English" approach to the plague, along with a strong (but very traditional: no crisis and spiritual doubt involved) moralism, as in the "Pardoner's Tale": death and pestilence should cause one to think of the need for penitence and virtue (151-152).]

White, Hugh. Nature, Sex, and Goodness in a Medieval Literary Tradition. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 2000. [Alan of Lille's The Complaint of Nature (and its presentation of the Goddess Natura) and its influence on The Romance of the Rose (Guillaume de Lorris and Jean de Meun), Geoffrey Chaucer, and John Gower. On the ethics of human sexuality and reproduction.]

Whitman, Jon. Allegory: The Dynamics of an Ancient and Medieval Technique. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1987.

Williams, David. Deformed Discourse: The Function of the Monster in Medieval Thought and Literature. Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queens University Press; Exeter: Exeter University Press, 1996.

Williams, Deanne. The French Fetish from Chaucer to Shakespeare. Cambridge Studies in Renaissance Literature and Culture 47. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004.

Wolterbeek, Marc. Comic Tales of the Middle Ages: An Anthology and Commentary. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1991.

Yamamoto, Dorothy. The Boundaries of the Human in Medieval English Literature. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 2000. [Revision of the author's thesis (Ph.D.), Oxford Brookes University. Contents: "Introduction"; "The Bestiary: Establishing Ground Rules"; "Birds: The Ornament of the Air"; "The Fox: Laying Bare Deceit"; "The Heraldic Image"; "Bodies in the Hunt"; "A Reading of The Knight's Tale"; "The Wild Man 1: Figuring Identity"; "The Wild Man 2: The Uncourtly Other"; "Women and the Wild"; "Conclusion."]

Zumthor, Paul. Toward a Medieval Poetics. Trans. Philip Bennett. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1991.

Baranski, Zygmunt G. "Dante, the Roman Comedians, and the Medieval Theory of Comedy." The Italianist 15, Supp. 2 (1995): 61-99.

Bergson, Henri. Laughter: An Essay on the Meaning of the Comic. Trans. Cloudesley Brereton and Fred Rothwell. New York: The Macmillan Co., 1911. ["Originally appeared in a series of three articles in . . . the Revue de Paris" (Translators' pref.).]

Corngold, Stanley. "Some Theoretical and Historical Complications in Hegel's Aesthetics of Comedy." In After Poststructuralism: Writing the Intellectual History of Theory. Ed. Tilottama Rajan and Michael J. O'Driscoll. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2002. Pp. 25-42.

Dyson, A. E. The Crazy Fabric: Essays in Irony. London: Macmillan; New York: St. Martin's Press, 1965.

Edwards, Anthony T. "Historicizing the Popular Grotesque: Bakhtin's Rabelais and His World and Attic Old Comedy." In Bakhtin and the Classics. Ed. R. Bracht Branham. Rethinking Theory. Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press, 2002. Pp. 27-55.

Fowler, Alastair. Kinds of Literature: An Introduction to the Theory of Genres and Modes. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1982.

Freudenburg, Kirk. The Walking Muse: Horace on the Theory of Satire. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1993.

Frye, Northrop. The Anatomy of Criticism: Four Essays. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1957. [Includes extensive essays on the nature of comedy, tragedy, romance, and satire.]

Frye, Northrop. "The Nature of Satire." University of Toronto Quarterly 14 (1944-1945): 75-89.

Frye, Northrop. "Old and New Comedy." Shakespeare Survey 22 (1959): 1-5.

Frye, Northrop. The Secular Scripture: A Study of the Structure of Romance. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1976.

Gans, Eric. Signs of Paradox: Irony, Resentment, and Other Mimetic Structures. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1997.

Goldstein, Jeffrey H., and Paul E. McGhee, eds. The Psychology of Humor: Theoretical Perspectives and Empirical Issues. Fwd. H. J. Eysenck. New York: Academic Press, 1972.

Gruner, Charles R. The Game of Humor: A Comprehensive Theory of Why We Laugh. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction, 1997. [Contents: 1. Win Or Lose: The Games We Play -- 2. Conflict in Daily Life -- 3. Drollery in Death, Destruction, and Disaster -- 4. Comic Scripts: Laughing at People, Groups, and Concepts -- 5. Sexual, Sexist, and Scatological Humor -- 6. The Special Case of Puns: Wordplay is a Game to be Won, Too -- 7. The Mirage of "Innocent" Humor.]

Hamamoto, Hideki. "Irony from a Cognitive Perspective." In Relevance Theory: Applications and Implications. Ed. Robyn Carston and Seiji Uchida. Pragmatics and Beyond ns 37. Amsterdam: Benjamins, 1997.

Herbert, Christopher. Trollope and Comic Pleasure. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987.

Highet, Gilbert. The Anatomy of Satire. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1962.

Hutcheon, Linda. Irony's Edge: The Theory and Politics of Irony. London and New York: Routledge, 1994. [Summary: "Irony's Edge is a fascinating, compulsively readable study of the myriad forms and the effects of irony. It sets out, for the first time, a sustained, clear analysis of the theory and the political contexts of irony, using a wide range of references, mostly from contemporary culture. Examples extend from Madonna to Wagner, from a clever quip in conversation to a contentious exhibition in a museum. And the stakes are high--many radical artists and cultural activists consider irony to be usefully subversive; others see it as more suspect. After all, irony can just as easily legitimate as undermine relations of power."
Contents: Introduction: The "Scene" of Irony -- 1. Risky Business: The "Transideological" Politics of Irony -- 2. The Cutting Edge -- 3. Modeling Meaning: The Semantics of Irony -- 4. Discursive Communities: How Irony "Happens" -- 5. Intention and Interpretation: Irony and the Eye of the Beholder -- 6. Frame-Ups and Their Marks: The Recognition or Attribution of Irony -- 7. The End(s) of Irony: The Politics of Appropriateness.]

Kendrick, Laura. "Medieval Satire." In European Writers: The Middle Ages and the Renaissance. Ed. George Stade. New York: Scribner's, 1983. Pp. 337-375.

Koestler, Arthur. "The Comic and Other Theories of the Comic: Bergson and Freud." In his Insight and Outlook. New York: Macmillan, 1949. Pp. 3-110; 417-440.

Lang, Berel. "The Limits of Irony." New Literary History 27 (1996): 571-588.

Meredith, George. An Essay on Comedy and the Uses of the Comic Spirit. Ed. Lane Cooper. New York: Scribner, 1918.

Michelson, Bruce. Literary Wit. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 2000.

Mills, Brett. "Humour Theory." In The Television Genre Book. Ed. Glen Creeber, Toby Miller, and John Tulloch. London: British Film Institute, 2001. P. 63.

Morreall, John. Taking Laughter Seriously. Albany: State University of New York, 1983.

Muecke, D. C. Irony and the Ironic. London and New York: Methuen, 1982.

Nelson, T. G. A. Comedy: An Introduction to Comedy in Literature, Drama, and Cinema. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 1990.

Olson, Elder. The Theory of Comedy. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1968.

Pogel, Nancy, and Paul P. Somers Jr. "Literary Humor." In Humor in America: A Research Guide to Genres and Topics. Ed. Lawrence E. Mintz. London: Greenwood, 1988. Pp. 1-34.

Purdie, Susan. Comedy: The Mastery of Discourse. Theory/Culture Series. Toronto and Buffalo: University of Toronto Press, 1993.

Reynolds, Suzanne. "Dante and the Medieval Theory of Satire: A Collection of Texts." The Italianist 15, Supp. 2 (1995): 145-157.

Reynolds, Suzanne. "'Orazio satiro' (Inferno IV.89): Dante, the Roman Satirists, and the Medieval Theory of Satire." The Italianist 15, Supp. 2 (1995): 128-144.

Sacks, Sheldon. "Toward a Grammar of the Types of Fiction." Chap. 1 of Fiction and the Shape of Belief: A Study of Henry Fielding with Glances at Swift, Johnson, and Richardson. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1964. Pp. 1-69. [This includes a very useful definition of "satire."]

Silk, M. S. Aristophanes and the Definition of Comedy. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 2000.

Storey, Robert. "Comedy, its Theorists, and the Evolutionary Perspective." Criticism 38 (1996): 407-441.

Storey, Robert. "A Critique of Recent Theories of Laughter and Humor, with Special Reference to the Comedy of Seinfeld." Interdisciplinary Literary Studies 2.2 (Spring 2001): 75-92.

Sutton, Dana Ferrin. The Catharsis of Comedy. Greek Studies. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 1994.

Axton, Richard. "Festive Culture in Country and Town." In Medieval Britain. Ed. Boris Ford. The Cambridge Cultural History of Britain 2. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992. Pp. 141-153.

Babcock, Barbara A. Introduction. In The Reversible World: Symbolic Inversion in Art and Society. Ed. Barbara A. Babcock. Symbol, Myth, and Ritual Series. Ithaca, NY, and London: Cornell University Press, 1978. Pp. 13-36. [Papers from the "Forms of Symbolic Inversion" Symposium, Toronto, 1972. Anthropological studies of cultural symbols of "inversion," by which is meant "ritualized 'role reversals,'" substitutions of categories, or the "rites of rebellion," to use Max Gluckman's phrase (p. 22). Babcock describes Gluckman's idea of rebellion (as expressed in his paper "Rituals of Rebellion in South East Africa" and his book Custom and Conflict in Africa) as the "steam valve" theory of social conflict (Ventilsitten; cathartic), in which ritualized inversion does not seriously challenge the established order, but, in fact, preserves it by dispelling the forces of opposition. Gluckman, says Babcock, is probably pursuing an idea expressed by Trotsky, that seasonal folk "rebellions" tended to be a hindrance to the development of true "revolutionary consciousness" (22). By contrast, and more recently, Victor Turner and others have discussed "disorder" as being a fundamental part of the liminal phase of every rite of passage (not just seasonal rites), as the "Nay" to society's "Yea," as an expression of the chaos which underlies all order (24). (Turner's approach to ritual is fundamental to the essays in this collection generally, and Turner himself provides an essay which responds to all of the others.)]

Bakhtin, M[ikhail] M[ikhailovich]. Rabelais and his World. Trans. Hélène Iswolsky. Cambridge, MA: M.I.T. Press, 1968.

Billington, Sandra. Midsummer: A Cultural Sub-Text from Chrétien de Troyes to Jean Michel. Medieval Texts and Cultures of Northern Europe. Turnhout, Belgium: Brepols, 2001. ["This book is based on fresh and original research from archives in France and the Low Countries, concerning customs and beliefs practised around the midsummer solstice. The information has never previously been considered and it reveals a festive treatment of divisiveness, which might also be politically engaged. The book shows how in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries these traditions were not solely observed by the lower classes. A study of texts throughout the Middle Ages shows that the significance of St John's Day was a valued source for some major writers, and it can be argued that it was even the rationale for works such as Chrétien's Yvain and the anonymous Perlesvaus. The midsummer customs also appear in the civic records of Leuven and Metz, in periods where the city authorities were strong enough to break free of feudal controls. Their civic freedom was expressed at the Feast of the Baptist's Nativity, and this appropriation by the bourgeoisie informs the romance, Galeran. The rationale of Midsummer is to examine the disparate, but interlinked[,] uses of the customs, and to bring to the awareness of scholars festive influences current in Europe before the better known influence of Carnival; also to discuss their seminal importance for early fiction and for the theatre. The book further reveals that pre-Christian belief in Chance/Fortune was supported by the phenomenon of the Solstice and that John the Baptist's Nativity, placed on 24 June, provided a way for Christian Fathers to allow for this, safely" (publisher's description).]

Billington, Sandra. Mock Kings in Medieval Society and Renaissance Drama. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1990. ["King-led outlaw defiance, riotous lords of misrule, proud midsummer mock kings, and stately Inns of Court princes: all could be seen as reflections of the dominant social order, and all influenced the writings of Shakespeare and his contemporaries."]

Bristol, Michael. "Acting Out Utopia: The Politics of Carnival." Performance 6 (1973): 13-28.

Burke, Peter. Popular Culture in Early Modern Europe. London: Temple Smith; New York: New York University Press, 1978.

Cartlidge, Neil. "The Battle of Shrovetide: Carnival against Lent as a Leitmotif in Late Medieval Culture." Viator 35 (2004): 517-542. [Abstract: "This essay is concerned with the ways in which medieval writers and artists depicted the imagined conflict between Carnival and Lent--a metaphorical contrast that, as it happens, has often been appropriated by modern critics writing about the Middle Ages, most notably by Mikhail Bakhtin. Such an appropriation is not entirely unjustified, for it is an idea prominent in medieval culture, and perhaps even more prominent than Bakhtin's work actually demonstrates. Yet in a critical context the use of this imagery tends towards a rigid reductiveness that is sharply at odds with the richly complex and varied ways in which it appears in late medieval art and literature. In order to illustrate this point and to give an impression of the large field of texts at issue, the article provides a necessarily selective survey that briefly addresses in turn: a pair of letters attached to Guido Faba's (Latin) Rota Nova; the Old French poem La Bataille de Caresme et de Charnage; some dramatic texts in both French and German; and, finally, Pieter van Brueghel's famous painting 'The Battle between Carnival and Lent.' In the end, this article suggests, modern analysts of late medieval culture have been too ready to accept this metaphorical dichotomy as a self-sufficient account of the medieval world, and too slow to acknowledge the sophistication and self-consciousness with which medieval writers and artists themselves employed it."]

Cox, Harvey Gallagher. The Feast of Fools: A Theological Essay on Festivity and Fantasy. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1969. ["Festivity" (carnival) exposes "the arbitrary quality of social rank and enables people to see that things need not always be as they are" (6).]

Ganim, John M. "Bakhtin, Chaucer, Carnival, Lent." Chap. 2 of his Chaucerian Theatricality. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1991. Pp. 17-30.

Hole, Christina. English Custom and Usage, Illustrated from Prints and Photographs. 2nd ed. London: B. T. Batsford, 1943.

Humphrey, Chris. The Politics of Carnival: Festive Misrule in England. Manchester Medieval Studies. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2001.

Hutton, Ronald. The Pagan Religions of the Ancient British Isles: Their Nature and Legacy. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1991. [This is the first of three books in which Hutton pursues the idea of "pagan survivals" in the folk customs and ceremonies of Britain (here attempting to discover what we actually know about pre-Christian religions in Britain); by his own admission (see the preface to Rise and Fall of Merry England) he found little evidence of any such survivals.
"This is the first survey of religious beliefs of the British Isles from the Old Stone Age to the coming of Christianity. Ronald Hutton considers a fascinating range of evidence for Celtic and Romano-British paganism, from burial sites and cairns, to jewellery, weapons, literary texts and folklore" (publisher's description).]

Hutton, Ronald. The Rise and Fall of Merry England: The Ritual Year, 1400-1700. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 1994. [This is the second of three books in which Hutton pursues the idea of "pagan survivals" in the folk customs and ceremonies of Britain; by his own admission (see the preface to Rise and Fall of Merry England) he found little evidence of any such survivals. In Rise and Fall, Hutton explores the idea of "Merry England," the passing of which is often lamented in the time of the Stuarts and of the Puritan interregnum in the seventeenth century; he finds that it actually flourished in the period of the early Tudors, passing away about the same time as Queen Elizabeth. It is marked by a variety of ceremonies and rituals that define the "ritual year" (a concept first proposed by Phythian-Adams), between Christmas and midsummer each year. While it has been a commonplace among folklorists and historians that these activities must date from time immemorial and have pagan roots, in fact for most of them there is no historical record prior to the fifteenth century: they are mostly Christian inventions, created principally for the raising of funds for the parish.]

Hutton, Ronald. Stations of the Sun: The Ritual Year in Britain. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996. [This is the third of three books in which Hutton pursues the idea of "pagan survivals" in the folk customs and ceremonies of Britain; by his own admission (see the preface to Rise and Fall of Merry England) he found little evidence of any such survivals. Here he explores the history of rituals and festivals connected to the seasons and the annual cycle of the agricultural year.]

Judge, Roy. "Changing Attitudes to May Day, 1844-1914, with Special Reference to Oxfordshire." Ph.D. thesis, Institute of Dialect and Folk Life Studies, University of Leeds, 1987.

Judge, Roy. "May Day and Merrie England." Folklore 102 (1991): 131-148.

Judge, Roy. May Day in England: An Introductory Bibliography; Based on the Holdings of the Vaughan Williams Memorial Library of the English Folk Dance and Song Society. 3rd ed. FLS [Folklore Society Library] Books Bibliographies 1; Vaughan Williams Memorial Library Leaflet 20. London: Vaughan Williams Memorial Library, 1999.

Kendrick, Christopher. Utopia, Carnival, and Commonwealth in Renaissance England. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2004.

Kightly, Charles. The Customs and Ceremonies of Britain: An Encyclopaedia of Living Traditions. London: Thames and Hudson, 1986.

LeRoy Ladurie, Emmanuel. Carnival in Romans. Trans. Mary Feeney. New York: George Braziller, 1979. [Trans. of Le carnaval de Romans. A festival in sixteenth-century Romans-sur-Isère, France, takes a political and violent turn; this is a study of the politics of "carnival" with a focus on this particular event.]

Milis, Ludo J. R., ed. The Pagan Middle Ages. Trans. Tanis Guest. Woodbridge, Suffolk: Boydell and Brewer, 1998. ["Many aspects of the pagan past continued to survive into the Middle Ages despite the introduction of Christianity, influencing forms of behaviour and the whole mentality of the period. The essays collected in this stimulating volume seek to explore aspects of the way paganism mingled with Christian teaching to affect many different aspects of medieval society, through a focus on such topics as archaeology, the afterlife and sexuality, scientific knowledge, and visionary activity" (publisher's description).]

Phythian-Adams, Charles. Local History and Folklore: A New Framework. London: Bedford Square Press of the National Council of Social Service, for the Standing Conference for Local History, 1975. [The "survivalist" interpretation of folk customs (i.e., merely explaining them as "survivals" of ancient religious rites) does not help us to account for innovations (there are many new customs which arise, and many local practices which are not replicated elsewhere), nor does it explain why certain practices continue and others die out (what social needs were felt to be fulfilled in the here and now of the person practicing what may or may not have been an ancient custom?). What is needed is a new dialogue between the folklorist and the historian, to develop a fuller understanding of the role of folk customs in the lives of real villagers.]

Dronke, Peter. "Boethius, Alanus and Dante." Romanische Forschungen 78 (1966): 119-125.

Frakes, Jerold C. The Fate of Fortune in the Early Middle Ages: The Boethian Tradition. Studien und Texte zur Geistesgeschichte des Mittelalters 23. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1988.

Kaylor, Noel Harold, Jr. The Medieval "Consolation of Philosophy": An Annotated Bibliography. Garland Reference Library of the Humanities 1215; Garland Medieval Bibliographies 7. New York and London: Garland Publishing, 1992. [Chap. 5 (pp. 163-217) is on "The Middle English Tradition" (Chaucer's "Boece" and later versions).]

Léglu, Catherine E., and Stephen J. Milner, eds. The Erotics of Consolation: Desire and Distance in the Late Middle Ages. New Middle Ages. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2008. [On the influence of Boethius in the Middle Ages, including a section on "The Book of the Duchess."]

Lerer, Seth. Boethius and Dialogue: Literary Method in The Consolation of Philosophy. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1985.

Magee, John. Boethius on Signification and Mind. Philosophia Antiqua 52. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1989.

Means, Michael H. The Consolatio Genre in Medieval English Literature. Gainesville: University of Florida Press, 1972.

Minnis, A. J., ed. The Medieval Boethius: Studies in the Vernacular Translations of De Consolatione Philosophiae. Woodbridge, Suffolk: Boydell and Brewer, 1988.

O'Daly, Gerard The Poetry of Boethius. London: Duckworth, 1991.

Patch, Howard R. The Tradition of Boethius. New York: Oxford University Press, 1935.

Reiss, Edmund. Boethius. Twayne's World Authors Series 672. Boston: Twayne, 1982.

Hyatte, Reginald. "Ovidius, Doctor Amoris: The Changing Attitudes towards Ovid's Eroticism in the Middle Ages as Seen in the Three Old French Adaptations of the Remedia Amoris." Florilegium 4 (1982): 123-136.

Martindale, Charles, ed. Ovid Renewed: Ovidian Influences on Literature and Art from the Middle Ages to the Twentieth Century. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990.

Bernardo, Aldo S. "Sex and Salvation in the Middle Ages: From the Romance of the Rose to the Divine Comedy." Italica 67 (1990): 305-318. [Heather M. Arden, in The Roman de la Rose: An Annotated Bibliography, p. 273, item 582: "A general comparison of the Rose and the Divine Comedy, especially in regard to the poets' opposing conceptions of love. The author first shows how the Fiore rewrites the Rose in malo (negatively) by stripping lust and carnality of non-essential elements; then how the Divina commedia constitutes an 'antidote' to 'the lecherous and carnal lovers' (309) of the preceding works. More specifically, many elements of the Rose, such as flowers and the rose itself, are given spiritual meaning by Dante's poem, which is 'a total deconstruction and reconstruction of the undisputed French masterpiece of erotic allegory' (311)."]

Brownlee, Kevin, and Sylvia Huot, eds. Rethinking the "Romance of the Rose": Text, Image, Reception. Middle Ages Series. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1992.

Fleming, John V. Reason and the Lover. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1984.

Fleming, John V. The "Roman de la Rose": A Study in Allegory and Iconography. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1969.

Gunn, Alan M. F. The Mirror of Love: A Reinterpretation of "The Romance of the Rose." Lubbock: Texas Tech Press, 1952.

Hill, Jillian M. Medieval Debate on Jean de Meung's "Roman de la Rose." Studies in Medieval Literature 4. Lewiston, NY; Queenston, ON; Lampeter, Dyfed, Wales: Edwin Mellen Press, 1992.

Hill, Thomas D. "Narcissus, Pygmalion, and the Castration of Saturn: Two Mythological Themes in the Roman de la Rose." Studies in Philology 71 (1974): 404-426.

Hult, David. Self-Fulfilling Prophecies: Readership and Authority in the First "Roman de la Rose." Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986.

Huot, Sylvia. The "Romance of the Rose" and its Medieval Readers: Interpretation, Reception, Manuscript Transmission. Cambridge Studies in Medieval Literature. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993.

Kay, Sarah. The Romance of the Rose. Critical Guides to French Texts 110. London: Grant and Cutler, 1995.

Kelly, Douglas. Internal Difference and Meanings in the "Roman de la Rose." Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1995.

Luria, Maxwell. A Reader's Guide to the "Roman de la Rose." Hamden: Archon Books, 1982.

Stakel, Susan. False Roses: Structures of Duality and Deceit in Jean de Meun's "Roman de la Rose." Stanford French and Italian Studies 69. Satatoga: Anma Libri, 1991.

Wetherbee, Winthrop. "The Literal and the Allegorical: Jean de Meun and the De planctu Naturae." Mediaeval Studies 33 (1971): 264-291.

