Robin Hood
A Bibliography

Compiled by Stephen R. Reimer

• Robin Hood Booklist
• Select Bibliography of Robin Hood Resources
• Robin Hood Films
• Fourteenth-Century Monetary Terms (for Students of English Literature and History) (in case you ever wondered how many marks were in a pound or how many groats were in a half-noble).
• Sherwood Forest (Nottinghamshire Tourism).
• Martin Nail, "English Folk and Traditional Music on the Internet: A Guide to Resources."
• Cathy Lynn Preston, "A 'Working' KWIC Concordance to Francis James Child's The English and Scottish Popular Ballads (1882-1898)."
• Robert B. Waltz and David G. Eagle, "Traditional Ballad Index."
• W. Bruce Olson, "Broadside Ballad Index."
• "Streetprint": a collection of "street literature" (broadside ballads etc.), being compiled by Gary Kelly and his assistants.
• A list of resources for ballad researchers.
• Glasgow Broadside Ballads (includes an excellent general introduction to broadsides and "street literature," including images and recordings).
• "Musical Traditions" e-magazine; includes various online resources for the study of traditional music, including discographies of releases by Topic Records and other "traditional music" record companies.
• Dick Greenhaus and Susan Friedman, "Digital Tradition Folksong Index." Greenwich, CT: Digital Tradition, 1994 (and under constant revision). An online database allowing full text searches of folk song lyrics, including "thousands of folk songs that have been collected over the last six years by Dick Greenhaus and his friends." Full texts and sound files for thousands of folk songs in English, searchable by keyword and by title. The database is presented as part of the "Mudcat Cafe" web site, an electronic magazine of blues and folk music (www.mudcat.org). The database can be downloaded from the Mudcat site, or is available on diskettes in PC or Macintosh versions from Dick Greenhaus, The Digital Tradition, 28 Powell Street, Greenwich, CT 06831.
• The English Folk Dance and Song Society, including the Vaughan Williams Memorial Library
• The John Jacob Niles Center for American Music (including materials for a course in Appalachian Music and an online version of John Jacob Niles's "Ballad Book").

A. Reference Books

Burnley, David, and Matsuji Tajima. The Language of Middle English Literature. Annotated Bibliographies of Old and Middle English Literature. Cambridge: D. S. Brewer, 1994.

Case, Arthur E. A Bibliography of English Poetical Miscellanies, 1521-1750. Oxford: Oxford University Press, for the Bibliographical Society, 1935 (for 1929). [HSS PR 401 Z9 C33.]

Fowler, David C. "Ballads." Chap. 15 of A Manual of the Writings in Middle English, 1050-1500. Ed. Jonathan Burke Severs, Albert E. Hartung, and Peter G. Beidler. 11 vols. to date. New Haven: Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1967- [in progress]. 6: 1753-1808 (and bibliography: pp. 2019-2070). ["As a companion to The Literary History of the Popular Ballad, this chapter provides a chronological examination of Child ballads that derive from the late medieval period. Fowler includes useful descriptions of the manuscripts, collections and printed editions in which these ballads appear, beginning with 'Judas' (which he suggests represents the earliest extant ballad) and ending with ballads collected in the nineteenth century. The article also includes a detailed bibliography." (Joshua Fisher, Ballad web-site [URL: students.washington.edu/jbfisher/ballad_pages/index.html])]

Friedman, John B[lock], and Jessica M. Wegmann. Medieval Iconography: A Research Guide. Garland Medieval Bibliographies 20; Garland Reference Library of the Humanities 1870. New York and London: Garland Publishing, 1998. [A bibliographical guide to symbolic objects and animals in medieval art and literature, originating in such questions as "what would a medieval audience understand by Pandarus bringing a pillow to Criseyde's bedside?"]

Gable, J. Harris. Bibliography of Robin Hood. University of Nebraska Studies in Language, Literature and Criticism 17. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1939.

Graves, Edgar B., ed. A Bibliography of English History to 1485. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1975.

Greentree, Rosemary. The Middle English Lyric and Short Poem. Annotated Bibliographies. Woodbridge, Suffolk: Boydell and Brewer, 2001. ["The Middle English lyrics and short poems form a varied group that ranges over most aspects of life to include lyrics of religious and secular love, carols and songs, and mundane rhymes of everyday life. Thus there are expressions of devotion, ethereal or earthly, theological expositions, and knowledge needed for life. The poems are disparate and generally anonymous, and their survival owes much to chance. The bibliography assembles neutral annotation of collections and criticism of the works, arranged chronologically to show the course of criticism and the growing appreciation of these poems and all they can tell us. The introduction considers these matters, problems of definition of the genre, and the isolable lyrics, and seeks to reconcile some first impressions of the poems, as disparate and slight, with the rewards of close study" (publisher's ad).]

Lindahl, Carl, John McNamara, John Lindow, eds. Medieval Folklore: An Encyclopedia of Myths, Legends, Tales, Beliefs, and Customs. 2 vols. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, 2000. [HSS GR 35 M43 2000.]

Livingston, Carole Rose. British Broadside Ballads of the Sixteenth Century: A Catalogue of the Extant Sheets and an Essay. 2 vols. [only one published to date.] Garland Reference Library of the Humanities 1390. New York and London: Garland Publishers, 1991-. [HSS PR 976 L786 1991 v.1. Summary: "The first catalogue of all extant British broadside ballads of the 16th century. English and Scottish ballads are treated separately; within each division the extant sheets are arranged chronologically."]