Adams, John F. "The Janus Symbolism in 'The Merchant's Tale.'" Studies in Medieval Culture 4 (1974): 446-451.

Alexiou, Margaret, and Peter Dronke. "The Lament of Jephtha's Daughter: Themes, Traditions, Originality." Studi Medievali 12 (1971): 819-863. [Relevant to Chaucer and his Physician's Tale.]

Allen, Judson Boyce, and Theresa Anne Moritz. A Distinction of Stories: The Medieval Unity of Chaucer's Fair Chain of Narratives for Canterbury. Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 1981.

Allen, Mark. "Mirth and Bourgeois Masculinity in Chaucer's Host." In Masculinities in Chaucer: Approaches to Maleness in the "Canterbury Tales" and "Troilus and Criseyde." Ed. Peter G. Beidler. Chaucer Studies 25. Cambridge: D. S. Brewer / Boydell and Brewer, 1998. Pp. 9-21.

Allen, Valerie, and Ares Axiotis, eds. Chaucer: Contemporary Critical Essays. New Casebooks. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1996.

Altman, Leslie J. W. "January's Decision: An Example of Chaucer's Use of the Miroir de Mariage in the Merchant's Tale." Romance Philology 29 (1976): 514-518.

Ames, Ruth M. God's Plenty: Chaucer's Christian Humanism. Chicago: Loyola University Press, 1984.

Amsler, Mark. "The Wife of Bath and Women's Power." Assays 4 (1987): 67-83.

Anderson, J. J. "The Narrators in the Book of the Duchess and the Parlement of Foules." The Chaucer Review 26 (1991-1992): 219-235.

Andreas, James R. "'Newe science' from 'Olde bokes': A Bakhtinian Approach to the Summoner's Tale." Chaucer Review 25 (1990-1991): 138-51. ["In the Summoner's Tale Chaucer festively inverts tradition so as not to present a perversion of Christianity. Authorities in the Middle Ages approved the romance form for tales, and the fabliau was a comic, carnivalesque inversion of the romance. In Chaucer's use of these forms, laughter is produced by placing the past in the present. The Summoner develops a conflict between a friar and a layman. The Summoner fits the profile of a carnival tale-teller as a parody of his profession who is damned according to tradition. Numerous other associations and details connect the Summoner with carnival tradition. Throughout the Summoner's Tale and the following tales, the attitude of carnival allows the Summoner and other pilgrims such as the Squire to parody Christian traditions" (from on-line "Chaucer Bibliography").]

Andreas, James R. "'Wordes betwene': The Rhetoric of the Canterbury Links." Chaucer Review 29 (1994-1995): 45-64. ["Bakhtin's theories of discourse are presaged in the works of Geoffrey of Vinsauf from which Chaucer borrows in the Canterbury Tales. This foreshadowing is most clear in Chaucer's views of language in which the word becomes a magical illusion allowing 'the living and the dead [to] speak to one another through the magical medium of the utterance' (45). Such conversation is most apparent in the links between the Canterbury Tales. The feast metaphor accurately describes the amplificatio present throughout the tales. Chaucer also seems to use Vinsauf's trope of expolitio, in that Chaucer implies something is more important that what he says. Both Vinsauf and Bakhtin posit that the 'most crucial aspect of languge . . . is the fact that it can . . . replicate itself with ever finer gradations of meaning and expression' (50). For Chaucer the activity of translation provides an opportunity for renewal which creates delight. The links between the tales not only provide the opportunity for dialogue, but they also characterize and aculturate each speaker. The nature of speech as dialogue is most apparent in the Man of Law's Prologue. The links also provide a space in the narrative for laughter to occur" (from on-line "Chaucer Bibliography").]

Andretta, Helen Ruth. Chaucer's "Troilus and Criseyde": A Poet's Response to Ockhamism. Studies in the Humanities; Literature-Politics-Society 29. New York, Bern, Frankfurt-am-Main, Paris, and Vienna: Peter Lang, 1997.

Andrew, Malcolm, ed. Critical Essays on Chaucer's Canterbury Tales. London: Open University Press; Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1991.

Andrew, Malcolm. "January's Knife: Sexual Morality and Proverbial Wisdom in the Merchant's Tale." English Language Notes 16 (1979): 273-277.

ap Roberts, Robert. "The Growth of Criseyde's Love." In Medieval Studies Conference, Aachen 1983: Language and Literature. Ed. Wolf-Dietrich Bald and Horst Weinstock. Bamberger Beiträge zur englischen Sprachwissenschaft 15. Frankfort, Bern, New York, Nancy: Peter Lang, 1984. Pp. 131-141.

Arnovick, Leslie K. "Dorigen's Promise and Scholar's Premise: The Orality of the Speech Act in the Franklin's Tale." In Oral Poetics in Middle English Poetry. Ed. Mark C. Amodio. New York: Garland, 1994. Pp. 125-147.

Arthur, Karen. "Equivocal Subjectivity in Chaucer's Second Nun's Prologue and Tale." Chaucer Review 32 (1997-1998): 217-231.

Arthur, Ross G. "Why Artow Angry: The Malice of Chaucer's Reeve." English Studies in Canada 13.1 (Mar. 1987): 1-11.

Ashley, Kathleen M. "Renaming the Sins: A Homiletic Topos of Linguistic Instability in the Canterbury Tales." In Sign, Sentence, Discourse: Language in Medieval Thought and Literature. Ed. Julian N. Wasserman and Lois Roney. Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 1989. Pp. 272-293.

Ashton, Gail. "Patient Mimesis: Griselda and the Clerk's Tale." Chaucer Review 32 (1997-1998): 232-238.

Astell, Ann W. Chaucer and the Universe of Learning. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1996. ["The order of the fragments comprising The Canterbury Tales and the structure of that collection have long been questioned. Astell proposes that Chaucer intended the order preserved in what is known as the Ellesmere manuscript. In supporting her claim, Astell reveals a wealth of insights into the world of medieval learning, Chaucer's expected audience, and the meaning of The Canterbury Tales."]

Bachman, W. Bryant, Jr. "'To maken illusioun': The Philosophy of Magic and the Magic of Philosophy in the Franklin's Tale." Chaucer Review 12 (1977): 55-67.

Baker, Denise N. "Chaucer and Moral Philosophy: The Virtuous Women of The Canterbury Tales." Medium Ævum 60 (1991): 241-256.

Baldwin, Ralph. The Unity of the Canterbury Tales. Anglistica 5. Copenhagen: Rosenkilde og Bagger, 1955.

Barefield, Laura. "Women's Power in the 'Tale of Constance.'" Medieval Perspectives 15 (2000): 27-34.

Barney, Stephen A., ed. Chaucer's Troilus: Essays in Criticism. London: Scholar Press, 1980.

Barney, Stephen A. Studies in "Troilus": Chaucer's Text, Meter, and Diction. Medieval Texts and Studies 14. East Lansing, MI: Colleagues Press, 1993.

Beidler, Peter G. "Contrasting Masculinities in the Shipman's Tale: Monk, Merchant, and Wife." In Masculinities in Chaucer: Approaches to Maleness in the "Canterbury Tales" and "Troilus and Criseyde." Ed. Peter G. Beidler. Chaucer Studies 25. Cambridge: D. S. Brewer / Boydell and Brewer, 1998. Pp. 131-142.

Beidler, Peter G., Jennifer McNamara Bailey, Christine G. Berg, Sister Elaine Marie Glanz, Anne M. Dickson, Tracey A. Cummings, and Elizabeth M. Biebel. "Dramatic Intertextuality in the Miller's Tale: Chaucer's Use of Characters from Medieval Drama as Foils for John, Alisoun, Nicholas, and Absolon." Chaucer Yearbook 3 (1996): 1-19.

Benson, C[arl] David. "Chaucer as Revolutionary." In Selected Essays: International Conference on Representing Revolution 1989. Ed. John Michael Crafton. Carrollton: West Georgia College, 1991. Pp. 9-20.

Benson, C[arl] David. Chaucer's Drama of Style: Poetic Variety and Contrast in The Canterbury Tales. University of North Carolina Press, 1986.

Benson, C[arl] David. Chaucer's "Troilus and Criseyde." London: Unwin Hyman, 1990.

Benson, C[arl] David, ed. Critical Essays on Chaucer's "Troilus and Criseyde" and his Major Early Poems. London: Open University Press; Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1991.

Benson, C[arl] David. "True Troilus and False Cresseid: The Descent from Tragedy." In The European Tragedy of Troilus. Ed. Piero Boitani. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1989. Pp. 153-170.

Benson, Larry D. "Chaucer and Courtly Speech." In Genres, Themes, and Images in English Literature from the Fourteenth to the Fifteenth Century: The J. A. W. Bennett Memorial Lectures, Perugia, 1986. Ed. Piero Boitani and Anna Torti. Tübinger Beiträge zur Anglistik 11. Tübingen: Gunter Narr, 1988. Pp. 11-30.

Benson, Larry D. "The Order of The Canterbury Tales." Studies in the Age of Chaucer 3 (1981): 77-120.

Besserman, Lawrence. Chaucer and the Bible: An Introduction, Critical Reviews of Research, Indexes, and Bibliography. New York: Garland, 1988.

Besserman, Lawrence. "Chaucer, Spain, and the Prioress's Antisemitism." Viator 35 (2004): 329-353. [Abstract: "The goal of the present essay is to demonstrate how unlikely it would have been for Chaucer to have subscribed to the antisemitic views depicted in the Prioress's Tale. The demonstration consists of three sections. The first section takes a fresh look at textual clues in the fictional response to the Prioress's Tale within the Canterbury Tales. The second section adduces neglected evidence of intersections between Chaucer's diplomatic and court-related career and the careers of prominent contemporary Jews in Spain, and also in Anglo-Spanish relations, from the 1360s to the 1390s. The third section examines Chaucer's surprisingly favorable depictions of Jews in two passages, one from the House of Fame and one from the Prologue to the Treatise on the Astrolabe. These two passages are routinely neglected by commentators on Chaucer's attitude toward Jews, an attitude too often presumed to be the same as that expressed in the Prioress's Tale."]

Besserman, Lawrence. "Girdles, Belts, and Cords: A Leitmotif in Chaucer's 'General Prologue.'" Papers on Language and Literature 22 (1986): 222-225.

Besserman, Lawrence. "Ideology, Antisemitism, and Chaucer's Prioress's Tale." Chaucer Review 36 (2001-2002): 48-72.

Bestul, Thomas H. "Chaucer's Parson's Tale and the Late-Medieval Tradition of Religious Meditation." Speculum 64 (1989): 600-619.

Biebel, Elizabeth M. "A Wife, a Batterer, a Rapist: Representations of 'Masculinity' in the Wife of Bath's Prologue and Tale." In Masculinities in Chaucer: Approaches to Maleness in the "Canterbury Tales" and "Troilus and Criseyde." Ed. Peter G. Beidler. Chaucer Studies 25. Cambridge: D. S. Brewer / Boydell and Brewer, 1998. Pp. 63-75.

Birney, Earle. Essays on Chaucerian Irony. Ed., with an essay on irony, by Beryl Rowland. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1985.

Biscoglio, Frances Minetti. The Wives of the "Canterbury Tales" and the Tradition of the Valiant Woman of Proverbs 31:10-31. Lewiston, NY: Edwin Mellen Press, 1992.

Bishop, Louise M. "'Of Goddes Pryvetee Nor of His Wyf': Confusion of Orifices in Chaucer's Miller's Tale." Texas Studies in Literature and Language 44 (2002): 231-246.

Blake, Norman F. "Critics, Criticism and the Order of The Canterbury Tales." Archiv 218 (1981): 47-58.

Blake, Norman F. "The Debate on the Order of The Canterbury Tales." Revista Canaria de Estudios Ingleses 10 (1985): 31-42.

Blamires, Alcuin. The Canterbury Tales. The Critics Debate. Atlantic Highlights, NJ: Humanities Press, 1987.

Blamires, Alcuin. Chaucer, Ethics, and Gender. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 2006.

Blamires, Alcuin. "Chaucer the Reactionary: Ideology and the 'General Prologue' to The Canterbury Tales." Review of English Studies ns 51 [204] (2000): 523-539. [Abstract: "Chaucer's 'General Prologue' to The Canterbury Tales is more politically charged than is commonly supposed. It formulates ruling ideology after the Peasants' Revolt of 1381 through a tactical distribution of blame for oppression among scapegoats and away from lordship (Knight) and judiciary (Franklin). It identifies a source of manorial exploitation primarily at the level of the Reeve, a peasant foreman whose harshness contrasts with the distant benevolence of his own lord. While the anticlerical dimension of the Prologue's propagandist make-up is well known, readers have missed the full social implication of its uncompromising strategy because of the received myth of a socially unfixed Chaucer whose writing issues from a classlessness straddling different social strata. A clear commitment to aristocratic ideology and disdain for peasant aspiration, however, is visible in the 'General Prologue' and persists in the tales that follow."]

Blamires, Alcuin. "Refiguring the 'Scandalous Excess' of Medieval Woman: The Wife of Bath and Liberality." In Gender in Debate from the Early Middle Ages to the Renaissance. Ed. Thelma S. Fenster and Clare A. Lees. New Middle Ages. New York: Palgrave, 2002. Pp. 57-78.

Blanch, Robert J., and Julian N. Wasserman. "White and Red in the Knight's Tale: Chaucer's Manipulation of a Convention." In Chaucer in the Eighties. Ed. Julian N. Wasserman and Robert J. Blanch. Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 1986. Pp. 175-191.

Bloch, R. Howard. "Chaucer's Maiden's Head: The Physician's Tale and the Poetics of Virginity." In Chaucer: Contemporary Critical Essays. Ed. Valerie Allen, and Ares Axiotis. New Casebooks. New York: St. Martin's, 1996. Pp. 145-156.

Bloom, Harold, ed. Geoffrey Chaucer's "The Knight's Tale." New York: Chelsea, 1988.

Bloom, Harold, ed. Geoffrey Chaucer's "The Pardoner's Tale." New York: Chelsea, 1988.

Bloomfield, Josephine. "Chaucer and the Polis: Piety and Desire in the Troilus and Criseyde." Modern Philology 94 (1996-1997): 291-304.

Bloomfield, Morton W. "The Friar's Tale as a Liminal Tale." Chaucer Review 17 (1982-1983): 286-291.

Bloomfield, Morton W. "The Wisdom of the Nun's Priest's Tale." In Chaucerian Problems and Perspectives: Essays Presented to Paul E. Beichner, CSC. Ed. Edward Vasta, and Zacharias P. Thundy. Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press, 1979. Pp. 70-82.

Boenig, Robert. Chaucer and the Mystics: "The Canterbury Tales" and the Genre of Devotional Prose. Lewisburg, PA: Bucknell University Press, 1995.

Boenig, Robert. "Musical Instruments as Iconographical Artifacts in Medieval Poetry." In Material Culture and Cultural Materialisms in the Middle Ages and Renaissance. Ed. Curtis Perry. Arizona Studies in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance 5. Turnhout, Belgium: Brepols, 2001. Pp. 1-16. [On the references to musical instruments and their commodification in Beowulf, Guillaume Machaut's Remedy of Fortune, and Geoffrey Chaucer's "The Miller's Tale," in each of which the primary significance of the musical instruments is something beyond an instrument for making music.]

Boffey, Julia. "The Reputation and Circulation of Chaucer's Lyrics in the Fifteenth Century." Chaucer Review 28 (1993-1994): 23-40.

Boffey, Julia. "'Twenty thousand more': Some Fifteenth- and Sixteenth-Century Responses to The Legend of Good Women." In Middle English Poetry: Texts and Traditions; Essays in Honour of Derek Pearsall. Ed. A[listair] J. Minnis. York Manuscripts Conferences, Proceedings 5. Woodbridge, Suffolk, and Rochester, NY: York Medieval Press / Boydell and Brewer, in association with the Centre for Medieval Studies, University of York, 2001. Pp. 279-297.

Boitani, Piero. "Antiquity and Beyond: The Death of Troilus." In The European Tragedy of Troilus. Ed. Piero Boitani. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1989. Pp. 1-19.

Boitani, Piero. Chaucer and the Imaginary World of Fame. Chaucer Studies 10. Woodbridge, Suffolk: Boydell and Brewer, 1984.

Boitani, Piero. "Chaucer's Labyrinth: Fourteenth-Century Literature and Language." Chaucer Review 17 (1982-1983): 197-220. [On the "House of Fame."]

Boitani, Piero, ed. The European Tragedy of Troilus. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989.

Boitani, Piero, and Jill Mann, eds. The Cambridge Chaucer Companion. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986.

Bolens, Guillemette. "The Game of Chess in Chaucer's Book of the Duchess." Chaucer Review 32 (1998-1999): 325-334.

Bolton, W. F. "The Wife of Bath: Narrator as Victim." Women and Literature 1 (1981): 54-65.

Booker, M. Keith. "'Nothing that is so is so': Dialogic Discourse and the Voice of the Woman in the Clerk's Tale and Twelfth Night." Exemplaria 3 (1991): 519-537.

Bott, Robin L. "'O, keep me from their worse than killing lust': Ideologies of Rape and Mutilation in Chaucers's Physician's Tale and Shakespeare's Titus Andronicus." In Representing Rape in Medieval and Early Modern Literature. Ed. Elizabeth Robertson, and Christine M. Rose. New Middle Ages. New York: Palgrave, 2001. Pp. 189-211.

Bowden, Muriel. A Commentary on the Prologue to the Canterbury Tales. 2nd ed. 1967; rpt. London: Souvenir Press, 1973.

Bowers, John M. "Chaucer after Smithfield: From Postcolonial Writer to Imperialist Author." In The Post-Colonial Middle Ages. Ed. Jeffrey Jerome Cohen. New Middle Ages. New York: St. Martin's Press, 2000. Pp. 53-66.

Bowers, John M. "Chaucer's Canterbury Tales--Politically Corrected." In Rewriting Chaucer: Culture, Authority, and the Idea of the Authentic Text, 1400-1602. Ed. Thomas A. Prendergast and Barbara Kline. Columbus, OH: Ohio State University Press, 1999. Pp. 13-44.

Bowers, Robert William. "'As I Yow Devyse': The Role of the Frame Narrator of the Canterbury Tales." Ph.D. diss., University of Denver, 2001. [DAI 62 (2001-2002): 2432A.]

Bowden, Betsy. Chaucer Aloud: The Varieties of Textual Interpretation. The Middle Ages. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1987. [The book is accompanied by an audio cassette with readings of Chaucerian passages.]

Bowman, Mary R. "'Half as she were mad': Dorigen in the Male World of the Franklin's Tale." Chaucer Review 27 (1992-1993): 239-251.

Bradbury, Nancy Mason. "Chaucerian Minstrelsy: Troilus and Criseyde." In her Writing Aloud: Storytelling in Late Medieval England. Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1998. Pp. 175-201.

Braswell, Mary Flowers. "Chaucer's Palimpsest: Judas Iscariot and the Pardoner's Tale." Chaucer Review 29 (1994-1995): 303-310. [The unidentified old man has similarities with legends of an accursed Judas Iscariot wandering the earth.]

Brewer, Derek S., ed. Chaucer: The Critical Heritage, 1385-1933. 2 vols. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1978.

Brewer, Derek S. "Chaucer's Knight as Hero, and Machaut's Prise d'Alexandrie." In Heroes and Heroines in Medieval English Literature: A Festschrift to André Crépin on the Occasion of his Sixty-fifth Birthday. Ed. Leo Carruthers. Cambridge: D. S. Brewer / Boydell and Brewer, 1994. Pp. 81-96. [In part, a response to Terry Jones, Chaucer's Knight. See also Emerson Brown ("Chaucer's Knight"); also Maurice Keen ("Chaucer's Knight"); also John H. Pratt ("Was Chaucer's Knight Really a Mercenary?").]

Brewer, Derek S. "Comedy and Tragedy in Troilus and Criseyde." In The European Tragedy of Troilus. Ed. Piero Boitani. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1989. Pp. 95-109.

Brewer, Derek S. Geoffrey Chaucer. Writers and their Background. Athens, OH: Ohio University Press, 1975.

Brewer, Derek S. An Introduction to Chaucer. London: Longman, 1985.

Brinton, Laurel J. "Chaucer's 'Tale of Melibee': A Reassessment." English Studies in Canada 10 (1984): 251-264.

Brody, Saul N. "Making a Play for Criseyde: The Staging of Pandarus's House in Chaucer's Troilus and Criseyde." Speculum 73 (1998): 115-140. [A reconsideration of some of the issues raised by Smyser, "The Domestic Background to Troilus and Criseyde"--filling out some of the hints about the architectural nature of Pandarus's house, Troilus's entry to the bedroom through the "stews," etc. Argues for a kind of dramatic scene setting in Chaucer's text.]

Brody, Saul Nathaniel. "Truth and Fiction in the Nun's Priest's Tale." Chaucer Review 14 (1979): 33-47.

Bronfman, Judith. Chaucer's "Clerk's Tale": The Griselda Story Received, Rewritten, Illustrated. Garland Studies in Medieval Literature 11; Garland Reference Library of the Humanities 1831. New York and London: Garland Publishing, 1994.

Brooks, Douglas, and Alastair Fowler. "The Meaning of Chaucer's Knight's Tale." Medium Ævum 39 (1970): 123-146.

Brooks, Harold F. Chaucer's Pilgrims: The Artistic Order of the Portraits in the "Prologue." London: Methuen, 1962.

Brown, Emerson, Jr. "Biblical Women in the Merchant's Tale: Feminism, Antifeminism, and Beyond." Viator 5 (1974): 387-412.

Brown, Emerson, Jr. "Chaucer's Knight: What's Wrong with Being Worthy?" Mediaevalia 15 (1993 [for 1989]): 183-205. [In part, a response to Terry Jones, Chaucer's Knight. See also Derek Brewer ("Chaucer's Knight as Hero"); also Maurice Keen ("Chaucer's Knight"); also John H. Pratt ("Was Chaucer's Knight Really a Mercenary?").]

Brown, Peter. Chaucer at Work: The Making of "The Canterbury Tales." London: Longman, 1994.

Brown, Peter, ed. A Companion to Chaucer. Blackwell Companions to Literature and Culture. Oxford, and Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishers, 2000. [Contents: "Afterlife," by Carolyn Collette; "Authority," by Andrew Galloway; "Bodies," by Linda Ehrsam Voigts; "Chivalry," by Derek Brewer; "Christian Ideologies," by Nicholas Watson; "Comedy," by Laura Kendrick; "Contemporary English Writers," by James Simpson; "Crisis and Dissent," by Alcuin Blamires; "France," by Michael Hanly; "Games," by Malcolm Andrew; "Genre," by Caroline D. Eckhardt; "Geography and Travel," by Scott D. Westrem; "Italy," by David Wallace; "Language," by David Burnley; "Life Histories," by Janette Dillon; "London," by Michael Hanrahan; "Love," by Helen Phillips; "Modes of Representation," by Edward Wheatley; "Narrative," by Robert R. Edwards; "Other Thought-Worlds," by Susanna Fein; "Pagan Survivals," by John M. Fyler; "Personal Identity," by Lynn Staley; "Science," by Irma Taavitsainen; "Social Structures," by Robert Swanson; "Style," by John F. Plummer; "Texts," by Tim William Machan; "Translation," by Roger Ellis; "Visualizing," by Sarah Stanbury; "Women," by Nicky Hallett.]

Brown, Peter. "The Containment of Symkyn: The Function of Space in the Reeve's Tale." Chaucer Review 14 (1979-1980): 225-236.

Burger, Glenn. Chaucer's Queer Nation. Medieval Cultures 34. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2003. ["Burger argues that, under the pressure of producing a poetic vision for a new vernacular English audience in the 'Canterbury Tales,' Chaucer reimagined late medieval relations between the body and the community" (publisher's description).]

Burger, Glenn. "Doing What Comes Naturally: The Physician's Tale and the Pardoner." In Masculinities in Chaucer: Approaches to Maleness in the "Canterbury Tales" and "Troilus and Criseyde." Ed. Peter G. Beidler. Chaucer Studies 25. Cambridge: D. S. Brewer / Boydell and Brewer, 1998. Pp. 117-130.

Burger, Glenn. "Erotic Discipline . . . or 'Tee Hee, I Like My Boys to be Girls': Inventing with the Body in Chaucer's Miller's Tale." In Becoming Male in the Middle Ages. Ed. Jeffrey Jerome Cohen and Bonnie Wheeler. New York: Garland Publishing, 2000. Pp. 245-260.

Burger, Glenn. "Kissing the Pardoner." PMLA 107 (1992): 1143-1156. ["Argues that this means embracing the 'discoherence' of masculinity (and power and authority) that is taking place in the tale" (IMB).]

Burlin, Robert B. Chaucerian Fiction. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1977.

Burnley, John David. "Chaucer's Host and Harry Bailly." In Chaucer and the Craft of Fiction. Ed. Leigh A. Arrathoon. Rochester, MI: Solaris Press, 1986. Pp. 195-218.

Burton, T. L. "The Wife of Bath's Fourth and Fifth Husbands and Her Ideal Sixth: The Growth of a Marital Philosophy." Chaucer Review 13 (1978): 34-50.

Burton, T. L., and John F. Plummer, eds. "Seyd in forme and reverence": Essays on Chaucer and Chaucerians in Memory of Emerson Brown, Jr. Provo, UT: Chaucer Studio Press, 2006. [Contents: John F. Plummer, "Emerson L. Brown, Jr.: Some Bio-Bibliographical Notes"; "The Publications of Emerson Brown, Jr."; 1. The Canterbury Tales: Howell Chickering, "'And I seyde his opinion was good': How Irony Works in the Monk's Portrait"; Paul R. Thomas, "Chaucer's Knight's Tale: Were Arcite and Emelye Really Married?: Why it Matters"; Josephine A. Koster, "The Vita Sancte Alicie Bathoniensis: Transgressions of Hagiographic Rhetoric in the Wife of Bath's Prologue and Tale"; Britton Harwood, "Chaucer on the Couch: The Pardoner's Performance and the Case for Psychoanalytic Criticism"; Holly A. Crocker, "Wifely Eye for the Manly Guy: Trading the Masculine Image in the Shipman's Tale"; T. L. Burton, "Sir Gawain and the Green Hag: The Real Meaning of the Wife of Bath's Tale." 2. Early Poems: Michael Kensak, "'My first matere I wil yow telle': Losing (and Finding) Your Place in Chaucer's Book of the Duchess"; Lorraine Kochanske Stock, "'Peynted . . . text and [visual] glose': Primitivism, Ekphrasis, and Pictorial Intertextuality in the Dreamers' Bedrooms of Roman de la Rose and Book of the Duchess." 3. Troilus and Criseyde and Henryson's Testament of Cresseid: Joseph Wittig, "Tereus, Procne, and Her Sister: Chaucer's Representation of Criseyde as Victim"; Winthrop Wetherbee, "Cresseid vs. Troylus in Henryson's Testament." 4. Minor Poems: Thomas D. Hill, "Adam, 'The Firste Stocke' and the Political Context of Chaucer's Gentilesse"; Robert F. Yeager, "'Saving the Appearances' II: Another Look at Chaucer's Complaint to His Purse." 5. Oral Performance: Alan T. Gaylord, "Chaucerian Sentences: Revisiting a 'Crucial Passage' from the Nun's Priest's Tale"; Michael W. Twomey, "Reading Chaucer's Latin Aloud." 6. Editing and Annotating: Peter G. Beidler, "Where's the Point?: Punctuating Chaucer's Canterbury Tales"; Daniel J. Ransom, "Annotating Chaucer: Some Corrections and Additions." 7. Philosophical and Scriptural Topics: D. Thomas Hanks, Jr., "Chaucer, Auctoritas, and the Problem of Pain"; John F. Plummer, "Fables, Cupiditas, and Vessels of Tree: Chaucer's Use of The Epistles to Timothy."]

Butterfield, Ardis, ed. Chaucer and the City. Chaucer Studies. Cambridge: D. S. Brewer / Boydell and Brewer, 2006. ["Literature of the city and the city in literature are topics of major contemporary interest. This volume enhances our understanding of Chaucer's iconic role as a London poet, defining the modern sense of London as a city in history, steeped in its medieval past. Building on recent work by historians on medieval London, as well as modern urban theory, the essays address the centrality of the city in Chaucer's work, and of Chaucer to a literature and a language of the city. Contributors explore the spatial extent of the city, imaginatively and geographically; the diverse and sometimes violent relationships between communities, and the use of language to identify and speak for communities; the worlds of commerce, the aristocracy, law, and public order. A final section considers the longer history and memory of the medieval city beyond the devastations of the Great Fire and into the Victorian period" (publisher's description).
Contents: Ardis Butterfield, "Introduction: Chaucer and the Detritus of the City"; Marion Turner, "Greater London"; Ruth Evans, "The Production of Space in Chaucer's London"; Barbara Nolan, "Chaucer's Poetics of Dwelling in Troilus and Criseyde"; Christopher Cannon, "Chaucer and the Language of London"; Derek Pearsall, "The Canterbury Tales and London Club Culture"; Helen Cooper, "London and Southwark Poetic Companies: 'Si tost c'amis' and the Canterbury Tales"; C. David Benson, "Literary Contests and London Records in the Canterbury Tales"; Elliot Kendall, "The Great Household in the City: The Shipman's Tale"; John Scattergood, "London and Money: Chaucer's Complaint to His Purse"; Paul Davis, "After the Fire: Chaucer and Urban Poetics, 1666-1743"; Helen Phillips, "Chaucer and the Nineteenth-Century City."]

Butterfield, Ardis. "Lyric and Elegy in The Book of the Duchess." Medium Ævum 60 (1991): 33-60.

Cady, Diane Marie. "'Al Is for to Selle': Money, Language and Gender in the Canterbury Tales." Ph.D. diss., Cornell University, 2001. [DAI 62 (2001-2002): 2415A.]

Calabrese, Michael A. Chaucer's Ovidian Arts of Love. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 1994.

Calabrese, Michael A. "The Lover's Cure in Ovid's Remedia Amoris and Chaucer's 'Miller's Tale.'" English Language Notes 32.1 (Sept. 1994): 13-18.

Calabrese, Michael. "Performing the Prioress: 'Conscience' and Responsibility in Studies of Chaucer's Prioress's Tale." Texas Studies in Literature and Language 44 (2002): 66-91.

Camargo, Martin. "The Consolation of Pandarus." Chaucer Review 25 (1990-1991): 214-228.

Cannon, Christopher. "Raptus in the Chaumpaigne Release and a Newly Discovered Document Concerning the Life of Geoffrey Chaucer." Speculum 68 (1993): 74-94. [Chaucer and the "rape" of Cecily Champain.]

Carney, Clíodhna, and Frances McCormack, eds. Chaucer's Poetry: Words, Authority and Ethics. Dublin, and Portland, OR: Four Courts, 2013. [Publisher's description: "This book reminds us of the reasons to read, and re-read, Chaucer. The essays cast new light on the poetry and, in their careful scholarship and sensitivity to the past, show us paradoxically how Chaucer is being re-conceived in the 21st century."
Contents: "Goodfellas, Sir John Clanvowe and Chaucer's Friar's Tale: 'Occasions of Sin,'" by John Scattergood; "Patterns of Disruption in the Prioress's Tale," by Niamh Pattwell; "Chaucer's Ethical Poetic in the Canterbury Tales," by Megan Murton; "How to Say 'I': The Clerk, the Wife and Petrarch," by Clíodhna Carney; "Chaucer and the Sun-God: King and Poet," by Helen Phillips; "Chaucer's Metrical Landscape," by Kristin Lynn Cole; "'By mouth of innocentz': Rhetoric and Relic in the Prioress's Tale," by Frances McCormack; "Time and Authority in Chaucer's Parliament of Fowls," by Charlotte Steenbrugge.]

Carruthers, Mary. "Letter and Gloss in the Friar's and Summoner's Tales." Journal of Narrative Technique 2 (1972): 208-214.

Carruthers, Mary. "The Wife of Bath and the Painting of Lions." In Feminist Readings in Middle English Poetry: The Wife of Bath and All Her Sect. Ed. Ruth Evans, and Lesley Johnson. London and New York: Routledge, 1994. Pp. 22-53. [Reprinted from PMLA 94 (1979): 209-222, with a new afterword by the author. Also rpt. in Chaucer to Spenser: A Critical Reader. Ed. Derek Pearsall. Blackwell Critical Readers in Literature. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 1999. Pp. 42-64.]

Carter, Susan. "Coupling the Beastly Bride and the Hunter Hunted: What Lies Behind Chaucer's Wife of Bath's Tale." Chaucer Review 37 (2002-2003): 329-345.

Cawsey, Kathy. Twentieth-Century Chaucer Criticism: Reading Audiences. Farnham, Surrey, and Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2011.

Chance, Jane. The Mythographic Chaucer: The Fabulation of Sexual Politics. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1994.

Chaucer, Geoffrey. Chaucer's Dream Poetry. Ed. Helen Phillips and Nick Havely. Longman Annotated Texts. London and New York: Longman, 1997.

Cherniss, Michael D. "The Clerk's Tale and Envoy, the Wife of Bath's Purgatory, and the Merchant's Tale." Chaucer Review 6 (1972): 235-254.

Chessell, Del. "The Clerk's Tale: For Better or Worse." Critical Review 29 (1989): 77-88.

Choi, Yejung. "Body and Text in Chaucer's Man of Law's Tale." Feminist Studies in English Literature 10 (2002): 223-243.

Ciccone, Nancy. "The Chamber, the Man in Black, and the Structure of Chaucer's Book of the Duchess." Chaucer Review 44 (2009-2010): 205-223.

Clark, Roy Peter. "Doubting Thomas in Chaucer's Summoner's Tale." Chaucer Review 11 (1976): 164-178.

Clark, Roy Peter. "Wit and Witsunday in Chaucer's Summoner's Tale." Annuale Mediaevale 17 (1976): 48-57.

Clogan, Paul M. "The Imagery of the City of Thebes in 'The Knight's Tale.'" In Typology and English Medieval Literature. Ed. Hugh T. Keenan. Georgia State Literary Studies 7. New York: AMS, 1992. Pp. 169-181.

Coletti, Theresa. "The Meeting at the Gate: Comic Hagiography and Symbol in The Shipman's Tale." Studies in Iconography 3 (1977): 47-56.

Collette, Carolyn. "Afterlife." In A Companion to Chaucer. Ed. Peter Brown. Blackwell Companions to Literature and Culture. Oxford, and Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishers, 2000. Pp. 8-22. [Geoffrey Chaucer: reception history; reputation.]

Collette, Carolyn P. "Chaucer and Victorian Medievalism: Culture and Society." Poetica 29-30 (1989): 115-125. ["An analysis of popular Victorian attitudes toward Chaucer fostered by periodicals which constructed him variously as a child poet, a poet of the English countryside and a poet-businessman" (Collette, "Afterlife," Companion to Chaucer).]

Collette, Carolyn P. "Heeding the Counsel of Prudence: A Context for the Melibee." Chaucer Review 29 (1994-1995): 416-433.

Collette, Carolyn P. "Joan of Kent and Noble Women's Roles in Chaucer." Chaucer Review 33 (1998-1999): 350-362. ["Argues that Joan of Kent, wife of the Black Prince, occupied an important position among the political circle with which Chaucer was connected, and examines Chaucer's awareness of both the model of Joan of Kent and the portrayal of noble women in the works of Christine de Pizan" (IMB). ["Joan, the Fair Maid of Kent"]]

Collette, Carolyn P. "Seeing and Believing in the Franklin's Tale." Chaucer Review 26 (1991-1992): 395-410.

Collette, Carolyn P. Species, Phantasms, and Images: Vision and Medieval Psychology in "The Canterbury Tales." Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press, 2001.

Collins, David. "The Story of Diomede and Criseyde: Changing Relationships in an Evolving Legend." Publications of the Arkansas Philological Association 7.2 (1981): 9-30.

Collins, Marie. "Love, Nature and Law in the Poetry of Gower and Chaucer." In Court and Poet: Selected Proceedings of the International Courtly Literature Society. Ed. Glyn S. Burgess. Arca: Classical and Medieval Texts, Papers and Monographs 5. Liverpool: Francis Cairns, 1981. Pp. 113-128.

Condren, Edward I. Chaucer from Prentice to Poet: The Metaphor of Love from Dream Visions to "Troilus and Criseyde." Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2008.

Cook, Jon. "Carnival and The Canterbury Tales: 'Only Equals May Laugh' (Herzen)." In Medieval Literature: Criticism, Ideology and History. Ed. David Aers. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1986. Pp. 169-191.

Cook, Mary Joan, RSM. "The Double Role of Criseyde in Chaucer's Troilus and Criseyde." Florilegium 8 (1986): 187-198.

Cooper, Geoffrey. "'Sely John' in the 'Legende' of the Miller's Tale." Journal of English and Germanic Philology 79 (1980) 1-12.

Cooper, Helen. The Canterbury Tales. Oxford Guides to Chaucer 1. 2nd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996. [Besides a re-examination of Chaucer's Tales, this also provides some consideration of Chaucer's reputation in the centuries following his death.]

Cooper, Helen. "Chaucer's Self-Fashioning." Poetica 55 (2001): 55-74.

Cooper, Helen. The Structure of the Canterbury Tales. Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press, 1983.

Corsa, Helen. Chaucer: Poet of Mirth and Morality. Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press, 1964.

Cowgill, Bruce Kent. "'By corpus dominus': Harry Bailly as False Spiritual Guide." Journal of Medieval and Renaissance Studies 15.1 (1985): 157-181.

Cox, Catherine S. Gender and Language in Chaucer. Gainesville, FL: University Press of Florida, 1997.

Cox, Catherine S. "'Grope wel bihynde': The Subversive Erotics of Chaucer's Summoner." Exemplaria 7.1 (Spring 1995): 145-177.

Cramer, Patricia. "Lordship, Bondage, and the Erotic: The Psychological Bases of Chaucer's 'Clerk's Tale.'" Journal of English and Germanic Philology 89 (1990): 491-511.

Crane, Susan. "Alison's Incapacity and Poetic Instability in the Wife of Bath's Tale." PMLA 102 (1987): 20-28.

Crane, Susan. "The Franklin as Dorigen." Chaucer Review 24 (1989-1990): 236-252.

Crane, Susan. "Froissart's Dit dou bleu chevalier as a Source for Chaucer's Book of the Duchess." Medium Ævum 61 (1992): 59-74.

Crane, Susan. Gender and Romance in Chaucer's "Canterbury Tales." Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994. ["In this fresh look at Chaucer's relation to English and French romances of the late Middle Ages, Crane shows that Chaucer's depictions of masculinity and femininity constitute an extensive and sympathetic response to the genre. Crane draws on feminist and genre theory to argue that Chaucer's profound interest in the cultural construction of masculinity and femininity arises in large part from his experience of romance."]

Crocker, Holly A. Chaucer's Visions of Manhood. New Middle Ages. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007. [gender; masculinity]

Dahood, Roger. "The Punishment of the Jews, Hugh of Lincoln, and the Question of Satire in Chaucer's Prioress's Tale." Viator 36 (2005): 465-491. [Dahood argues against the idea that the Tale is satirical, and supports the idea that Chaucer's own attitudes were antisemitic.]

Daileader, Celia R. "The Thopas-Melibee Sequence and the Defeat of Antifeminism." Chaucer Review 29 (1994-1995): 26-39.

Damon, John. "Seinte Cecile and Cristes owene knyghtes: Violence, Resignation, and Resistance in the Second Nun's Tale." In Crossing Boundaries: Issues of Cultural and Individual Identity in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance. Ed. Sally McKee. Arizona Studies in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance 3. Turnhout: Brepols, 1999. Pp. 41-56.

Dane, Joseph A. "Double Truth in Chaucer's Franklin's Tale." Studia Neophilologica 63 (1991): 161-167.

Dane, Joseph A. "The Mechanics of Comedy in Chaucer's Miller's Tale." Chaucer Review 14 (1979-1980): 215-224.

Dane, Joseph A. "The Myth of Chaucerian Irony." Papers in Language and Literature 24 (1988): 115-133.

Dane, Joseph A. "The Reception of Chaucer's Eighteenth-Century Editors." Text: Transactions of the Society for Textual Scholarship 4 (1988): 217-236.

Dane, Joseph A. Who is Buried in Chaucer's Tomb?: Studies in the Reception of Chaucer's Book. East Lansing: Michigan State University Press, 1998. ["A provocative and somewhat polemical book that raises many questions about the tradition of editing Chaucer and the principles on which modern editions have been based" (Collette, "Afterlife," Companion to Chaucer).]

D'Arcy, Anne Marie. "'Cursed folk of Herodes al new': Supersessionist Typology and Chaucer's Prioress." In Writing Gender and Genre in Medieval Literature: Approaches to Old and Middle English Texts. Ed. Elaine Treharne. Essays and Studies ns 55. Cambridge: D. S. Brewer / Boydell and Brewer, for the English Association, 2002. Pp. 117-136.

Davenant, John. "Chaucer's View of the Proper Treatment of Women." Maledicta 5 (1981): 153-161.

Davenport, W. A. Chaucer: Complaint and Narrative. Chaucer Studies 14. Woodbridge, Suffolk: Boydell and Brewer, 1988.

Davenport, W. A. Chaucer and his English Contemporaries: Prologue and Tale in the Canterbury Tales. Chaucer Studies. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1998. [Davenport studies Chaucer in relation to his contemporaries (Gower, Langland, and the Gawain-poet) to demonstrate that Chaucer's work is consistently surprising, daring and experimental.]

Davis, Kathleen. "Hymeneal Alogic: Debating Political Community in The Parliament of Fowls." In Imagining a Medieval English Nation. Ed. Kathy Lavezzo. Medieval Cultures 37. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2004. Pp. 161-187.

Dawson, Robert B. "Custance in Context: Rethinking the Protagonist of the Man of Law's Tale." The Chaucer Review 26 (1991-1992): 293-308.

Dean, James. "Chaucer's Book of the Duchess: A Non-Boethian Interpretation." Modern Language Quarterly 46 (1985): 235-249.

Dean, James. "Dismantling the Canterbury Book." PMLA 100 (1985): 746-762.

Delany, Sheila, ed. Chaucer and the Jews: Sources, Contexts, and Meaning. The Multicultural Middle Ages. New York and London: Routledge, 2002.

Delany, Sheila. "Chaucer's Prioress, the Jews, and the Muslims." In Chaucer and the Jews: Sources, Contexts, Meanings. Ed. Sheila Delany. Multicultural Middle Ages. New York and London: Routledge, 2002. Pp. 43-57.

Delany, Sheila. "Difference and the Difference it Makes: Sex and Gender in Chaucer's Poetry." In "A wyf ther was": Essays in Honour of Paule Mertens-Fonck. Ed. Juliette Dor. Liège: L³ (Liège Language and Literature), Département d'anglais, Université de Liège, 1992. Pp. 103-111.

Delany, Sheila. The Naked Text: Chaucer's "Legend of Good Women." Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1993.

Delany, Sheila. "Sexual Economics, Chaucer's Wife of Bath, and The Book of Margery Kempe." The Minnesota Review 5 (1975): 104-115. [Rpt. in her Writing Women (New York, 1983). Rpt. in Feminist Readings in Middle English Poetry: The Wife of Bath and All Her Sect. Ed. Ruth Evans, and Lesley Johnson. London and New York: Routledge, 1994. Pp. 72-87.]

Delasanta, Rodney. "The Theme of Judgment in the Canterbury Tales." Modern Language Quarterly 31 (1970): 298-307.

Dickson, Lynne. "Deflection in the Mirror: Feminine Discourse in The Wife of Bath's Prologue and Tale." Studies in the Age of Chaucer 15 (1993): 61-90.

Dillon, Janette. Geoffrey Chaucer. Writers in their Time. London: Macmillan, 1993.

DiLorenzo, Raymond D. "Wonder and Words: Paganism, Christianity, and Consolation in Chaucer's Book of the Duchess." University of Toronto Quarterly 52 (1982): 20-39.

Dinshaw, Carolyn. Chaucer's Sexual Poetics. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1989.

Donaldson, E. Talbot. "Chaucer the Pilgrim." PMLA 69 (1954): 928-936. [Repr. in his Speaking of Chaucer (London: Athlone; New York: Norton, 1970), 1-12. "In distinguishing Chaucer the poet from Chaucer the pilgrim-narrator, Donaldson opened the way for multiple new critical readings of the irony produced by the simultaneous naivete of the pilgrim and the moral judgement of the author in the pilgrim portraits of the General Prologue" (Collette, "Afterlife," Companion to Chaucer).]

Donaldson, E. Talbot. Speaking of Chaucer. London: Athlone Press; New York: W. W. Norton, 1970.

Donaldson, Kara Virginia. "Alisoun's Language: Body, Text and Glossing in Chaucer's 'The Miller's Tale.'" Philological Quarterly 71 (1992): 139-153.

Dronke, Peter. "The Conclusion of Troilus and Criseyde." Medium Ævum 33 (1964): 47-52.

Dugas, Don John. "The Legitimization of Royal Power in Chaucer's Man of Law's Tale." Modern Philology 95 (1997): 27-43.

Eaton, R. D. "Narrative Closure in Chaucer's Franklin's Tale." Neophilologus 84 (2000): 309-321.

Edwards, A. S. G. "The Early Reception of Chaucer and Langland." Florilegium 15 (1998): 1-22.

Edwards, Elizabeth. "The Economics of Justice in Chaucer's Miller's and Reeve's Tales." Dalhousie Review 82 (2001): 91-112.

Edwards, Robert R. The Dream of Chaucer: Representation and Reflection in the Early Narratives. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1989.

Edwards, Robert R. "Narration and Doctrine in the Merchant's Tale." Speculum 66 (1991): 342-367.

Edwards, Robert R. "'The Sclaundre of Walter': The Clerk's Tale and the Problem of Hermeneutics." In Mediaevalitas: Reading the Middle Ages; The J. A. W. Bennett Memorial Lectures, Ninth Series, Perugia, 1995. Ed. Piero Boitani and Anna Torti. Cambridge: D. S. Brewer / Boydell and Brewer, 1996. Pp. 15-41.

Ellis, Roger. Patterns of Religious Narrative in the Canterbury Tales. New York: Barnes and Noble, 1986.

Ellis, Steve. Chaucer at Large: The Poet in the Modern Imagination. Medieval Cultures 24. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2000.

Ellis, Steve. "The Death of the Book of the Duchess." Chaucer Review 29 (1994-1995): 249-258. [Argues (and examines the implications of the argument) that the "Book of the Duchess" is entitled by Chaucer "The Deeth of Blaunche the Duchesse"; among the evidence cited is Chaucer's reference to the work in Legend of Good Women and Lydgate's use of the same phrase to name it in Fall of Princes 1.305 (p. 249; again, p. 250). It is a poem about the finality of "death," and the memoralizing of past happiness increases the Black Knight's pain rather than consoles him. Like Troilus, he ends in woe.]

Emsley, Sarah. "'By evene acord': Marriage and Genre in the Parliament of Fowls." Chaucer Review 34 (1999-2000): 139-149. [Emsley argues that the Parliament is in an epithalamium tradition: its theme is not courtly love but marriage, and, whether or not a "real" betrothal was the occasion, and although the wedding of the royal birds is postponed, the multiple marriages or matings of "ordinary" birds are completed and celebrated in a hymn to marriage at the end.]

Everest, Carol A. "Pears and Pregnancy in Chaucer's 'Merchant's Tale.'" In Food in the Middle Ages: A Book of Essays. Ed. Melitta Weiss Adamson. Garland Reference Library of the Humanities 1744; Garland Medieval Casebooks 12. New York, and London: Garland, 1995. Pp. 161-175.

Everest, Carol A. "Sex and Old Age in Chaucer's Reeve's Prologue." Chaucer Review 31 (1996-1997): 99-114.

Everest, Carol A. "Sight and Sexual Performance in the Merchant's Tale." In Masculinities in Chaucer: Approaches to Maleness in the "Canterbury Tales" and "Troilus and Criseyde." Ed. Peter G. Beidler. Chaucer Studies 25. Cambridge: D. S. Brewer / Boydell and Brewer, 1998. Pp. 91-103.

Everhart, Deborah. "Criseyde through Her Own Eyes." In Representations of the Feminine in the Middle Ages. Ed. Bonnie Wheeler. Feminea Medievalia 1. Dallas: Academia, 1993. Pp. 23-42.

Farrell, Thomas J. "Privacy and the Boundaries of Fabliau in the Miller's Tale." ELH 56 (1989): 773-795.

Fehrenbacher, Richard W. "'Al That Which Chargeth Nought to Seye': The Theme of Incest in Troilus and Criseyde." Exemplaria 9.2 (Fall 1997): 341-369.

Fehrenbacher, Richard W. "'A yeerd enclosed al aboute': Literature and History in the Nun's Priest's Tale." Chaucer Review 29 (1994-1995): 134-148. [Abstract: "A discussion of literature and history in Chaucer's Nun's Priest's Tale. The writer examines the passage toward the end of the tale where, in lines 4583-87, Chaucer directly alludes to the Peasants' Revolt of 1381 and to one of its leaders, Jack Straw. He agrees with new readings of this passage that interpret the rhetorical excesses of the Nun's Priest's Tale as an attempt to contain the invocation of a social and historical dimension in this passage. He argues, however, that although the tale repeatedly attempts to escape the realm of the historical by seeking refuge in the realm of the literary, history cannot be banished entirely from literature. He shows how the boundaries between literature and history are continuously compromised and renegotiated in the tale."]

Fein, Susanna Greer, David Raybin, and Peter C. Braeger, eds. Rebels and Rivals: The Contestive Spirit in "The Canterbury Tales." Studies in Medieval Culture 29. Kalamazoo, MI: Medieval Institute Publications, Western Michigan University, 1991.

Ferster, Judith. Chaucer on Interpretation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985.

Ferster, Judith. "Interpretation and Imitation in Chaucer's Franklin's Tale." In Medieval Literature: Criticism, Ideology and History. Ed. David Aers. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1986. Pp. 148-168.

Fichte, Joerg O., ed. Chaucer's Frame Tales: The Physical and the Metaphysical. Tübinger Beigträge zur Anglistik 9. Tübingen: Gunter Narr; Cambridge: D. S. Brewer, 1987.

Finke, Laurie. "'All is for to selle': Breeding Capital in the Wife of Bath's Prologue and Tale." In Geoffrey Chaucer: The Wife of Bath Complete, Authoritative Text with Biographical and Historical Contexts, Critical History, and Essays from Five Contemporary Critical Perspectives. Ed. Peter G. Beidler. Case Studies in Contemporary Criticism. Boston: St. Martin's, 1996. Pp. 171-188.

Finke, Laurie A. "To Knytte up al this Feeste: The Parson's Rhetoric and the Ending of the Canterbury Tales." Leeds Studies in English 15 (1984): 95-107.

Finlayson, John. "Petrarch, Boccaccio, and Chaucer's Clerk's Tale." Studies in Philology 97 (2000): 255-275.

Finley, William K., and Joseph Rosenblum, eds. Chaucer Illustrated: Five Hundred Years of "The Canterbury Tales" in Pictures. London: British Library; New Castle, DE: Oak Knoll Press, 2003.

Finnegan, Robert Emmett. "'She Should Have Said No to Walter': Griselda's Promise in The Clerk's Tale." English Studies 75 (1994): 303-321.

Fisher, John H. The Importance of Chaucer. Carbondale, IL: Southern Illinois University Press, 1992.

Flake, Timothy H. "Love, Trouthe, and the Happy Ending of the Franklin's Tale." English Studies 77 (1996): 209-226.

Fleming, John V. "Bernard, Chaucer, and the Literary Critique of the Military Class." In Chivalry, Knighthood, and War in the Middle Ages. Ed. Susan J. Ridyard. Sewanee Mediaeval Studies 9. Sewanee, TN: University of the South Press, 1999. Pp. 137-150.

Fleming, John V. Classical Imitation and Interpretation in Chaucer's Troilus. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1990.

Fleming, John V. "Deiphoebus Betrayed: Virgilian Decorum, Chaucerian Feminism." Chaucer Review 21 (1986-1987): 182-199.

Fleming, John V. "Gospel Asceticism: Some Chaucerian Images of Perfection." In Chaucer and Scriptural Tradition. Ed. David L. Jeffrey. Ottawa: University of Ottawa Press, 1984. Pp. 183-195.

Fletcher, Alan J. "The Faith of a Simple Man: Carpenter John's Creed in the Miller's Tale." Medium Ævum 61 (1992): 96-105.

Flynn, James. "The Art of Telling and the Prudence of Interpreting the Tale of Melibee and Its Context." Medieval Perspectives 7 (1992): 53-63.

Forni, Kathleeen. The Chaucerian Apocrypha: A Counterfeit Canon. Gainesville, FL: University Press of Florida, 2001.

Foster, Edward E., and David H. Carey. Chaucer's Church: A Dictionary of Religious Terms in Chaucer. Aldershot, Hants., and Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2002.

Fox, Denton. "Chaucer's Influence on Fifteenth-Century Poetry." In Companion to Chaucer Studies. Ed. Beryl Rowland. New York: Oxford University Press, 1968. Pp. 385-402.

Fradenburg, Louise O. "Criticism, Anti-Semitism, and the Prioress's Tale." Exemplaria 1 (1989): 69-115.

Frank, Hardy Long. "Seeing the Prioress Whole." Chaucer Review 25 (1990-1991): 229-237.

Frazier, J. Terry. "The Digression on Marriage in The Franklin's Tale." South Atlantic Bulletin 43.1 (1978): 75-85.

Friedman, John B. "Alice of Bath's Astral Destiny: A Re-Appraisal." Chaucer Review 35 (2000-2001): 166-181. [Illuminates the Wife of Bath's "personality type" by reference to medieval treatises on Fortune found in astrological-medical miscellanies.]

Friedman, John B. "Dorigen's 'Grisly Rokkes Blake' Again." Chaucer Review 31 (1996-1997): 133-144.

Fuller, David. "'Hevest up the dore': Overcoming Obstacles to Meaning in Chaucer's Miller's Tale." Journal of the Rocky Mountain Medieval and Renaissance Association 9 (1988): 17-28.

Fulton, Helen. "Mercantile Ideology in Chaucer's Shipman's Tale." Chaucer Review 36 (2001-2002): 311-328.

Fumo, Jamie. The Legacy of Apollo: Antiquity, Authority, and Chaucerian Poetics. [forthcoming].

Furrow, Melissa M. "The Author and Damnation: Chaucer, Writing and Penitence." Forum for Modern Language Studies 33 (1997): 245-257. ["Discusses Chaucer's Retraction against the background of the rise of vernacular literature. Includes a diplomatic edition of extracts from MS. London, B.L., Harley 5085" (IMB).]

Furrow, Melissa M. "The Man of Law's St. Custance: Sex and the saeculum." Chaucer Review 24 (1989-1990): 223-235. [Constance]

Furrow, Melissa M. "Middle English Fabliaux and Modern Myth." ELH 56 (1989): 1-18.

Fyler, John M. Chaucer and Ovid. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1979.

Fyler, John M. "Love and Degree in the Franklin's Tale." Chaucer Review 21 (1986-1987): 321-337.

Gallacher, Patrick J. "Chaucer and the Rhetoric of the Body." Chaucer Review 28 (1993-1994): 216-235.

Gallacher, Patrick J. "Food, Laxatives, and the Catharsis in Chaucer's Nun's Priest's Tale." Speculum 51 (1976): 49-68.

Gallacher, Patrick J. "Perception and Reality in the Miller's Tale." Chaucer Review 18 (1983-1984): 38-48.

Galloway, Andrew. "Chaucer's 'Former Age' and the Fourteenth-Century Anthropology of Craft: The Social Logic of a Premodernist Lyric." ELH 63 (1996): 535-554.

Galloway, Andrew. "Marriage Sermons, Polemical Sermons, and The Wife of Bath's Prologue: A Generic Excursus." Studies in the Age of Chaucer 14 (1992): 3-30.

Gamble, Giles Y. "Troilus Philocaptus: A Case Study in Amor Hereos." Studia Neophilologica 60 (1988): 175-178. [Lovesickness in Troilus and Criseyde.]

Ganim, John M. "Carnival Voices and the Envoy to the Clerk's Tale." Chaucer Review 22 (1987-1988): 112-27. ["The Envoy to the Clerk's Tale does not function as either a 'dramatic device or a mere aside' (113), but as a parodic remark about literary criticism. Several elements in the Envoy indicate that Chaucer wrote it after he had written the tale, and in the Envoy Chaucer quotes from and parodies himself. Close reading reveals a number of carnival qualities in the Envoy, including a sense of play, puns, animal imagery, and a reversal of the seriousness of the preceding tale" (from on-line "Chaucer Bibliography").]

Ganze, Alison. "'My Trouth for to Holde--Allas, Allas!': Dorigen and Honor in the Franklin's Tale." Chaucer Review 42 (2007-2008): 312-329.

Gardner, John C. The Life and Times of Chaucer. New York: Alfred J. Knopf, 1977.

Gaylord, Alan T. "Friendship in Chaucer's Troilus." Chaucer Review 3 (1968): 239-264.

Gaylord, Alan T. "The Promises in The Franklin's Tale." English Literary History 31 (1964): 331-365.

Gaylord, Alan T. "Sentence and Solaas in Fragment VII of the Canterbury Tales: Harry Bailly as Horseback Editor." PMLA 82 (1967): 226-235.

Georgianna, Linda. "The Clerk's Tale and the Grammar of Assent." Speculum 70 (1995): 793-821. [On Griselda's agreement to an abhorrent vow: all previous attempts to explain it have been unsatisfactory; ultimately, our reaction to Griselda's unexplained and inexplicable consent to Walter's demand is to be a measure of the security of her faith and the weakness of our own.]

Georgianna, Linda. "Lords, Churls, and Friars: The Return to Social Order in the Summoner's Tale." In Rebels and Rivals: The Contestive Spirit in "The Canterbury Tales." Ed. Susanna Greer Fein, David Raybin, and Peter C. Braeger. Studies in Medieval Culture 29. Kalamazoo: Medieval Institute Pubications, Western Michigan University, 1991. Pp. 149-172.

Giaccherini, Enrico. "Theatrical Chaucer." European Medieval Drama 1997: Papers from the Second International Conference on "Aspects of European Medieval Drama," Camerino, 4-6 July 1997. Ed. Sydney Higgins. Tempo di Spettacoli. Camerino: Centro Linguistico di Ateneo, Universita' degli Studi di Camerino, 1997. Pp. 95-109. [On Chaucer and the mystery plays, esp. in "The Miller's Tale."]

Gillespie, Alexandra. "Reading Chaucer's Words to Adam." Chaucer Review 42 (2008): 269-283. [Includes some discussion of Linne Mooney's identification of Chaucer's scribe as Adam Pinkhurst.]

Ginsberg, Warren. "Petrarch, Chaucer and the Making of the Clerk." In The Performance of Middle English Culture: Essays on Chaucer and the Drama in Honor of Martin Stevens. Ed. James J. Paxson, Lawrence M. Clopper, and Sylvia Tomasch. Cambridge, and Rochester, NY: D. S. Brewer / Boydell and Brewer, 1998. Pp. 125-141.

Gittes, Katharine S. Framing the "Canterbury Tales": Chaucer and the Medieval Frame Narrative Tradition. Contributions to the Study of World Literature 41. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1991.

Glowka, Arthur Wayne. A Guide to Chaucer's Meter. Lanham, MD: University of America Press, 1991.

Godfrey, Mary F. "The Fifteenth-Century Prioress's Tale and the Problem of Anti-Semitism." In Rewriting Chaucer: Culture, Authority, and the Idea of the Authentic Text, 1400-1602. Ed. Thomas A. Prendergast and Barbara Kline. Columbus, OH: Ohio State University Press, 1999. Pp. 93-115.

Godfrey, Mary F. "Only Words: Cursing and the Authority of Language in Chaucer's Friar's Tale." Exemplaria 10.2 (Fall 1998): 307-328.

Goodall, Peter. "Being Alone in Chaucer." Chaucer Review 27 (1992-1993): 1-15.

Gordon, Ida L. The Double Sorrow of Troilus: A Study of Ambiguities in Troilus and Criseyde. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1970.

Goyne, Jo. "Pleasing Virtue: The Problem of Word and Will in Chaucer's Clerk's Tale." In Representations of the Feminine in the Middle Ages. Ed. Bonnie Wheeler. Feminea Medievalia 1. Dallas: Academia, 1993. Pp. 139-160.

Gravlee, Cynthia A. "Presence, Absence, and Difference: Reception and Deception in The Franklin's Tale." In Desiring Discourse: The Literature of Love, Ovid through Chaucer. Ed. James J. Paxson, and Cynthia A. Gravlee. Selinsgrove, PA: Susquehanna University Press, 1998. Pp. 177-187.

Gray, Douglas. "'Lat be thyne olde ensaumples': Chaucer and Proverbs." In Interstices: Studies in Late Middle English and Anglo-Latin Texts in Honour of A. G. Rigg. Ed. Richard Firth Green and Linne R. Mooney. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2003. Pp. 122-136.

Gray, Douglas, ed. The Oxford Companion to Chaucer. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003.

Green, Richard Firth. "Palamon's Appeal of Treason in the Knight's Tale." In The Letter of the Law: Legal Practice and Literary Production in Medieval England. Ed. Emily Steiner and Candace Barrington. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2002. Pp. 105-114.

Greenberg, Nina Manasan. "Dorigen as Enigma: The Production of Meaning and the Franklin's Tale." Chaucer Review 33 (1998-1999): 329-349.

Grennen, Joseph E. "St. Cecilia's Chemical Wedding: The Unity of the Canterbury Tales Fragment VIII." Journal of English and Germanic Philology 65 (1966): 466-481.

Grudin, Michaela Paasche. Chaucer and the Politics of Discourse. Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press, 1996.

Gwiazda, Piotr. "Reading the Commonplace: Boethius, Chaucer, and Myth of the Golden Age." Carmina Philosophiae: Journal of the International Boethius Society 11 (2002): 75-92.

Hagen, Susan K. "The Wife of Bath: Chaucer's Inchoate Experiment in Feminist Hermeneutics." In Rebels and Rivals: The Contestive Spirit in "The Canterbury Tales." Ed. Susanna Greer Fein, David Raybin, and Peter C. Braeger. Fwd. Derek Pearsall. Studies in Medieval Culture 29. Kalamazoo, MI: Medieval Institute Publications, Western Michigan University Press, 1991. Pp. 105-124.

Hallissy, Margaret. Clean Maids, True Wives, Steadfast Widows: Chaucer's Women and Medieval Codes of Conduct. Contributions in Women's Studies 130. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1993.

Hallissy, Margaret. A Companion to Chaucer's "Canterbury Tales." Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1995.

Hamaguchi, Keiko. Non-European Women in Chaucer: A Postcolonial Study. Studies in English Medieval Language and Literature 14. Frankfurt-am-Main, Berlin, Bern, Brussels, New York, Oxford, Vienna: Peter Lang, 2006. ["Since Jeffrey Jerome Cohen edited The Postcolonial Middle Ages in 2000, some scholars have applied postcolonial criticism to the study of the Middle Ages. However, even in postcolonial studies of Chaucer, the role of non-European women in his work has not yet been fully discussed. Using postcolonial theory, the author explores how Chaucer represents non-European women, his Others both in gender and in culture. Her examination of non-European women in his work from a non-Westerner's point of view reveals that his representation is complicated and ambivalent, showing diverse views. The ambivalence in Chaucer reflects his own complicated position as courtier, soldier, minor diplomat, controller of customs and poet, and also the fourteenth century's historical background and attitude" (publisher's description).
Contents: "The Resistance of the Syrian Mother-in-law in the Man of the Law's Tale"; "Canacee's Problematic Marriage in the Squire's Tale"; "The Colonization of Dido"; "Domesticating Amazons in the Knight's Tale"; "Transgressing the Borderline of Gender: Zenobia in the Monk's Tale."]

Hamilton, Marie Padgett. "Echoes of Childermas in the Tale of the Prioress." Modern Language Review 34 (1939): 1-8. [Rpt. in Chaucer: Modern Essays in Criticism. Ed. Edward Wagenknecht. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1959. Pp. 88-97.]

Hanawalt, Barbara A. "The Host, the Law, and the Ambiguous Space of Medieval London Taverns." In Medieval Crime and Social Control. Ed. Barbara A. Hanawalt and David Wallace. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1999. Pp. 204-223. [On tavern keepers in medieval London, including Chaucer's knowledge of them (towards his portrayal of the Host of the Tabard Inn, Harry Bailie): "Chaucer's knowledge of inns and taverns would have been informed by his experience with a variety of London establishments rather than any specific innkeeper in one tavern" (217). "Describes the 'contested space' of taverns, i.e. how on the one hand they were associated with women because they did most of the brewing and the space where ale and beer were sold was an extension of the female, domestic space; and how on the other hand all women associated with taverns had a bad reputation in literature, and thus policing inns and taverns was a major concern for English and civil laws" (IMB).]

Hanks, D. Thomas, Jr. "'Goddes Pryvetee' and Chaucer's Miller's Tale." Christianity and Literature 33.2 (Winter 1984): 7-12.

Hanning, Robert W. "The Struggle between Noble Designs and Chaos: The Literary Tradition of Chaucer's Knight's Tale." Literary Review 23 (1980): 519-541.

Hansen, Elaine Tuttle. Chaucer and the Fictions of Gender. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1991.

Hansen, Elaine Tuttle. "'Of His Love Dangerous to Me': Liberation, Subversion, and Domestic Violence in the Wife of Bath's Prologue and Tale." In Geoffrey Chaucer, The Wife of Bath: Complete, Authoritative Text with Biographical and Historical Contexts, Critical History, and Essays from Five Contemporary Critical Perspectives. Ed. Peter G. Beidler. Boston: St. Martin's Press, 1996. Pp. 273-289.

Hansen, Elaine Tuttle. "The Powers of Silence: The Case of the Clerk's Griselda." In Women and Power in the Middle Ages. Ed. Mary Erler and Maryanne Kowaleski. Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press, 1988. Pp. 230-249.

Harder, Kelsie B. "Chaucer's Use of the Mystery Plays in the Miller's Tale." Modern Language Quarterly 17 (1956): 193-198.

Harding, Wendy. "The Function of Pity in Three Canterbury Tales." Chaucer Review 32 (1997-1998): 162-174.

Hardman, Phillipa. "The Book of the Duchess as a Memorial Monument." Chaucer Review 28 (1993-1994): 205-215.

Hardman, Phillipa. "Chaucer's Man of Sorrows: Secular Images of Pity in the Book of the Duchess, the Squire's Tale, and Troilus and Criseyde." Journal of English and Germanic Philology 93 (1994): 204-227.

Harley, Marta Powell. "Geoffrey Chaucer, Cecilia Chaumpaigne, and Alice Perrers: A Closer Look." Chaucer Review 28 (1993-1994): 78-82.

Hartman, Ronald. "Boethian Parallels in the Tale of Melibee." English Studies 79 (1998): 166-170.

Harwood, Britton J. "Chaucer on 'Speche': House of Fame, the Friar's Tale, and the Summoner's Tale." Chaucer Review 26 (1991-1992): 343-349.

Havely, Nicholas R. Chaucer's Boccaccio: Sources of Troilus and the Knight's and Franklin's Tales. Chaucer Studies 5. Cambridge: D. S. Brewer, 1980.

Heffernan, Carol Falvo. Comedy in Chaucer and Boccaccio. Chaucer Studies. Cambridge: D. S. Brewer / Boydell and Brewer, 2009.

Heffernan, Carol Falvo. "Contraception and the Pear Tree Episode of Chaucer's Merchant's Tale." Journal of English and Germanic Philology 94 (1995): 31-41.

Heffernan, Carol Falvo. The Melancholy Muse: Chaucer, Shakespeare and Early Medicine. Duquesne Studies, Language and Literature Series 19. Pittsburgh: Duquesne University Press, 1995.

Hieatt, Constance B. "The Dreams of Troilus, Criseyde, and Chauntecleer: Chaucer's Manipulaton of the Categories of Macrobius et al." English Studies in Canada 14 (1988): 400-414.

Hill, Thomas. "She, This in Blak": Vision, Truth, and Will in Geoffrey Chaucer's "Troilus and Criseyde." Studies in Medieval History and Culture. London and New York: Routledge, 2006. ["She, This in Blak takes a fresh look at Chaucer's great Trojan romance, Troilus and Criseyde, in light of recent scholarship on late scholastic discourses on representation and causality as they pertain to human perception and judgment. This study also contributes to a growing literature on the impact of scholastic psychological theory upon contemporary cultural forms by examining the way in which late medieval accounts of perception and cognition can illuminate the construction of the poem's subjects, including one of the most compelling and controversial figures in medieval literature, Chaucer's Criseyde. By examining Chaucer's depiction of Troilus, Pandarus, and Criseyde within this contemporary cultural context, She, This in Blak offers a better grounded and more historically illuminating view of the poem than is provided by psychological readings based on modern constructions of intentionality."]

Hirsh, John. Chaucer and the "Canterbury Tales": A Short Introduction. Blackwell Introductions to Literature. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 2002.

Hodges, Laura F. Chaucer and Costume: The Secular Pilgrims in the "General Prologue." Chaucer Studies 26. Cambridge: D. S. Brewer / Boydell and Brewer, 2000.

Hodges, Laura F. "Chaucer's Friar: 'Typet' and 'Semycope.'" Chaucer Review 34 (1999-2000): 317-343.

Hodges, Laura F. "Costume Rhetoric in the Knight's Portrait: Chaucer's Every-Knight and his Bismotered Gypon." Chaucer Review 29 (1994-1995): 274-302. [Chaucer's knight is "a verray, parfit gentil knyght" and so on, but he is no "knight in shining armour," nor a Gawain as in Gawain and the Green Knight, immaculate and displaying his pentangle. Chaucer's knight is "worthy" but "bismotered"; he is imperfect. On the one hand, this can be seen as a realistic image of chivalry in the late fourteenth century, and the knight is a true representative of his estate. On another level, there are the biblical metaphors of arming the soldier of Christ, and medieval allegories like the "Pilgrimage of the Life of Man" which extend the moral symbolism of knightly arms, and thus our knight is seen to fall short morally: he lacks the armour of virtue, and has come in a dirty shirt. This moral implication is further confirmed by pilgrimage metaphors: one is to put off the old man and put on the new; wearing clean clothes to begin a pilgrimage is an outward indication of inward readiness for spiritual renewal.]

Hodges, Laura F. "A Reconsideration of the Monk's Costume." Chaucer Review 27 (1992-1993): 33-46.

Holley, Linda Tarte. Chaucer's Measuring Eye. College Station, TX: Rice University Press, 1990. ["Drawing on medieval theories of measurable space, the author shows how Chaucer's verbal structures often move as the eye does, with the result that his reader experiences motion in created space."]

Holsinger, Bruce. "Pedagogy, Violence, and the Subject of Music: Chaucer's Prioress's Tale and the Ideologies of 'Song.'" New Medieval Literature 1 (1997): 157-192.

Holton, Amanda. The Sources of Chaucer's Poetics. Aldershot, Hants., and Burlington, VT: Ashgate Publishing, 2008. ["Focusing on four aspects of Chaucer's poetics--use of narrative, speech, rhetoric, and figurative language--this is the first book-length study to identify Chaucer's distinctive poetic strategies by making specific comparisons with known textual sources. The author provides a combination of analysis of both poetic stylistics and sources, reading The Legend of Good Women and five of The Canterbury Tales (The Knight's Tale, The Man of Law's Tale, The Physician's Tale, The Monk's Tale, and The Manciple's Tale) against their textual sources, including Ovid's Metamorphoses and Heroides, Boccaccio's Teseida, Virgil's Aeneid, Le Roman de la Rose, and histories by Nicholas Trevet and Guido delle Colonne. Holton provides a picture of Chaucer's habits as a writer, showing that he was consistent in asserting his own techniques against the pressure of his sources and in keeping control over words and their meaning" (publisher's description).]

Hopenwasser, Nanda. "The Wife of Bath as Storyteller: 'Al Is for to Selle' Or Is It?; Idealism and Spiritual Growth as Evidenced in the Wife of Bath's Tale." Medieval Perspectives 10 (1995): 101-115.

Hornsby, Joseph Allen, IV. Chaucer and the Law. Norman, OK: Pilgrim Books, 1988.

Howard, Donald R. Chaucer: His Life, His Works, His World. New York: E. P. Dutton, 1987.

Howard, Donald R. The Idea of the Canterbury Tales. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1976.

Howes, Laura L. Chaucer's Gardens and the Language of Convention. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 1997.

Hume, Cathy. Chaucer and the Cultures of Love and Marriage. Bristol Studies in Medieval Cultures. Cambridge: D. S. Brewer / Boydell and Brewer, 2012.

Ingham, Patricia Clare. "Pastoral Histories: Utopia, Conquest, and the Wife of Bath's Tale." Texas Studies in Literature and Language 44 (2002): 34-46.

Jacobs, Kathryn. "The Marriage Contract of the Franklin's Tale: The Remaking of Society." Chaucer Review 20 (1985-1986): 132-143.

Jager, Eric. The Tempter's Voice: Language and the Fall in Medieval Literature. Ithaca, NY, and London: Cornell University Press, 1993. [Includes a chapter on the "Merchant's Tale" and its parody of the Genesis account of the Fall of Man.]

Jankowski, Eileen S. "Chaucer's Second Nun's Tale and the Apocalyptic Imagination." Chaucer Review 36 (2001-2002): 128-148.

Jefferson, Bernard L. Chaucer and the Consolation of Philosophy of Boethius. 1917; New York: Haskell House, 1965.

Jeffrey, David Lyle, ed. Chaucer and Scriptural Tradition. Ottawa: University of Ottawa Press, 1984.

Johnson, Lesley. "Reincarnations of Griselda: Contexts for the Clerk's Tale?" In Feminist Readings in Middle English Poetry: The Wife of Bath and All Her Sect. Ed. Ruth Evans, and Lesley Johnson. London and New York: Routledge, 1994. Pp. 195-220.

Johnson, Lynn Staley. "The Prince and His People: A Study of the Two Covenants in the Clerk's Tale." Chaucer Review 10 (1975-1976): 17-29.

Johnston, Andrew James. "The Exegetics of Laughter: Religious Parody in Chaucer's Miller's Tale." In A History of English Laughter. Ed. Manfred Pfister. Internationale Forschungen zur Allgemeinen und Vergleichenden Literaturwissenschaft 57. Amsterdam: Rodopi, 2002. Pp. 17-33.

Jonassen, Frederick B. "The Inn, the Cathedral, and the Pilgrimage of The Canterbury Tales." In Rebels and Rivals: The Contestive Spirit in "The Canterbury Tales." Ed. Susanna Greer Fein, David Raybin, and Peter C. Braeger. Fwd. Derek Pearsall. Studies in Medieval Culture 29. Kalamazoo, MI: Medieval Institute Publications, Western Michigan University Press, 1991. Pp. 1-35.

Jones, Terry. Chaucer's Knight: The Portrait of a Medieval Mercenary. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1980.

Jordan, Robert M. Chaucer and the Shape of Creation: The Aesthetic Possibilities of Inorganic Structure. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1967.

Jordan, Robert M. Chaucer's Poetics and the Modern Reader. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1987. [Chaucer asks many of the same questions now being posed by writers, but Chaucer was a fideist whose belief compensated for his energetic and radical questioning of the material world and of the language by which human beings apprehend it.]

Jordan, Tracey. "Fairy Tale and Fabliau: Chaucer's The Miller's Tale." Studies in Short Fiction 21 (1984): 87-93.

Jordan, William Chester. "The Pardoner's 'Holy Jew.'" In Chaucer and the Jews: Sources, Contexts, Meanings. Ed. Sheila Delany. Multicultural Middle Ages. New York and London: Routledge, 2002. Pp. 25-42.

Jost, Jean E. "Ambiguous Brotherhood in the Friar's Tale and Summoner's Tale." In Masculinities in Chaucer: Approaches to Maleness in the "Canterbury Tales" and "Troilus and Criseyde." Ed. Peter G. Beidler. Chaucer Studies 25. Cambridge: D. S. Brewer / Boydell and Brewer, 1998. Pp. 77-90.

Jost, Jean E., ed. Chaucer's Humor: Critical Essays. Garland Studies in Humor 5; Garland Reference Library of the Humanities 1504. New York and London: Garland Publishing, 1994.

Jost, Jean E. "May's Mismarriage of Youth and Elde: The Poetics of Sexual Desire in Chaucer's Merchant's Tale." In Representations of the Feminine in the Middle Ages. Ed. Bonnie Wheeler. Feminea Medievalia 1. Dallas: Academia, 1993. Pp. 117-137.

Justman, Stewart. "Trade as Pudendum: Chaucer's Wife of Bath." Chaucer Review 28 (1993-1994): 344-352.

Kaminsky, Alice R. Chaucer's "Troilus and Criseyde" and the Critics. Athens, OH: Ohio University Press, 1980. ["A retrospective analysis of the various types of critical response to Troilus and Criseyde during the middle years of the twentieth century" (Collette, "Afterlife," Companion to Chaucer).]

Kao, Wan-Chuan. "Conduct Shameful and Unshameful in The Franklin's Tale." Studies in the Age of Chaucer 34 (2012): 99-139. [shame; Dorigen]

Kealy, J. Kieran. "Voices of the Tabard: The Last Tales of the Canterbury Tales." In From Arabye to Engelond: Medieval Studies in Honour of Mahmoud Manzalaoui on His 75th Birthday. Ed. A. E. Christa Canitz and Gernot R. Wieland. Ottawa: University of Ottawa Press, 1999. Pp. 113-129. ["Reads Ret[raction] as the 'culminating moment in the progressive disillusionment' of the Canterbury fiction for poet and reader alike. SNT [Second Nun's Tale], CYT [Canon's Yeoman's Tale], and ManT [Manciple's Tale] together 'systematically confront' medieval notions of truth and the ability of humans to know it, leading to the need for confession" ("Chaucer Bibliography" summary).]

Keen, Maurice. "Chaucer's Knight, the English Aristocracy and the Crusade." In English Court Culture in the Later Middle Ages. Ed. V. J. Scattergood and J. W. Sherborne. London: Duckworth, 1983. Pp. 45-61. [Presents evidence (at least partly to answer Terry Jones and his "accusations") to show that Chaucer's description of the Knight presents him as a crusader, and that crusading was in Chaucer's time still considered a noble occupation for a knight. See also Derek Brewer ("Chaucer's Knight as Hero"); also Emerson Brown ("Chaucer's Knight"); also John H. Pratt ("Was Chaucer's Knight Really a Mercenary?").]

Keen, William. "'To doon ye ese': A Study of the Host in the General Prologue of the Canterbury Tales." Topic: A Journal of the Liberal Arts 17 (1969): 5-18.

Keiser, George R. "Language and Meaning in Chaucer's Shipman's Tale." Chaucer Review 12 (1977): 147-161.

Kelen, Sarah A. "Climbing Up the Family Tree: Chaucer's Tudor Progeny." Journal of the Early Book Society 6 (2003): 109-123. [reception history; on the "tudorization" of Geoffrey Chaucer]

Kellogg, A[lfred] L. "The Possible Unity of Chaucer's Prioress." Chaucer Yearbook 3 (1996): 55-71.

Kellogg, Laura D. Boccaccio's and Chaucer's Cressida. Studies in the Humanities: Literature, Politics, Society 16. New York: Peter Lang, 1995.

Kelly, Henry Ansgar. Chaucer and the Cult of Saint Valentine. Davis Medieval Texts and Studies 5. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1986.

Kelly, Henry Ansgar. Chaucerian Tragedy. Chaucer Studies 24. Woodbridge, Suffolk: Boydell and Brewer, 1997. ["This book takes issue with several critical stereotypes about tragedy in the medieval period, suggesting that contrary to received wisdom it was not a common term, nor was there a uniform meaning given to it by the few who used it. Professor Kelly argues that Chaucer was the first author of the middle ages to write tragedies in the vernacular, and it was his understanding and demonstration of tragedy which shaped notions of the genre. The book seeks to place Chaucer's achievement in a critical and historical context, beginning by contrasting modern and medieval theoretical approaches to the study of genres. It goes on to discuss Boccaccio's concept of tragedy as a dramatic form and his De casibus before turning to Chaucer himself, exploring the ideas of tragedy prevalent in medieval England, showing what Chaucer meant by the term, and the influences upon him. Troilus and Criseyde is analysed specifically as a tragedy, and consideration is given to its reception in modern times. Later chapters take up two of Chaucer's imitators, John Lydgate and Robert Henryson, and analyse the ways in which they understood and practiced tragedy" (publisher's description).]

Kelly, Henry Ansgar. "Meanings and Uses of Raptus in Chaucer's Time." Studies in the Age of Chaucer 20 (1998): 101-165. [Chaucer and the "rape" of Cecily Champain.]

Kelly, Henry Ansgar. "Statutes of Rapes and Alleged Ravishers of Wives: A Context for the Charges against Thomas Malory, Knight." Viator 28 (1997): 361-419. [On the charges of "raptus" against Thomas Malory. Includes texts, translations, and commentary on all of the relevant statutes, and also summarizes the legal literature and case histories. Includes (pp. 405-407) a summary of Chaucer's investigation of a "raptus" (while much attention has been given to Cecily Champain's release of Chaucer, less attention has been given to his later appointment as a justice in investigating a charge of rape and abduction). On p. 410, Kelly finally arrives at the case of Malory. His conclusion (pp. 415-419) runs counter to that of Christopher Cannon's article on Cecily Champagne: "the statutes seem designed with only abduction in mind, and subsequent judicial use confirms this impression" (415). Pp. 418-419: Malory makes some changes to the tales of the abduction of Guenevere by Meliagance and the later "abduction" of Guenevere by Lancelot, perhaps reflecting his own experience of the statutes of "raptus."]

Kempton, Daniel. "Chaucer's Knight and the Knight's Theseus: 'And Though That He Were Worthy, He Was Wys.'" Journal of Narrative Technique 17.3 (Fall, 1987): 237-258.

Kempton, Daniel. "Chaucer's Tale of Melibee: 'A litel thyng in prose.'" Genre 21 (1988): 263-278.

Kendrick, Laura. Chaucerian Play: Comedy and Control in The Canterbury Tales. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988.

Kennedy, Thomas C. "Rhetoric and Meaning in The House of Fame." Studia Neophilologica 68 (1996): 9-23.

Kikuchi, Shigeo. "Lose Heart, Gain Heaven: The False Reciprocity of Gain and Loss in Chaucer's Troilus and Criseyde." Neuphilologische Mitteilungen 102 (2001): 427-434.

Kirby, Thomas A. Chaucer's Troilus: A Study in Courtly Love. University, LA: Louisiana State University Press, 1940.

Kiser, Lisa J. "Chaucer and the Politics of Nature." In Beyond Nature Writings: Expanding the Boundaries of Ecocriticism. Ed. Karla Armbruster and Kathleen R. Wallace. Under the Sign of Nature: Explorations in Ecocriticism. Charlottesville, VA: University Press of Virginia, 2001. Pp. 41-56.

Kiser, Lisa J. Truth and Textuality in Chaucer's Poetry. Hanover, NH: University Press of New England, 1991.

Klassen, Norman. Chaucer on Love, Knowledge, and Sight. Chaucer Studies 21. Cambridge, and Rochester, NY: D. S. Brewer / Boydell and Brewer, 1995.

Kline, Daniel T. "'Myne by right': Oath Making and Intent in The Friar's Tale." Philological Quarterly 77 (1998): 271-293.

Klitgård, Ebbe. "Chaucer's Narrative Voice in the House of Fame." Chaucer Review 32 (1997-1998): 260-266. [Klitgård begins with Minnis's observation (in the Oxford Guides to Chaucer volume on the shorter poems) that Chaucer was a rhetorical poet who gave primacy to the spoken word, and this article is to give further confirmation to that fact. Klitgård looks at the House of Fame in terms of oral performance and rhetorical technique (a familiarizing tone, a playful voice, but coupled with a seriousness of intent and with "bookish" allusiveness). Pearsall's dismissive comment on the poem, as "an embarrassed giggle," is unfair to Chaucer.
The ending of the poem is perhaps explicable when one thinks of oral performances and their contingencies. If one takes 500-1000 lines as the standard length of an evening's entertainment, then the first three books fit into three evenings (and each book, including the third, ends with a "teazer" to create "suspense" and generate interest in the next performance), and it is quite conceivable that we are missing only one further 1000-line installment. Perhaps Book 4 was written and was subsequently lost, or perhaps it was never composed because the audience and the opportunity was lost (through, perhaps, a crisis at court which interrupted the sequence and caused interest in it to be lost).]

Knapp, Peggy A. Chaucer and the Social Contest. New York and London: Routledge, 1990. [An examination of the contest of tales set against the context of contests generally in fourteenth-century life.]

Knapp, Peggy A. "Chaucer Imagines England (in English)." In Imagining a Medieval English Nation. Ed. Kathy Lavezzo. Medieval Cultures 37. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2004. Pp. 131-160.

Knapp, Peggy A[nn]. Chaucerian Aesthetics. New Middle Ages. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2008. ["Chaucerian Aesthetics examines The Canterbury Tales and Troilus and Criseyde from both medieval and post-Kantian vantage points. These sometimes congruent, sometimes divergent perspectives illuminate both the immediate pleasure of encountering beauty and its haunting promise of intelligibility. Although aesthetic reflection has sometimes seemed out of sync with modern approaches to mind and language, Knapp defends its value in general and demonstrates its importance for the analysis of Chaucer's narrative art. Focusing on language games, persons, women, humor, and community, this book ponders what makes art beautiful" (publisher's description).
Contents: Introduction: Why aesthetics? -- Chaucerian resoun ymaginatyf -- Playing with language games -- Beautiful persons -- The beauty of women -- The aesthetics of laughter -- Imagining community.]

Knapp, Peggy A. "The Nature of Nature: Criseyde's 'Slydyng Corage.'" Chaucer Review 13 (1978-1979): 133-140.

Knapp, Peggy A. "Robyn the Miller's Thrifty Work." In Sign, Sentence, Discourse: Language in Medieval Thought and Literature. Ed. Julian N. Wasserman and Lois Roney. Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 1989. Pp. 294-308.

Koff, Leonard Michael. Chaucer and the Art of Storytelling. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988.

Koff, Leonard Michael, and Brenda Deen Schildgen, eds. The Decameron and the Canterbury Tales: New Essays on an Old Question. Madison, NJ: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 2000.

Kolve, V. A. Chaucer and the Imagery of Narrative: The First Five Canterbury Tales. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1984.

Kolve, V. A. "Chaucer's Wheel of False Religion: Theology and Obscenity in 'The Summoner's Tale.'" In The Centre and Its Compass: Studies in Medieval Literature in Honor of Professor John Leyerle. Ed. Robert A. Taylor, James F. Burke, Patricia J. Eberle, Ian Lancashire, and Brian S. Merrilees. Studies in Medieval Culture 33. Kalamazoo: Medieval Institute Publications, Western Michigan University, 1993. Pp. 265-296.

Kraman, Cynthia. "Communities of Otherness in Chaucer's Merchant's Tale." In Medieval Women in their Communities. Ed. Diane Watt. Cardiff: University of Wales Press; Toronto and Buffalo: University of Toronto Press, 1997. Pp. 138-154.

Krier, Theresa M., ed. Refiguring Chaucer in the Renaissance. Gainesville, FL: University Press of Florida, 1998.

Kruger, Steven F. "Claiming the Pardoner: Toward a Gay Reading of Chaucer's Pardoner's Tale." Exemplaria 6 (1994): 115-139.

Kruger, Steven F. "Imagination and the Complex Movement of Chaucer's 'House of Fame.'" Chaucer Review 28 (1993-1994): 117-134.

Ladd, Roger A. "Selling Alys: Reading (with) the Wife of Bath." Studies in the Age of Chaucer 34 (2012): 141-171.

Laird, Edgar. "Geoffrey Chaucer and the Other Contributors to the Treatise on the Astrolabe." In Rewriting Chaucer: Culture, Authority, and the Idea of the Authentic Text, 1400-1602. Ed. Thomas A. Prendergast and Barbara Kline. Columbus, OH: Ohio State University Press, 1999. Pp. 145-165.

Lambdin, Laura C., and Robert T. Lambdin, eds. Chaucer's Pilgrims: An Historical Guide to the Pilgrims in The Canterbury Tales. Westport, CT, and London: Greenwood Press, 1996.

Lancashire, Ian. "Moses, Elijah and the Back Parts of God: Satiric Scatology in Chaucer's Summoner's Tale." Mosaic 14 (1981): 17-30.

Laskaya, Anne. Chaucer's Approach to Gender in the "Canterbury Tales." Chaucer Studies 23. Woodbridge, Suffolk: Boydell and Brewer, 1995.

Lawton, David. "Chaucer's Two Ways: The Pilgrimage Frame of The Canterbury Tales." Studies in the Age of Chaucer 9 (1987): 3-40.

Lawton, David A. Chaucer's Narrators. Chaucer Studies 13. Cambridge: D. S. Brewer, 1985.

Leicester, H. Marshall, Jr. "The Art of Impersonation: A General Prologue to the Canterbury Tales." PMLA 95 (1980): 213-224.

Leicester, H. Marshall, Jr. The Disenchanted Self: Representing the Subject in the Canterbury Tales. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990.

Leonard, Frances McNeely. Laughter in the Courts of Love: Comedy in Allegory. Norman, OK: Pilgrim Books, 1980.

Lerer, Seth. Chaucer and his Readers: Imagining the Author in Late Medieval England. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1993. ["An extended and learned discussion of Chaucer's reception in the fifteenth century, an attempt to 'understand the quality of post-Chaucerian writing . . . to chart the forms and consequences of the reception and transmission of Chaucer's poetry by those admittedly unworthy of his mantle'" (Collette, "Afterlife," Companion to Chaucer).]

Lerer, Seth. "'Now holde youre mouth': The Romance of Orality in the Thopas-Melibee Section of the Canterbury Tales." In Oral Poetics in Middle English Poetry. Ed. Mark C. Amodio. Garland Reference Library of the Humanities 1595; Albert Bates Lord Studies in Oral Tradition 13. New York and London: Garland Publishing, 1994. Pp. 181-205.

Lester, G. A. "Chaucer's Unkempt Knight." English Language Notes 27.1 (Sept. 1994): 25-29.

Levitan, Alan. "The Parody of Pentecost in Chaucer's Summoner's Tale." University of Toronto Quarterly 40 (1970-1971): 236-246.

Levy, Bernard S. "Biblical Parody in the Summoner's Tale." Tennessee Studies in Literature 11 (1966): 45-60.

Lewis, C. S. "What Chaucer Really Did to Il Filostrato." Essays and Studies 17 (1932): 56-75. [Rpt. in Chaucer's "Troilus": Essays in Criticism. Ed. Stephen A. Barney. Hamden: Archon, 1980. Pp. 37-54. [Troilus and Criseyde; Boccaccio]]

Leyerle, John. "The Heart and the Chain." In The Learned and the Lewed: Studies in Chaucer and Medieval Literature. Ed. Larry D. Benson. Harvard English Studies 5. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1974. Pp. 113-145. [That Chaucer's works are dominated by two clusters of themes: the heart (of love but also of mutability) and the chain (of order but also of imposed control). Pp. 118-123 on Knight's Tale and Miller's Tale: the one is about the links in the "Great Chain" and the other is about the holes.]

Lindahl, Carl. Earnest Games: Folkloric Patterns in the "Canterbury Tales." Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1987

Lindley, Arthur. "'Vanysshed was this daunce, he nyste where': Alisoun's Absence in 'The Wife of Bath's Prologue and Tale.'" ELH 59 (1992): 1-21.

Lionarons, Joyce Tally. "Magic, Machines, and Deception: Technology in the Canterbury Tales." Chaucer Review 27 (1992-1993): 377-386.

Lochrie, Karma. "Women's 'Pryvetees' and Fabliau Politics in the Miller's Tale." Exemplaria 6 (1994): 287-304.

Lomperis, Linda. "Bodies that Matter in the Court of Late Medieval England and in Chaucer's Miller's Tale." Romanic Review 86 (1995): 243-264.

Lomperis, Linda. "Unruly Bodies and Ruling Practices: Chaucer's Physician's Tale as Socially Symbolic Act." In Feminist Approaches to the Body in Medieval Literature. Ed. Linda Lomperis, and Sarah Stanbury. New Cultural Studies Series. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1993. Pp. 21-37.

Love, Damian. "'Al This Peynted Process': Chaucer and the Psychology of Courtly Love." English Studies 83 (2002): 391-398.

Lucas, Angela M. "The Mirror in the Marketplace: Januarie through the Looking Glass." Chaucer Review 33 (1998-1999): 123-145. [Merchant's Tale; January and May]

Luengo, Anthony E. "Magic and Illusion in The Franklin's Tale." Journal of English and Germanic Philology 77 (1978): 1-16.

Lumiansky, Robert M. Of Sondry Folk: The Dramatic Principle in the Canterbury Tales. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1955.

Lynch, Kathryn L., ed. Chaucer's Cultural Geography. Basic Readings in Chaucer and His Time. London and New York: Routledge, 2002. ["This compilation of new essays and essays published over the past fifty years explores Chaucer's experiences with the cultural other, especially Chaucer's relationship to Far Eastern, Islamic, and African sources. While studies of Chaucer's 'orientalism' have heretofore focused on the Squire's Tale, Chaucer's Cultural Geography considers many different Chaucerian works in the context of sexual geographies and colonizing and postcolonizing discourses. It comes at a time when critical methodology is being debated and a variety of approaches to Chaucer studies using modes of analyses normally reserved for later periods, including Said's orientalism theories, Dollimore's 'transgressive proximity' and new French feminism. Moreover, the book fits well into the new emphasis in the Chaucer curriculum on globalism and multiculturalism" (publisher's description).
Contents: 1. Introduction; 2. "Orientalism and the Critical History of the 'Squire's Tale,'" Kenneth Bleeth; 3. "Domesticating the Exotic in the 'Squire's Tale,'" John M. Flyer; 4. "The Historical Basis of Chaucer's 'Squire's Tale,'" Vincent DiMarco; 5. "East Meets West in Chaucer's 'Squire's Tale' and 'Franklin's Tale,'" Katherine Lynch; 6. "Orientation and Nation in Chaucer's Canterbury Tales," Suzanne Conklin Akbari; 7. "Scientific Imagery in Chaucer," Dorothee Metlitzki; 8. "The Canterbury Tales and the Arabic Frame Tradition," Katherine Slater Gites; 9. "Criticism, Anti-Semitism and the 'Prioress's Tale,'" Louise O. Fradenburg; 10. "Mappae Mundi and 'The Knights Tale': The Geography of Power, the Technology of Control," Sylvia Tomasch; 11. "Geographies of Desire: Orientalism in Chaucer's Legend of Good Women," Sheila Delany; 12. "Worlds Apart: Orientalism, Antifeminism, and Heresy in Chaucer's 'Man of Law's Tale,'" Susan Schibanoff; 13. "Chaucer and Englishness," Derek Pearsall. [Arabia; the East; the Orient]]

Lynch, Kathryn L. Chaucer's Philosophical Visions. Chaucer Studies 27. Woodbridge, Suffolk: Boydell and Brewer, 2000.

Lynch, Kathryn L. "Despoiling Griselda: Chaucer's Walter and the Problem of Knowledge in The Clerk's Tale." Studies in the Age of Chaucer 10 (1988): 41-70. [Clerk's Tale]

Lynch, Kathryn L. "East Meets West in Chaucer's Squire's and Franklin's Tales." Speculum 70 (1995): 530-551. [Arabia; the East; the Orient; Orientalism]

Lynch, Kathryn L. "The Logic of the Dream Vision in Chaucer's House of Fame." In Literary Nominalism and the Theory of Rereading Late Medieval Texts: A New Research Paradigm. Ed. Richard J. Utz. Medieval Studies 5. Lewiston, NY; Queenston, ON; and Lampeter, Dyfed, Wales: Edwin Mellen Press, 1995. Pp. 179-203.

Machan, Tim William. Techniques of Translation: Chaucer's Boece. Norman, OK: Pilgrim Books, 1985.

Mandel, Jerome. Geoffrey Chaucer: Building the Fragments of The Canterbury Tales. Madison, NJ: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 1992.

Mandel, Jerome. "Governance in the Physician's Tale." Chaucer Review 10 (1976): 316-325.

Mandel, Jerome. "'Jewes werk' in Sir Thopas." In Chaucer and the Jews: Sources, Contexts, Meanings. Ed. Sheila Delany. Multicultural Middle Ages. New York and London: Routledge, 2002. Pp. 59-68.

Mann, Jill. "Chaucer and Atheism: The Presidential Address." Studies in the Age of Chaucer 17 (1995): 5-19.

Mann, Jill. Chaucer and Medieval Estates Satire: The Literature of Social Classes and the General Prologue to the Canterbury Tales. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1973.

Mann, Jill. Feminizing Chaucer. 2nd ed. Chaucer Studies. Woodbridge, Suffolk: Boydell and Brewer, 2002. ["Women are a major subject of Chaucer's writings, and their place in his work has attracted much recent critical attention. Feminizing Chaucer investigates Chaucer's thinking about women, and re-assesses it in the light of developments in feminist criticism. It explores Chaucer's handling of gender issues, of power roles, of misogynist stereotypes and the writer's responsibility for perpetuating them, and the complex meshing of activity and passivity in human experience. Mann argues that the traditionally 'female' virtues of patience and pity are central to Chaucer's moral ethos, and that this necessitates a reformulation of ideal masculinity. First published (as Geoffrey Chaucer) in the series 'Feminist Readings,' this new edition includes a new chapter, 'Wife-Swapping in Medieval Literature.' The references and bibliography have been updated, and a new preface surveys publications in the field over the last decade" (publisher's description).]

Mann, Jill. "Shakespeare and Chaucer: 'What is Criseyde Worth?'" In The European Tragedy of Troilus. Ed. Piero Boitani. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1989. Pp. 219-242.

Mann, Jill. "The Speculum Stultorum and the Nun's Priest's Tale." Chaucer Review 9 (1975): 262-282.

Manning, Stephen. "Fabular Jangling and Poetic Vision in the Nun's Priest's Tale." South Atlantic Review 52 (1987): 3-16.

Manning, Stephen. "Rhetoric, Game, Morality, and Geoffrey Chaucer." Studies in the Age of Chaucer 1 (1979): 105-118.

Marcus, David. Jephthah and his Vow. Austin: Texas Tech, 1986. [Relevant to Chaucer and his Physician's Tale.]

Martin, Ellen E. "Chaucer's Ruth: An Exegetical Poetic in the Prologue to the Legend of Good Women." Exemplaria 3 (1991): 467-490.

Martin, Priscilla. Chaucer's Women: Nuns, Wives, and Amazons. Iowa City: University of Iowa Press, 1990.

Mathewson, Jeanne T. "'For love and not for hate': The Value of Virginity in Chaucer's Physician's Tale." Annuale Mediaevale 14 (1973): 35-42.

Matsuda, Takami. "The Summoner's Prologue and the Tradition of the Vision of the Afterlife." Poetica 55 (2001): 75-82.

McAlpine, Monica E. "The Pardoner's Homosexuality and How it Matters." PMLA 95 (1980): 8-22.

McCall, John P. Chaucer among the Gods: The Poetics of Classical Myth. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1979.

McCall, John P. "The Trojan Scene in Chaucer's Troilus." English Literary History 29 (1962): 263-275.

McCarthy, Conor. "Love, Marriage, and Law: Three Canterbury Tales." English Studies 83 (2002): 504-518. ["The Franklin's Tale"; "The Clerk's Tale"; "The Merchant's Tale"]

McCormack, Frances. Chaucer and the Culture of Dissent: The Lollard Context and Subtext of the "Parson's Tale." Dublin: Four Courts Press, 2007. [A revised version of her Ph.D. thesis, Trinity College, Dublin, 2004. "Chaucer and the Culture of Dissent investigates the links between Chaucer's Parson's Tale and Lollard discourse and ideas. From the moment the Parson is introduced in the General Prologue to the Canterbury Tales suggestions of Lollardy surround him. Chaucer therefore invites (or even dares) his reader to go in search of Lollard codes in the Parson's Tale. This book balances a literary and historical approach to reading Chaucer's Parson's Tale. Here, Frances McCormack considers the evidence of Chaucer's connection to the movement and analyzes the similarities between the Parson's language and Lollard sect vocabulary. She investigates whether Chaucer made use of a Wycliffite version of the Bible in writing the tale, and considers whether the Parson expounds any points of Lollard doctrine" (publisher's description).]

McEntire, Sandra J. "Illusions and Interpretation in the Franklin's Tale." Chaucer Review 31 (1996-1997): 145-163.

McGerr, Rosemarie Potz. Chaucer's Open Books: Resistance to Closure in Medieval Discourse. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 1998.

McGinnis, Wayne D. "The Dramatic Fitness of the Nun's Priest's Tale." CEA Critic 37.2 (1975): 24-26.

McGregor, Francine. "What of Dorigen? Agency and Ambivalence in the Franklin's Tale." Chaucer Review 31 (1996-1997): 365-378.

McKinley, Kathryn L. "The Silenced Knight: Questions of Power and Reciprocity in The Wife of Bath's Tale." Chaucer Review 30 (1995-1996): 359-378.

McTaggart, Anne. Shame and Guilt in Chaucer. New Middle Ages. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2012. [Contents: Shame and guilt, now and then -- Shamed guiltless in Chaucer's pagan antiquity -- Honor, purity, and sacrifice in The Knight's Tale and The Physician's Tale -- Structures of reciprocity in Chaucerian romance -- The ills of illocution: shame, guilt, and confession in The Pardoner's Tale and The Parson's Tale -- Conclusion: Chaucer and medieval shame culture.]

Meech, Sanford B. Design in Chaucer's Troilus. 1959; New York: Greenwood, 1970.

Meecham-Jones, Simon. "The Invisible Siege: The Depiction of Warfare in the Poetry of Chaucer." In Writing War: Medieval Literary Responses to Warfare. Ed. Corinne Saunders, Françoise Le Saux, and Neil Thomas. Woodbridge, Suffolk: Boydell and Brewer, 2004. Pp. 147-167.

Mehl, Dieter. "The Audience of Chaucer's Troilus and Criseyde." In Chaucer and Middle English Studies in Honour of Rossell Hope Robbins. Ed. Beryl Rowland. London: George Allen and Unwin, 1974. Pp. 173-189.

Mehl, Dieter. Geoffrey Chaucer: An Introduction to his Narrative Poetry. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986.

Middleton, Anne. "The Clerk and His Tale: Some Literary Contexts." Studies in the Age of Chaucer 2 (1980): 121-150.

Mieszkowski, Gretchen. "Chaucer's Much Loved Criseyde." Chaucer Review 26 (1991-1992): 109-132.

Miller, Mark. Philosophical Chaucer: Love, Sex, and Agency in the "Canterbury Tales." Cambridge Studies in Medieval Literature 55. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005. ["Mark Miller's innovative study argues that Chaucer's Canterbury Tales represent an extended meditation on agency, autonomy, and practical reason. This philosophical aspect of Chaucer's interests can help us understand what is both sophisticated and disturbing about his explorations of love, sex, and gender. Partly through fresh readings of the Consolation of Philosophy and the Romance of the Rose, Miller charts Chaucer's relation to the association in the Christian West between problems of autonomy and problems of sexuality, and reconstructs how medieval philosophers and poets approached psychological phenomena often thought of as the exclusive province of psychoanalysis. The literary experiments of the Canterbury Tales represent a distinctive philosophical achievement that remains vital to our own attempts to understand agency, desire, and their histories" (publisher's description). Contents: Introduction: Chaucer and the problem of normativity; 1. Naturalism and its discontents in the Miller's Tale; 2. Normative longing in the Knight's Tale; 3. Agency and dialectic in the Consolation of Philosophy; 4. Sadomasochism and utopia in the Roman de la Rose; 5. Suffering love in the Wife of Bath's Prologue and Tale; 6. Love's promise: the Clerk's Tale and the scandal of the unconditional.]

Minnis, A. J. Chaucer and Pagan Antiquity. Chaucer Studies 8. Cambridge: D. S. Brewer, 1982.

Minnis, A. J. "Construction of Chaucer's Pardoner." In Promissory Notes on the Treasury of Merits: Indulgences in Late Medieval Europe. Ed. Robert N[orman] Swanson. Brill's Companions to the Christian Tradition 5. Leiden and Boston: Brill, 2006. Pp. ??.

Minnis, A. J. Fallible Authors: Chaucer's Pardoner and Wife of Bath. The Middle Ages. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2008. [Pardoner's Tale; Wife of Bath's Tale]

Minnis, A. J. "From Coilles to Bel Chose: Discourses of Obscenity in Jean de Meun and Chaucer." In Medieval Obscenities. Ed. Nicola McDonald. Woodbridge, Suffolk: York Medieval Press / Boydell and Brewer, 2006. Pp. ??.

Minnis, A. J. The Shorter Poems. Oxford Guides to Chaucer. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1995.

Miskimin, Alice. "The Illustrated Eighteenth-Century Chaucer." Modern Philology 77 (1979-1980): 26-55.

Miskimin, Alice. The Renaissance Chaucer. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1975. ["Still the most extensive discussion of the reception of Chaucer in the sixteenth century. Addresses Chaucer's reputation for learning in this period" (Collette, "Afterlife," Companion to Chaucer).]

Mitchell-Smith, Ilan. "'As olde stories tellen us': Chivalry, Violence, and Geoffrey Chaucer's Critical Perspective in 'The Knight's Tale.'" Fifteenth-Century Studies 32 (2007): 83-99.

Mooney, Linne R. "Chaucer's Scribe." Speculum 81 (2006): 97-138. [Identifies the scribe of the Hengwrt and Ellesmere manuscripts of the Canterbury Tales as Adam Pinkerton, a member of the Scriveners' Company of London in the 1390s, son of a Surrey landowner. His signature in the Scriveners' Company's Common Paper (members' book of regulations) appears to be the same hand as that of the Ellesmere, Hengwrt and other early Chaucer manuscripts. He may also be the "Adam Scriven" of Chaucer's lyrical complaint against "Adam." Also see the reply to Mooney by Alexandra Gillespie, "Reading Chaucer's Words to Adam," Chaucer Review 42 (2008): 269-283.]

Morgan, Gerald, ed. Chaucer in Context: A Golden Age of English Poetry. Oxford, Bern, Berlin, Bruxelles, Frankfurt am Main, New York, Wien: Peter Lang, 2012.

Morgan, Gerald. "Experience and the Judgement of Poetry: A Reconsideration of the Franklin's Tale." Medium Ævum 70 (2001): 204-225.

Morgan, Gerald. "Moral and Social Identity and the Idea of Pilgrimage in the General Prologue." Chaucer Review 37 (2002-2003): 285-314.

Morgan, Gerald. "The Worthiness of Chaucer's Worthy Knight." Chaucer Review 44 (2009-2010): 115-158.

Mullaney, Samantha. "The Language of Costume in the Ellesmere Portraits." Trivium 31 (1999): 33-57. [Vol. 31 of Trivium is a special issue: "Sources, Exemplars, and Copy-Texts: Influence and Transmission; Essays from the Lampeter Conference of the Early Book Society, 1997." Ed. William Marx.
The article includes reproductions (B&W) of a number of the portraits from the Ellesmere manuscript of the Canterbury Tales.]

Murphy, Ann B. "The Process of Personality in Chaucer's Wife of Bath's Tale." The Centennial Review 28.3 (Summer, 1984): 204-222.

Muscatine, Charles. Chaucer and the French Tradition: A Study in Style and Meaning. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1964.

Myles, Robert. Chaucerian Realism. Chaucer Studies 20. Woodbridge, Suffolk: Boydell and Brewer, 1994.

Myles, Robert, and David Williams, eds. Chaucer and Language: Essays in Honour of Dougas Wurtele. Montréal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 2001.

Narkiss, Doron. "The Fox, the Cock, and the Priest: Chaucer's Escape from Fable." Chaucer Review 32 (1997-1998): 46-63.

Newton, Allyson. "The Occlusion of Maternity in Chaucer's Clerk's Tale." In Medieval Mothering. Ed. John Carmi Parsons, and Bonnie Wheeler. New Middle Ages 3; Garland Reference Library of the Humanities 1979. New York and London: Garland Publishing, 1996. Pp. 63-75.

Nicholson, R. H. "Theseus's 'Ordinaunce': Justice and Ceremony in the Knight's Tale." Chaucer Review 22 (1987-1988): 192-213.

Nolan, Barbara. "Chaucer's Poetics of Dwelling in Troilus and Criseyde." In Chaucer and the City. Ed. Ardis Butterfield. Chaucer Studies. Cambridge: D. S. Brewer / Boydell and Brewer, 2006. Pp. 57-75.

Nolan, Barbara. "'A poet ther was': Chaucer's Voices in the General Prologue to The Canterbury Tales." PMLA 101 (1986): 154-169.

North, J. D. Chaucer's Universe. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1988. [". . . Chaucer is shown to have made far more extensive structural and allegorical use of astronomy in his poetry than has ever previously been suspected."]

Oberembt, Kenneth J. "Chaucer's Anti-Misogynist Wife of Bath." Chaucer Review 10 (1975-1976): 287-302. [Argues that the Wife's arguments are not heretical but orthodox, in line with the dominant Augustinian tradition as opposed to St. Jerome's more severe teachings.]

Oerlemans, Onno. "The Seriousness of the Nun's Priest's Tale." The Chaucer Review 26 (1991-1992): 317-328. [Argues, against Lee Patterson, among others, that there is a linear progression in the Tales, and, further, that the "Nun's Priest's Tale" is the climax of the whole.]

Olson, Glending. "Author, Scribe, and Curse: The Genre of 'Adam Scriveyn.'" Chaucer Review 42 (2007-2008): 284-297.

Olson, Glending. "The End of The Summoner's Tale and the Uses of Pentecost." Studies in the Age of Chaucer 21 (1999): 209-245.

Olson, Glending. "Geoffrey Chaucer." Chap. 21 of The Cambridge History of Medieval English Literature. Ed. David Wallace. New Cambridge History of English Literature. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1999. Pp. 566-588.

Olson, Glending. "Measuring the Immeasurable: Farting, Geometry, and Theology in the Summoner's Tale." Chaucer Review 43 (2008-2009): 414-427.

Olson, Paul A. The "Canterbury Tales" and the Good Society. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1986.

Owen, Charles A., Jr. The Manuscripts of "The Canterbury Tales." Chaucer Studies 17. Cambridge: D. S. Brewer, 1991.

Owen, Charles A., Jr. Pilgrimage and Storytelling in the Canterbury Tales: The Dialetic of "Ernest" and "Game." Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press, 1977.

Owen, Charles A., Jr. "The Tale of Melibee." Chaucer Review 7 (1973): 267-280.

Page, Barbara. "Concerning the Host." Chaucer Review 4 (1969-1970): 1-13.

Parry, Joseph D. "Dorigen, Narration, and Coming Home in the Franklin's Tale." Chaucer Review 30 (1995-1996): 262-293.

Parry, Joseph D. "Interpreting Female Agency and Responsibility in The Miller's Tale and The Merchant's Tale." Philological Quarterly 80 (2001): 133-167.

Partridge, Stephen. The Manuscript Glosses to the "Canterbury Tales." Woodbridge, Suffolk: Boydell and Brewer, 2001.

Patch, Howard R. "Chaucer and Lady Fortune." Modern Language Review 22 (1927): 377-388.

Patterson, Lee. "Ambiguity and Interpretation: A Fifteenth-Century Reading of Troilus and Criseyde." Speculum 54 (1979): 297-330.

Patterson, Lee. Chaucer and the Subject of History. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1991.

Patterson, Lee. "The 'Parson's Tale' and the Quitting of the 'Canterbury Tales.'" Traditio 34 (1978): 331-380. [Discusses the genre of the Parson's Tale (the "manual for penitents," a genre arising out of the Fourth Lateran Council), the relation of the Tale to those of the other pilgrims (counts 35 parallels in phrase, but most of these just "Chaucerisms," and the others proverbial and of general rather than specific application to the other pilgrims: sin is presented by the Parson as the central fact of the human condition, which certainly applies to all of the pilgrims), the relation of the Tale to the Canterbury Tales as a whole (the paradox of the Tale which is no tale; the Tale which by its very nature undermines the entire CT enterprise of which it is itself a part), and the relation to Chaucer (Patterson sees Chaucer as having "turned religious" late in life, and sees the ParsT and Retraction as something of a deathbed confession).]

Patterson, Lee. Putting the Wife in Her Place: The William Matthews Lectures, 1995. London: Birkbeck College, 1995. [Wife of Bath]

Payne, Robert O. Geoffrey Chaucer. 2nd ed. Twayne English Authors Series 1. Boston: Twayne Publishers / G. K. Hall, 1986.

Payne, Robert O. The Key of Remembrance: A Study of Chaucer's Poetics. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1963.

Pearsall, Derek. The Canterbury Tales. Unwin Critical Library. London: Allen and Unwin, 1985.

Pearsall, Derek. "Chaucer's Poetry and Its Modern Commentators: The Necessity of History." In Medieval Literature: Criticism, Ideology, and History. Ed. David Aers. New York: St. Martin's, 1986. Pp. 123-147.

Pearsall, Derek. "Chaucer's Tomb: The Politics of Reburial." Medium Ævum 64 (1995): 51-73.

Pearsall, Derek. "Criseyde's Choices." Studies in the Age of Chaucer: Proceedings 2 (1986): 17-29.

Pearsall, Derek. "Epidemic Irony in Modern Approaches to Chaucer's Canterbury Tales." In Medieval and Pseudo-Medieval Literature: The J. A. W. Bennett Memorial Lectures, Perugia, 1982-3. Ed. Piero Boitani and Anna Torti. Tübinger Beiträge zur Anglistik 6. Tübingen: Gunter Narr Verlag; Woodbridge, Suffolk: Boydell and Brewer, 1984. Pp. 79-89.

Pelen, Marc M. "Chaucer's Wife of Midas Reconsidered: Oppositions and Poetic Judgment in the Wife of Bath's Tale." Florilegium 13 (1994): 141-160.

Pelen, Marc M. "The Escape of Chaucer's Chauntecleer: A Brief Revaluation." Chaucer Review 36 (2001-2002): 329-335. [Nun's Priest's Tale]

Pelen, Marc M. "Idleness and Alchemy in Fragment VIII(G) of Chaucer's Canterbury Tales: Oppositions in Themes and Images from the Roman de la Rose." Forum for Modern Language Studies 31.3 (July 1995): 193-214.

Perry, Sigrid Pohl. "'Trewe wedded libbynge folk': Metaphors of Marriage in Piers Plowman and the Canterbury Tales." Ph.D. diss., Northwestern University, 1981. [DAI 42 (1981-1982): 2125A. Abstract: "Marriage is a common experience which often molds other relationships, so Chaucer and Langland find it a ready vehicle to explore human interaction on other levels. The inward extension of union reflects the integration of the faculties of the mind with the passions of the body--a psychological marriage, and the harmony of the soul with God--a spiritual marriage. In the same way the various elements of society are united to their sovereign in a political marriage through law and affection. These analogies are not original with Chaucer and Langland. The nuptial metaphor has a long history in moral psychology, theology, and political philosophy. To understand just how Langland and Chaucer manipulate the marriage metaphor in its psychological, spiritual, and political dimensions, the dissertation explores some of these traditional uses of the metaphor and compares them with Chaucer's and Langland's treatment."]

Phillips, Helen, ed. Chaucer and Religion. Christianity and Culture 4. Cambridge and Rochester, NY: D. S. Brewer / Boydell and Brewer, 2010.

Phillips, Helen. An Introduction to the Canterbury Tales: Fiction, Writing, Context. New York: St. Martin's Press, 2000.

Phillips, Helen. "Structure and Consolation in the Book of the Duchess." Chaucer Review 16 (1981-1982): 107-118.

Pichaske, David R., and Laura Sweetland. "Chaucer on the Medieval Monarchy: Harry Bailly in The Canterbury Tales." Chaucer Review 11 (1976-1977): 179-200.

Pigg, Daniel F. "The Carpenter's 'Ernest of Game': A Reevaluation of Noah's Flood in the Miller's Tale." In Geardagum: Essays on Old and Middle English Language and Literature 15 (1994): 41-53.

Pinti, Daniel J., ed. Writing after Chaucer: Essential Readings in Chaucer and the Fifteenth Century. Basic Readings in Chaucer and his Times 1; Garland Reference Library of the Humanities 2040. New York and London: Garland Publishing, 1998.

Portnoy, Phyllis. "The Best-text / Best-book of Canterbury: The Dialogic of the Fragments." Florilegium 13 (1994): 161-172.

Portnoy, Phyllis. "Beyond the Gothic Cathedral: Post-Modern Reflections in the Canterbury Tales." Chaucer Review 28 (1993-1994): 279-292.

Potter, Russell Alan. "Political Chaucer: The Deployment of the Chaucer Canon, 1390-1990." Ph.D. diss., Brown University, 1991. [DAI 52 (1991-1992): 3276A.]

Pratt, John H. "Was Chaucer's Knight Really a Mercenary?" Chaucer Review 22 (1987-1988): 8-27. [In part, a response to Terry Jones, Chaucer's Knight. See also Derek Brewer ("Chaucer's Knight as Hero"); also Emerson Brown ("Chaucer's Knight"); also Maurice Keen ("Chaucer's Knight").]

Pratt, Robert A. "Jankyn's Book of Wikked Wyves: Medieval Antimatrimonial Propaganda in the Universities." Annuale Mediaevale 3 (1962): 5-27.

Prendergast, Thomas A., and Barbara Kline, eds. Rewriting Chaucer: Culture, Authority, and the Idea of the Authentic Text. Athens, OH: Ohio State University Press, 1999.

Price, Merrall Llewelyn. "Sadism and Sentimentality: Absorbing Antisemitism in Chaucer's Prioress." Chaucer Review 43 (2008-2009): 197-214.

Prior, Sandra Pierson. "Parodying Typology and the Mystery Plays in the Miller's Tale." Journal of Medieval and Renaissance Studies 16 (1986): 57-73.

Prior, Sandra Pierson. "Virginity and Sacrifice in Chaucer's Physician's Tale." In Constructions of Widowhood and Virginity in the Middle Ages. Ed. Cindy L. Carlson, and Angela Jane Weisl. New Middle Ages. New York: St. Martin's, 1999. Pp. 165-180.

Pugh, Tison, and Marcia Smith Marzec, eds. Men and Masculinities in Chaucer's "Troilus and Criseyde." Chaucer Studies 38. Cambridge, and Rochester, NY: D. S. Brewer / Boydell and Brewer, 2008. ["Issues relating to the male characters and the construction of masculinities in Chaucer's masterpiece of love found and love lost are explored here. Collectively the essays address the question of what it means to be a man in the Middle Ages, what constitutes masculinity in this era, and how such masculinities are culturally constructed; they seek to advance scholarly understanding of the themes, characters, and actions of Troilus and Criseyde through the hermeneutics of medieval and modern concepts of manliness. Throughout, they argue that Troilus and the other characters, including Criseyde, are subject to multiple and conflicting interpretations, especially in regard to the intersections of their genders with their sexual performances and their conflicted relationships to generic expectations for gendered conduct" (publisher's description).
Contents: Introduction: "The Myths of Masculinity in Chaucer's Troilus and Criseyde"; "'Beautiful as Troilus': Richard II, Chaucer's Troilus, and Figures of (Un)Masculinity," John M. Bowers; "The State of Exception and Sovereign Masculinity in Troilus and Criseyde," Robert Sturges; "Revisiting Troilus's Faint," Gretchen Mieszkowski; "What Makes a Man?: Troilus, Hector, and the Masculinities of Courtly Love," Marcia Smith Marzec; "Masculinity and Its Hydraulic Semiotics in Chaucer's Troilus and Criseyde," James J. Paxson; "Masochism, Masculinity, and the Pleasures of Troilus," Holly Crocker; "'The Dreams in Which I'm Dying': Sublimation and Unstable Masculinities in Troilus and Criseyde," Kate Koppelman; "'A Mannes Game': Criseyde's Masculinity in Troilus and Criseyde," Angela Jane Weisl; "Troilus's Gaze and the Collapse of Masculinity in Romance," Molly A. Martin; "Sutured Looks and Homoeroticism: Reading Troilus and Pandarus Cinematically," Richard Zeikowitz; "Being a Man in Piers Plowman and Troilus and Criseyde," Michael A. Calabrese; "'The Monstruosity in Love': Sexual Division in Chaucer and Shakespeare," R. Allen Shoaf.]

Puhvel, Martin. "The Death of Alys of Bath's 'Revelour' Husband." Neuphilologische Mitteilungen 103 (2002): 329-340. [Wife of Bath]

Pulham, Carol A. "Promises, Premises: Dorigen's Dilemma Revisited." Chaucer Review 31 (1996-1997): 76-86.

Pulsiano, Philip. "Redeemed Language and the Ending of Troilus and Criseyde." In Sign, Sentence, Discourse: Language in Medieval Thought and Literature. Ed. Julian N. Wasserman and Lois Roney. Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 1989. Pp. 153-174.

Pulsiano, Philip. "The Twelve Spoked Wheel of the Summoner's Tale." Chaucer Review 29 (1994-1995): 382-389.

Quinn, Esther Casier. Geoffrey Chaucer and the Poetics of Disguise. Lanham: University Press of America, 2008. [Contents: Introduction: Telling the truth, but telling it slant; Intimations of what's to come: people, places, events, and poetry; Dream worlds; Pagan worlds; Moving toward Canterbury; Chaucer in a different key: the short poems.]

Rambuss, Richard. "'Processe of Tyme': History, Consolation, and Apocalypse in The Book of the Duchess." Exemplaria 2 (1990): 659-683.

Raybin, David. "'And pave it al of silver and of gold': The Humane Artistry of 'The Canon's Yeoman's Tale.'" In Rebels and Rivals: The Contestive Spirit in "The Canterbury Tales." Ed. Susanna Greer Fein, David Raybin, and Peter C. Braeger. Fwd. Derek Pearsall. Studies in Medieval Culture 29. Kalamazoo, MI: Medieval Institute Publications, Western Michigan University Press, 1991. Pp. 189-212.

Raybin, David. "Custance and History: Woman as Outsider in Chaucer's Man of Law's Tale." Studies in the Age of Chaucer 12 (1990): 65-84.

Raybin, David. "'Wommen, of Kynde, Desiren Libertee': Rereading Dorigen, Rereading Marriage." Chaucer Review 27 (1992-1993): 65-86.

Rayner, Samantha J. Images of Kingship in Chaucer and his Ricardian Contemporaries. Chaucer Studies. Cambridge: D. S. Brewer / Boydell and Brewer, 2008.

Reichl, Karl. "Chaucer's Troilus: Philosophy and Language." In The European Tragedy of Troilus. Ed. Piero Boitani. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1989. Pp. 133-152.

Reidy, John. "Grouping of Pilgrims in the 'General Prologue' to The Canterbury Tales." Papers of the Michigan Academy of Science, Arts and Letters 47 (1962): 595-603.

Reiss, Edmund. "Ambiguous Signs and Authorial Deceptions in Fourteenth-Century Fictions." In Sign, Sentence, Discourse: Language in Medieval Thought and Literature. Ed. Julian N. Wasserman and Lois Roney. Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 1989. Pp. 113-137.

Reiss, Edmund. "Chaucer and Medieval Irony." Studies in the Age of Chaucer 1 (1979): 67-82.

Reiss, Edmund. "The Pilgrimage Narrative and the Canterbury Tales." Studies in Philology 67 (1970): 295-305.

Rex, Richard. "The Sins of Madame Eglentyne" and Other Essays on Chaucer. Newark: University of Delaware Press; London: Associated University Presses, 1995.

Richardson, Cynthia C. "The Function of the Host in the Canterbury Tales." Texas Studies in Literature and Language 12 (1970): 325-344.

Richardson, Gudrun. "The Old Man in Chaucer's Pardoner's Tale: An Interpretative Study of His Identity and Meaning." Neophilologus 87 (2003): 323-337.

Riddy, Felicity. "Engendering Pity in the Franklin's Tale." In Feminist Readings in Middle English Poetry: The Wife of Bath and All Her Sect. Ed. Ruth Evans, and Lesley Johnson. London and New York: Routledge, 1994. Pp. 54-71.

Rigby, S. H. Chaucer in Context: Society, Allegory and Gender. Manchester Medieval Studies. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1996. [A historian considers current disputes in Chaucer studies (was he a sceptic or a believer? was he a misogynist or a defender of women? did his writings challenge the social order or defend the status quo?)]

Rigby, S. H. "The Wife of Bath, Christine de Pizan, and the Medieval Case for Women." Chaucer Review 35 (2000-2001): 133-165.

Robertson, D. W., Jr. A Preface to Chaucer: Studies in Medieval Perspectives. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1963.

Robbins, Rossell Hope. "Geoffroi Chaucier, Poète français, Father of English Poetry." Chaucer Review 13 (1978-1979): 93-115. [Geoffrey Chaucer as a writer of French verse.]

Robinson, Ian. Chaucer and the English Tradition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1972.

Rock, Catherine A. "Forsworn and Fordone: Arcite as Oath-Breaker in the Knight's Tale." Chaucer Review 40 (2005-2006): 416-432.

Rooney, Anne. Geoffrey Chaucer: A Guide through the Critical Maze. Criticism in Focus / State of the Art. Bristol: Bristol Press / Bristol Classical Press, 1989.

Rose, Christine M. "The Jewish Mother-in-Law: Synagoga and the Man of Law's Tale." In Chaucer and the Jews: Sources, Contexts, Meanings. Ed. Sheila Delany. Multicultural Middle Ages. New York and London: Routledge, 2002. Pp. 3-23.

Rose, Christine M. "Reading Chaucer Reading Rape." In Representing Rape in Medieval and Early Modern Literature. Ed. Elizabeth Robertson and Christine M. Rose. New Middle Ages. New York: Palgrave, 2001. Pp. 21-60.

Rosenberg, Bruce. "The Oral Performance of Chaucer's Poetry." Forum 13 (1980): 224-237.

Ross, Valerie A. "Believing Cassandra: Intertextual Politics and the Interpretation of Dreams in Troilus and Criseyde." Chaucer Review 31 (1996-1997): 339-356.

Rossiter, William T. Chaucer and Petrarch. Chaucer Studies. Cambridge: D. S. Brewer / Boydell and Brewer, 2010.

Rowland, Beryl. "The Chess Problem in Chaucer's Book of the Duchess." Anglia 80 (1962): 384-389.

Royle, Nicholas. "'The Miller's Tale' in Chaucer's Time." In Postmodernism Across the Ages: Essays for a Postmodernity That Wasn't Born Yesterday. Ed. Bill Readings and Bennet Schaber. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 1993. Pp. 63-71.

Rudat, Wolfgang E. H. Earnest Exuberance in Chaucer's Poetics: Textual Games in the Canterbury Tales. Lewiston, NY: Edwin Mellen Press, 1993.

Rudd, Niall. The Classical Tradition in Operation: Chaucer, Virgil, Shakespeare, Plautus, Pope, Horace, Tennyson, Lucretius, Pound, Propertius. Robson Classical Lectures 2. Toronto, Buffalo, and London: University of Toronto Press, 1994. [Lecture 1 is on Chaucer and Virgil.]

Ruggiers, Paul G. "Serious Chaucer: The Tale of Melibeus and the Parson's Tale." In Chaucerian Problems and Perspectives: Essays Presented to Paul E. Beichner, C.S.C. Ed. Edward Vasta and Zacharias P. Thundy. Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press, 1979. Pp. 83-94.

Russell, J. Stephen. Chaucer and the Trivium: The Mindsong of the Canterbury Tales. Gainesville, FL: University Press of Florida, 1998. [A study of how Chaucer's education and his ideas of language are reflected in his works.]

Ruud, Jay. "'My spirit hath his fostryng in the Bible': 'The Summoner's Tale' and the Holy Spirit." In Rebels and Rivals: The Contestive Spirit in "The Canterbury Tales." Ed. Susanna Greer Fein, David Raybin, and Peter C. Braeger. Fwd. Derek Pearsall. Studies in Medieval Culture 29. Kalamazoo, MI: Medieval Institute Publications, Western Michigan University Press, 1991. Pp. 125-148.

Sadlek, Gregory M. "Bakhtin, the Novel, and Chaucer's Troilus and Criseyde." Chaucer Yearbook 3 (1996): 87-101.

Sadlek, Gregory M. "Chaucer in the Dock: Literature, Women, and Medieval Antifeminism." Studies in Medieval and Renaissance Teaching 14.1 (Spring, 2007): 117-131.

St. John, Michael. Chaucer's Dream Visions: Courtliness and Individual Identity. Studies in European Cultural Transition 7. Aldershot, Hants., and Brookfield, VT: Ashgate, 2000. ["A thorough examination of the European dimension of Chaucer's four dream visions which, Michael St John argues, were intended as devices to communicate the courtly culture of European poets such as Boethius, Dante and Guillaume de Lorris. Considering the 'Book of the Duchess,' the 'House of Fame,' the 'Parliament of Fowls' and the 'Legend of Good Women' in turn, St John illustrates the influence of Thomas Aquinas on Chaucer's philosophy and considers Chaucer's use of literary materials and social conventions" (publisher's description).]

Salter, Elizabeth. "Troilus and Criseyde: Poet and Narrator." Acts of Interpretation: The Text in Its Contexts, 700-1600: Essays on Medieval and Renaissance Literature in Honor of E. Talbot Donaldson. Ed. Mary J. Carruthers and Elizabeth Kirk. Norman, OK: Pilgrim Books, 1982. Pp. 281-291.

Salu, Mary, ed. Essays on "Troilus and Criseyde." Chaucer Studies 3. Woodbridge, Suffolk: Boydell and Brewer, 1991.

Sanyal, Jharna. "Criseyde through the Boethian Glass." Journal of the Department of English (Calcutta University) 22 (1986): 72-89.

Sato, Tsutomu. "The Narrator-Audience Relationship in Chaucer's Troilus and Criseyde." Studies in Medieval English Language and Literature 2 (1987): 31-53.

Saul, Nigel. "Chaucer and Gentility." In Chaucer's England: Literature in Historical Context. Ed. Barbara Hanawalt. Medieval Studies at Minnesota 4. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1992. Pp. 41-55.

Saunders, Corinne J., ed. Chaucer. Blackwell Guides to Criticism. Oxford, and Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing, 2001. [Presents "key critical views of Chaucer in the twentieth century."]

Saunders, Corinne J. "Chaucer's The Canterbury Tales." In A Companion to Medieval Poetry. Ed. Corinne J. Saunders. Blackwell Companions to Literature and Culture 67. Chichester, and Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2010. Pp. 452-475.

Saunders, Corinne J. "Love and the Making of the Self: 'Troilus and Criseyde.'" In A Concise Companion to Chaucer. Ed. Corinne Saunders. Blackwell Concise Companions to Literature and Culture. Oxford, and Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishers, 2006. Pp. 134-155.

Saunders, Corinne J. "Women Displaced: Rape and Romance in Chaucer's Wife of Bath's Tale." Arthurian Literature 13 (1995): 115-131.

Sayce, Olive. "Chaucer's 'Retractions': The Conclusion of the Canterbury Tales and its Place in Literary Tradition." Medium Ævum 40 (1971): 230-248. [Posits the idea that the Retraction may be a scribe's attempt to bring the Tales to a neat conclusion rather than being Chaucer's.]

Scanlon, Larry. "The Authority of Fable: Allegory and Irony in the Nun's Priest's Tale." Exemplaria 1 (1989): 43-68.

Scattergood, [Vincent] John. "Chaucer in the Suburbs." In Medieval Literature and Antiquities: Studies in Honour of Basil Cottle. Ed. Myra Stokes and T. L. Burton. Cambridge: D. S. Brewer / Boydell and Brewer, 1987. Pp. 145-162. [On medieval London: the walled city, the countryside, the suburbs. Rpt. in his Reading the Past: Essays on Medieval and Renaissance Literature. Dublin, and Portland, OR: Four Courts Press, 1996. Pp. 128-145.]

Scattergood, V[incent] J[ohn]. "Perkyn Revelour and the 'Cook's Tale.'" Chaucer Review 19 (1984-1985): 14-23. [Rpt. in his Reading the Past: Essays on Medieval and Renaissance Literature. Dublin, and Portland, OR: Four Courts Press, 1996. Pp. 183-191. Perkyn is a recognizable literary type: he is a "revelour" (like the Wife of Bath's fourth husband, or the protagonists of the "Pardoner's Tale") and, perhaps, a "gallaunt." Scattergood also speculates somewhat on what the plot might have been. He concludes with the suggestion that Chaucer may have abandoned the tale because it would have been too much like the "Pardoner's Tale" had he continued.]

Scattergood, [Vincent] John. "Social and Political Issues in Chaucer: An Approach to Lak of Stedfastnesse." Chaucer Review 21 (1986-1987): 469-475. [Rpt. in his Reading the Past: Essays on Medieval and Renaissance Literature. Dublin, and Portland, OR: Four Courts Press, 1996. Pp. 192-198.]

Scheitzeneder, Franziska. "'For myn entente nys but for to pleye': On the Playground with the Wife of Bath, the Clerk of Oxford, and Jacques Derrida." In Clerks, Wives and Historians: Essays on Medieval English Language and Literature. Sammlung / Collection Variations 8. Ed. Winfried Rudolf, Thomas Honegger, and Andrew James Johnston. Bern, Berlin, Bruxelles, Frankfurt am Main, New York, Oxford, Vienna: Peter Lang, 2007. Pp. ??.

Scheps, Walter. "Sir Thopas: The Bourgeois Knight, the Minstrel and the Critics." Tennessee Studies in Literature 11 (1966): 35-43.

Schibanoff, Susan. Chaucer's Queer Poetics: Rereading the Dream Trio. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2006.

Schibanoff, Susan. "Worlds Apart: Orientalism, Antifeminism, and Heresy in Chaucer's Man of Law's Tale." Exemplaria 8.1 (Spring 1996): 59-96.

Schildgen, Brenda Deen. Pagans, Tartars, Moslems and Jews in Chaucer's "Canterbury Tales." Tampa: University of South Florida Press, 2001.

Schless, Howard. Dante and Chaucer. Norman, OK: Pilgrim Books, 1984.

Schmidt, A. V. C. "Chaucer and the Golden Age." Essays in Criticism 26 (1976): 99-115.

Schneider, Paul Stephen. "'Taillynge Ynough': The Function of Money in the Shipman's Tale." Chaucer Review 11 (1976-1977): 201-209.

Schoek, Richard J., and J. Taylor, ed. Chaucer Criticism: An Anthology. 2 vols. Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press, 1960-1961.

Schwartz, Robert B. "The Social Character of May Games: A Popular Background for Chaucer's Merchant's Tale." Zeitschrift für Anglistik und Amerikanistik 27 (1979): 43-51.

Schweitzer, Edward C. "Fate and Freedom in The Knight's Tale." Studies in the Age of Chaucer 3 (1981): 13-46.

Schweitzer, Edward C. "The Misdirected Kiss and the Lover's Malady in Chaucer's 'Miller's Tale.'" In Chaucer in the Eighties. Ed. Julian N. Wasserman and Robert J. Blanch. Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 1986. Pp. 223-233.

Scott, Anne. "'Considerynge the Beste on Every Syde': Ethics, Empathy, and Epistemology in the Franklin's Tale." Chaucer Review 29 (1994-1995): 390-415.

Scott-Macnab, David. "A Re-examination of Octovyen's Hunt in The Book of the Duchess." Medium Ævum 56 (1987): 183-199.

Severs, J. Burke. The Literary Relationships of Chaucer's "Clerkes Tale." Hamden: Archon, 1972.

Seymour, M[aurice] C[harles]. A Catalogue of Chaucer Manuscripts. 2 vols. Aldershot, Hants., and Brookfield, VT: Ashgate / Scolar Press, 1995-1997.

Sharp, Michael D. "Reading Chaucer's 'Manly Man': The Trouble with Masculinity in the Monk's Prologue and Tale." In Masculinities in Chaucer: Approaches to Maleness in the "Canterbury Tales" and "Troilus and Criseyde." Ed. Peter G. Beidler. Chaucer Studies 25. Cambridge: D. S. Brewer / Boydell and Brewer, 1998. Pp. 173-185.

Sherman, Mark A. "The Politics of Discourse in Chaucer's Knight's Tale." Exemplaria 6 (1994): 87-114.

Shoaf, R. Allen. Chaucer's Body: The Anxiety of Circulation in the "Canterbury Tales." Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2001.

Shoaf, R. Allen. "The Franklin's Tale: Chaucer and Medusa." In Chaucer: Contemporary Critical Essays. Ed. Valerie Allen and Ares Axiotis. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1996. Pp. 242-252.

Shoaf, R. Allen, and Catherine S. Cox, eds. Chaucer's Troilus and Criseyde, "Subgit to alle poesye": Essays in Criticism. Medieval and Renaissance Texts and Studies 104. Binghamton: Center for Medieval and Renaissance Studies, SUNY, 1992.

Smith, Warren S. "Dorigen's Lament and the Resolution of the Franklin's Tale." Chaucer Review 36 (2001-2002): 374-390.

Smith, Warren S. "The Wife of Bath Debates Jerome." Chaucer Review 32 (1997-1998): 129-145.

Smyser, H. M. "The Domestic Background of Troilus and Criseyde." Speculum 31 (1956): 297-315. [An attempt to imagine the houses of Troilus and Criseyde, especially Criseyde's house, as an aid to better understanding the poem.]

Smyth, Karen Elaine. "Reassessing Chaucer's Cosmological Discourse at the End of 'Troilus and Criseyde' (c.1385)." Fifteenth-Century Studies 32 (2007): 150-163.

Spearing, A. C. "Classical Antiquity in Chaucer's Chivalric Romances." In Chivalry, Knighthood, and War in the Middle Ages. Ed. Susan J. Ridyard. Sewanee Mediaeval Studies 9. Sewanee, TN: University of the South Press, 1999. Pp. 53-73.

Spearing, A[nthony] C. "Renaissance Chaucer and Father Chaucer." English 34.1 [148] (Spring 1985): 1-38.

Specht, Henrik. Chaucer's Franklin in The Canterbury Tales: The Social and Literary Background of a Chaucerian Character. Publications of the Department of English, the University of Copenhagen, 10. Copenhagen: Akademisk Forl., 1981.

Sprung, Andrew. "'If it youre wille be': Coercion and Compliance in Chaucer's Clerk's Tale." Exemplaria 7.2 (Fall 1995): 345-369.

Spurgeon, Caroline F[rances] E[leanor], ed. Five Hundred Years of Chaucer Criticism and Allusion, 1357-1900. 3 vols. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1925.

Stanbury, Sarah. "Regimes of the Visual in Premodern England: Gaze, Body, and Chaucer's Clerk's Tale." New Literary History 28 (1997): 261-289.

Stanbury, Sarah. "The Voyeur and the Private Life in Troilus and Criseyde." Studies in the Age of Chaucer 13 (1991): 141-158.

Stanbury, Sarah. "Women's Letters and Private Space in Chaucer." Exemplaria 6 (1994-1995): 271-285.

Steadman, John M. Disembodied Laughter: Troilus and the Apotheosis Tradition. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1972.

Steinberg, Diane Vanner. "'We do Usen Here no Wommen for to Selle': Embodiment of Social Practices in Troilus and Criseyde." Chaucer Review 29 (1994-1995): 259-273. [Male desire ("love") is often described in medieval texts as a "besieging" of a woman until she "yields": thus it is a form of masculine intrusion into feminine space. Troilus and Criseyde are not playing the same game or at any point moving towards a mutually satisfying conclusion: "Troilus wants a lover in the Romeo and Juliet mode, someone with his almost adolescent commitment to an ideal of love. He believes that he has found her in Criseyde, but, of course, what Pandarus actually woos and obtains for him is an ordinary mortal woman, perhaps more in the mode of one of Shakespeare's comic heroines, a Rosalind who knows that 'men have died from time to time, and worms have eaten them, but not for love,' or a Beatrice who teasingly maintains that she loves 'no more than reason,' and only 'in friendly recompense.' Troilus is very much a tragic hero who finds himself on stage with a comic heroine, one determined to end the play with an affirmation of life on earth, despite all of the difficulties of that life. It is precisely this comic determination that enables Criseyde to survive her transfer to the Greek camp" (269).]

Steinberg, Glenn A. "Chaucer in the Field of Cultural Production: Humanism, Dante, and the House of Fame." Chaucer Review 35 (2000-2001): 182-203.

Stevens, Martin. "The Winds of Fortune in the Troilus." Chaucer Review 13 (1978-1979): 285-307.

Strohm, Paul. "Chaucer's Audience." Literature and History 3 [no. 5] (1977): 26-41.

Strohm, Paul. Social Chaucer. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1989.

Strohm, Paul. "Some Generic Distinctions in the Canterbury Tales." Modern Philology 68 (1971): 321-328.

Stroud, T. A. "The Palinode, the Narrator, and Pandarus's Alleged Incest." Chaucer Review 27 (1992-1993): 16-30.

Sturges, Robert S. "The Canterbury Tales' Women Narrators: Three Traditions of Female Authority." Modern Language Studies 13 (1983): 41-51.

Sweeney, Michelle. Magic in Medieval Romance: From Chrétien de Troyes to Geoffrey Chaucer. Dublin, and Portland, OR: Four Courts Press, 2000.

Taylor, Andrew. "Anne of Bohemia and the Making of Chaucer." Studies in the Age of Chaucer 19 (1997): 95-119.

Taylor, Andrew. "The Curious Eye and the Alternative Endings of The Canterbury Tales." In Part Two: Reflections on the Sequel. Ed. Paul Budra and Betty A. Schellenberg. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1998. Pp. 34-52.

Taylor, Mark N. "Servant and Lord / Lady and Wife: The Franklin's Tale and Traditions of Courtly and Conjugal Love." Chaucer Review 32 (1997-1998): 64-81.

Taylor, Paul Beekman. Chaucer's Chain of Love. Madison, NJ: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 1996. ["Traces the thematic and structural implications for Chaucer's poetry of the Platonic-Christian concept of the chain of love between God and his creation, linking time, space, and words."]

Terrell, Katherine H. "Reallocation of Hermeneutic Authority in Chaucer's House of Fame." Chaucer Review 31 (1996-1997): 279-290.

Thomas, Paul R. "Cato on Chauntecleer: Chaucer's Sophisticated Audience." Neophilologus 72 (1988): 278-283.

Thomas, Paul R. "'Have ye no mannes herte?': Chauntecleer as Cock Man in the Nun's Priest's Tale." In Masculinities in Chaucer: Approaches to Maleness in the "Canterbury Tales" and "Troilus and Criseyde." Ed. Peter G. Beidler. Chaucer Studies 25. Cambridge: D. S. Brewer / Boydell and Brewer, 1998. Pp. 187-202.

Thomas, Susanne Sara. "The Problem of Defining Sovereynetee in the Wife of Bath's Tale." Chaucer Review 41 (2006-2007): 87-97.

Thompson, N. S. "Man's Flesh and Woman's Spirit in the Decameron and the Canterbury Tales." In The Body and the Soul in Medieval Literature. Ed. Piero Boitani and Anna Torti. The J. A. W. Bennett Memorial Lectures, Tenth Series, Perugia, 1998. Cambridge: D. S. Brewer, 1999. Pp. 17-29.

Thundy, Zacharias P. "Significance of Pilgrimage in Chaucer's Canterbury Tales." Literary Half-Yearly 20.2 (July 1979): 64-77.

Thurston, Paul T. Artistic Ambivalence in Chaucer's Knight's Tale. Gainesville: University of Florida Press, 1968.

Tomasch, Sylvia. "Postcolonial Chaucer and the Virtual Jew." In The Postcolonial Middle Ages. Ed. Jeffrey Jerome Cohen. New Middle Ages. New York: St. Martin's Press, 2000. Pp. 243-260. [Rpt. in Chaucer and the Jews: Sources, Contexts, Meanings. Ed. Sheila Delany. Multicultural Middle Ages. New York and London: Routledge, 2002. Pp. 69-85.]

Traversi, Derek. Chaucer, The Earlier Poetry: A Study in Poetic Development. Newark: University of Delaware Press, 1987.

Travis, Peter W. "Reading Chaucer Ab Ovo: Mock-Exemplum in the Nun's Priest's Tale." In The Performance of Middle English Culture: Essays on Chaucer and the Drama in Honor of Martin Stevens. Ed. James J. Paxson, Lawrence M. Clopper, and Sylvia Tomasch. Cambridge, and Rochester, NY: D. S. Brewer / Boydell and Brewer, 1998. Pp. 161-181.

Treharne, Elaine. "The Stereotype Confirmed?: Chaucer's Wife of Bath." In Writing Gender and Genre in Medieval Literature: Approaches to Old and Middle English Texts. Ed. Elaine Treharne. Essays and Studies ns 55. Cambridge: D. S. Brewer / Boydell and Brewer, for the English Association, 2002. Pp. 93-115.

Trigg, Stephanie. Congenial Souls: Reading Chaucer from Medieval to Postmodern. Medieval Cultures 30. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2002. [Reception history.]

Trigg, Stephanie. "Discourses of Affinity in the Reading Communities of Geoffrey Chaucer." In Rewriting Chaucer: Culture, Authority, and the Idea of the Authentic Text, 1400-1602. Ed. Thomas A. Prendergast and Barbara Kline. Columbus, OH: Ohio State University Press, 1999. Pp. 270-291.

Tripp, Raymond P., Jr. "Beowulf and Chaucer's Walter: Memory and the Continuity of Compulsion." Geardagum: Essays on Old and Middle English Language and Literature 9 (1988): 59-74.

Turner, Marion. Chaucerian Conflict: Languages of Antagonism in Late Fourteenth-Century London. Oxford English Monographs. Oxford: Clarendon Press; New York: Oxford University Press, 2007.

Ullyot, Michael. "English Auctores and Authorial Readers: Early Modernizations of Chaucer and Lydgate." In Reading and Literacy in the Middle Ages and Renaissance. Ed. Ian Frederick Moulton. Arizona Studies in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance 8. Turnhout: Brepols, and Abingdon: Marston, 2004. Pp. 45-62.

Utz, R. Chaucer and the Discourse of German Philology: A History of Reception and an Annotated Bibliography of Studies, 1798-1948. Making the Middle Ages. Turnhout: Brepols, 2002.

Van Dyke, Carolynn. "The Clerk's and Franklin's Subjected Subjects." Studies in the Age of Chaucer 17 (1995): 45-68.

Van, Thomas A. "False Texts and Disappearing Women in the Wife of Bath's Prologue and Tale." Chaucer Review 29 (1994-1995): 179-193.

Van, Thomas A. "Walter at the Stake: A Reading of Chaucer's Clerk's Tale." Chaucer Review 22 (1987-1988): 214-224.

Vandelinde, Henry. "'Wlatsom and Abhomynable': Murder and Homicide in the Canterbury Tales." Clues 22.2 (Fall-Winter 2001): 167-176.

Veldhoen, N. H. G. E. "'Which was the mooste fre?': Chaucer's Realistic Humour and Insight into Human Nature as Shown in The Frankeleyns Tale." In In Other Words: Transcultural Studies in Philology, Translation, and Lexicology Presented to Hans Heinrich Meier on the Occasion of His Sixty-Fifth Birthday. Ed. J. Lachlan Mackenzie and Richard Todd. Dordrecht: Foris Publications, 1989. Pp. 107-116. [The concluding demaund in the tale is not a merely rhetorical question; indeed, in some of the analogues getting the answer correct is a matter of life and death. Veldhoen argues that Chaucer complicates the situation generally, that "Dorigen" is not a possible answer since in the various analogues her behaviour is quite explicitly condemned; rather, he argues that, in Chaucer's version, either Averagus or Aurelius are "correct" answers (Averagus in terms of strict justice, Aurelius with some lovers' sympathy).]

Volk-Birke, Sabine. Chaucer and Medieval Preaching: Rhetoric for Listeners in Sermons and Poetry. Tübingen: Gunter Narr, 1991.

Wack, Mary F. "Lovesickness in Troilus." Pacific Coast Philology 19.1 (Nov. 1984): 55-61.

Wack, Mary F. "Pandarus, Poetry, and Healing." Studies in the Age of Chaucer: Proceedings 2 (1986): 127-133.

Walker, Faye. "Making Trouble: Postmodern Theory with/in Chaucer Studies." Style 26 (1992): 577-592.

Walker, Greg. "Laughable Men: Comedy and Masculinity from Chaucer to Shakespeare." In Puzzling Laughter in Plays of the Tudor Age / Rires et problemes dans le theatre des Tudor. Ed. Roberta Mullini. Collection-Theta 6. Bern, Switzerland: Peter Lang, 2002. Pp. 1-20.

Walker, Greg. "Rough Girls and Squeamish Boys: The Trouble with Absolon in The Miller's Tale." In Writing Gender and Genre in Medieval Literature: Approaches to Old and Middle English Texts. Ed. Elaine Treharne. Essays and Studies ns 55. Cambridge: D. S. Brewer / Boydell and Brewer, for the English Association, 2002. Pp. 61-91.

Wallace, David. "Chaucer and the Absent City." In Chaucer's England: Literature in Historical Context. Ed. Barbara Hanawalt. Medieval Studies at Minnesota 4. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1992. Pp. 59-90. [London per se is not presented in the Canterbury Tales directly (the pilgrimage begins, not in London, but in Southwark). But there are, as in the "Cook's Tale" or the "Canon's Yeoman's Tale," descriptions of city life based upon Chaucer's knowledge of London: the figure of the City in the Canterbury Tales tends to be one of a place of "duplicity and bad faith."]

Wasserman, Julian N. "Both Fixed and Free: Language and Destiny in Chaucer's Knight's Tale and Troilus and Criseyde." In Sign, Sentence, Discourse: Language in Medieval Thought and Literature. Ed. Julian N. Wasserman and Lois Roney. Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 1989. Pp. 194-222.

Wasserman, Julian N., and Robert J. Blanch, eds. Chaucer in the Eighties. Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 1986.

Watson, Robert A. "Dialogue and Invention in the Book of the Duchess." Modern Philology 98 (2001): 543-576.

Weisl, Angela Jane. Conquering the Reign of Femeny: Gender and Genre in Chaucer's Romance. Chaucer Studies 22. Woodbridge, Suffolk: Boydell and Brewer, 1995.

Weisl, Angela Jane. "'Quiting Eve': Violence Against Women in the Canterbury Tales." In Violence Against Women in Medieval Texts. Ed. Anna Roberts. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 1998. Pp. 115-136. [Summary: "Though Chaucer grants women agency in CT, they act against a background of violence that is often ignored or mitigated. The fabliaux, the romances, and the religious narratives all present violence against women as a normal part of society. WBT comes closest to challenging such violence, and ClT is the most antipathetic to women" [Online Chaucer Bibliography].]

Wenzel, Siegfried. "Chaucer's Pardoner and his Relics." Studies in the Age of Chaucer 11 (1989): 37-41.

West, Richard. Chaucer, 1340-1400: The Life and Times of the First English Poet. London: Constable; New York: Carroll and Graf, 2000.

Wetherbee, Winthrop. Chaucer and the Poets: An Essay on Troilus and Criseyde. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1984.

Wetherbee, Winthrop. "Chaucer and the Tragic Vision of Life." Poetica 55 (2001): 39-53.

Wetherbee, Winthrop. "Convention and Authority: A Comment on Some Recent Critical Approaches to Chaucer." In New Perspectives in Chaucer Criticism. Ed. Donald Rose. Norman, OK: Pilgrim Books, 1981. Pp. 71-81.

Wetherbee, Winthrop. Geoffrey Chaucer: The Canterbury Tales. Landmarks of World Literature. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989.

Wheatley, [Thomas] Edward. "Commentary Displacing Text: The Nun's Priest's Tale and the Scholastic Fable Tradition." Studies in the Age of Chaucer 18 (1996): 119-141.

Wheeler, Bonnie. "Trouthe without Consequences: Rhetoric and Gender in Chaucer's Franklin's Tale." In Representations of the Feminine in the Middle Ages. Ed. Bonnie Wheeler. Feminea Medievalia 1. Dallas: Academia, 1993. Pp. 91-116.

Whitlark, James S. "Chaucer and the Pagan Gods." Annuale Mediaevale 18 (1977): 65-75.

Wilcockson, Colin. "A Note on Chaucer's Prioress and her Literary Kinship with the Wife of Bath." Medium Ævum 61 (1992): 92-96. [The fact that both the description of the Prioress and the arguments advanced in the Wife of Bath's Prologue derive from the same passage in the Romance of the Rose is seen as a significant and suggestive linkage between the two "literary sisters."]

Williams, Andrew. "Clerics and Courtly Love in Andreas Capellanus' The Art of Courtly Love and Chaucer's Canterbury Tales." Revista Alicantina de Estudios Ingleses 3 (1990): 127-136.

Williams, David. The Canterbury Tales: A Literary Pilgrimage. Boston: Twayne Publishers / G. K. Hall, 1987.

Williams, David. "Distentio, Intentio, Attentio: Intentionality and Chaucer's Third Eye." Florilegium 15 (1998): 37-60. [On "intention" and the third eye of Prudence (mentioned by Criseyde).]

Wilson, Katharina. "Hagiographic (Dis)play: Chaucer's 'The Miller's Tale.'" In Auctor Ludens: Essays on Play in Literature. Ed. Gerald Guinness and Andrew Hurley. Philadelphia: Benjamins, 1986. Pp. 37-45.

Wimsatt, James I. Chaucer and his French Contemporaries: Natural Music in the Fourteenth Century. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1993.

Wimsatt, James I. "Theories of Intertextuality and Chaucer's Sources and Analogues." Mediaevalia 15 (1993 [for 1989]): 231-239.

Windeatt, Barry A. Chaucer's Dream Poetry: Sources and Analogues. Chaucer Studies 7. Cambridge: D. S. Brewer, 1982.

Windeatt, Barry A. "Classical and Medieval Elements in Chaucer's Troilus." In The European Tragedy of Troilus. Ed. Piero Boitani. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1989. Pp. 111-131.

Windeatt, Barry A. "The Scribes as Chaucer's Early Critics." Studies in the Age of Chaucer 1 (1979): 119-11. ["A study of fifteenth-century reception of Chaucer's work by reading scribal variation and alteration as products of understanding and criticism rather than as marks of confusion and error" (Collette, "Afterlife," Companion to Chaucer).]

Windeatt, Barry A. Troilus and Criseyde. Oxford Guides to Chaucer. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1992.

Wolfe, Matthew C. "Placing Chaucer's Retraction for a Reception of Closure." Chaucer Review 33 (1998-1999): 427-431.

Wood, Chauncy. Chaucer and the Country of the Stars: Poetic Uses of Astrological Imagery. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1970.

Wood, Chauncy. The Elements of Chaucers's Troilus. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1984.

Woods, William F. Chaucerian Spaces: Spatial Poetics in Chaucer's Opening Tales. SUNY Series in Medieval Studies. Albany: State University of New York Press, 2008. ["Chaucerian Spaces explores the affect and the significance of space and place in the first six tales in Chaucer's Canterbury Tales. In these tales, characters inhabit a landscape and places within it that express their inner life" (publisher's description).]

Woods, William F. "Chivalry and Nature in The Knight's Tale." Philological Quarterly 66.3 (Summer, 1987): 287-301.

Woods, William F. "'My Sweete Foo': Emelye's Role in The Knight's Tale." Studies in Philology 88 (1991): 276-306.

Woods, William F. "Private and Public Space in the Miller's Tale." Chaucer Review 29 (1994-1995): 166-178.

Woods, William F. "Up and Down, To and Fro: Spatial Relationships in 'The Knight's Tale.'" In Rebels and Rivals: The Contestive Spirit in "The Canterbury Tales." Ed. Susanna Greer Fein, David Raybin, and Peter C. Braeger. Fwd. Derek Pearsall. Studies in Medieval Culture 29. Kalamazoo, MI: Medieval Institute Publications, Western Michigan University Press, 1991. Pp. 1-35.

Woolf, Rosemary. "Chaucer as a Satirist in the General Prologue to The Canterbury Tales." In Geoffrey Chaucer: A Critical Anthology. Ed. J. A. Burrow. Penguin Critical Anthologies. Harmondsworth: Penquin Books Ltd., 1969.

Wright, Michael J. "Isolation and Individuality in the Franklin's Tale." Studia Neophilologica 70 (1998): 181-186.

Wurtele, Douglas J. "The Blasphemy of Chaucer's Merchant." Annuale Mediaevale 21 (1981): 91-110.

Wurtele, Douglas J. "Chaucer's Franklin and the Truth about 'Trouthe.'" English Studies in Canada 13 (1987): 359-374.

Wurtele, Douglas J. "Chaucer's Wife of Bath and the Problem of the Fifth Husband." Chaucer Review 23 (1988-1989): 117-128.

Wurtele, Douglas J. "The Penitence of Geoffrey Chaucer." Viator 11 (1980): 335-359.

Wurtele, Douglas J. "Prejudice and Chaucer's 'Prioress.'" Revue de l'Universite d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa Quarterly 55 (1985): 33-43.

Wurtele, Douglas J. "Some Uses of Physiognomical Lore in Chaucer's Canterbury Tales." Chaucer Review 17 (1982-1983): 130-141.

Yeager, R. F. "Chaucer's 'To His Purse': Begging, or Begging Off?" Viator 36 (2005): 373-414. [Yeager argues against the usual understanding of the poem as a begging poem that flatters Henry IV; he argues that it was probably written originally for Richard II, that Henry or his henchmen sought from him some show of support, and that the apparent flattery of the envoy is backhanded and insincere. ["The Complaint of Chaucer to his Purse"]]

Zatta, Jane Dick. "Chaucer's Monk: A Mighty Hunter before the Lord." Chaucer Review 29 (1994-1995): 111-133.

Zeikowitz, Richard E. "Silenced but Not Stifled: The Disruptive Queer Power of Chaucer's Pardoner." Dalhousie Review 82 (2002): 55-73.

Zitter, Emmy Stark. "Anti-Semitism in Chaucer's Prioress's Tale." Chaucer Review 25 (1990-1991): 277-284. [A good article on the tale, suggesting that, although Chaucer is no less anti-semitic than the Prioress, the Prioress's limitations are seen in the lack of grace at the end of her tale: like the Jews themselves, she believes in Law and revenge, not in forgiveness and grace.]