Matthew, Donald. Atlas of Medieval Europe. New York: Facts on File, Inc., 1983.

McEvedy, Colin. The Penguin Atlas of Medieval History. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, 1961.

McIntosh, Angus, et al. A Linguistic Atlas of Late Medieval English. 4 vols. Aberdeen: Aberdeen University Press, 1986.

The Middle English Dictionary. Ed. Hans Kurath and Sherman M. Kuhn. 120 fasc. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press, 1956-2001.

Platt, Colin. The Atlas of Medieval Man. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1979.

Richmond, W. Edson. Ballad Scholarship: An Annotated Bibliography. Garland Reference Library of the Humanities 499; Garland Folklore Bibliographies 4. New York and London: Garland Publishing, 1989.

Stratmann, Francis Henry. A Middle-English Dictionary. 2nd ed., revised by Henry Bradley. 1891; Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1971.

Strayer, Joseph R., ed. Dictionary of the Middle Ages. 13 vols. New York: Scribner's, 1982-1989.

Szarmach, Paul E., and M. Teresa Tavormina, Joel T. Rosenthal, eds. Medieval England: An Encyclopedia. New York: Garland Publishing, 1998.

Würzbach, Natascha, and Simone M. Salz. Motif Index of the Child Corpus: The English and Scottish Popular Ballad. Trans. Gayna Walls. Berlin and New York: Walter de Gruyter, 1995. ["A guide to the Child ballads, with summaries of them, though these are restricted to the versions that appear in Child. It is not, however, keyed to other motif indexes, and some of the motifs are defined in a very general way, which means that it works quite effectively as a subject index" (Atkinson, "English Folk Song: An Introductory Bibliography"). "Distinguishing motifs from themes and other stock literary devices by virtue of the 'clearly recognizable deictic orientation of the motif,' Würzbach and Salz's index emphasizes the functional inter-relation between 'components of character, action, locality, object, and disposition' within the Child ballads. In their introduction, the compilers suggest that the index is concerned not with the interpretation of the ballads but rather with the 'potentiality' of the motif to 'signpost the paths through a multiform and varied landscape of texts.' To this end, the index includes cross-listings of subcategories (for example bridal quest as a subcategory of courtship) as well as summaries of each ballad accompanied by the relevant motifs." (Joshua Fisher, Ballad web-site [URL: students.washington.edu/jbfisher/ballad_pages/index.html])]

B.i. General Background: Historical

Allmand, C[hristopher] T. Henry V. 2nd ed. English Monarchs. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1992. [BARD DA 256 A4 1992.]

Allmand, C[hristopher] T. The Hundred Years War: England and France at War, c.1300-c.1450. Cambridge Medieval Textbooks. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988.

Asch, Ronald G., and Adolf M. Birke, eds. Princes, Patronage, and the Nobility: The Court at the Beginning of the Modern Age, c.1450-1560. Studies of the German Historical Institute, London. Oxford: Oxford University Press, for the German Historical Institute, 1991.

Aston, T. H., ed. Landlords, Peasants and Politics in Medieval England. Past and Present Publications. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987.

Barron, Caroline M. London in the Late Middle Ages: Government and People, 1200-1500. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003.

Barron, Caroline M. "The Reign of Richard II." In The New Cambridge Medieval History, Vol. 6: c.1300-1415. Ed. Michael Jones. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 2000. Pp. 297-333. [HSS D 117 N48 1995.]

Bartlett, Robert. Trial by Fire and Water: The Medieval Judicial Ordeal. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1986.

Bellamy, John [G.]. Crime and Public Order in England in the Later Middle Ages. Studies in Social History. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1973. [HSS HV 6943 B43 1973. Contents: "Crime and Medieval Society" (1-36); "Misdeeds and Misdoers" (37-68); "The Criminal Bands" (69-88); "Enforcing the Law" (89-120); "Accusation and Trial" (121-161); "Prison, Punishment, and Pardon" (162-198); "Problems and Promise" (199-204). [Including outlaws (outlawry).]]

Boffey, Julia, and Pamela King, eds. London and Europe in the Later Middle Ages. Westfield Publications in Medieval and Renaissance Studies 9. Turnhout, Belgium: Brepols, 1996.

Bradbury, Jim. The Medieval Archer. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1985. [[archery; arms and armour, weapons, weaponry]]

Britannia.com. Timeline of British History [1066-1485]. 1999. URL: http://www.britannia.com/history/time2.html (URL correct as of 31 Aug. 2003).

Burns, Walter Noble. The Robin Hood of El Dorado: The Saga of Joaquín Murrieta, Famous Outlaw of California's Age of Gold. New York: Coward-McCann, 1932. [Rpt. in the series Historians of the Frontier and American West. Albuquerque: Published in cooperation with the University of New Mexico Center for the American West / University of New Mexico Press, 1999.]

Chadwick, D[orothy]. Social Life in the Days of "Piers Plowman." University of Cambridge Studies in Medieval Life and Thought 4. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1922. [HSS PR 2015 C43.]

Cohn, Samuel K[line], Jr. The Black Death Transformed: Disease and Culture in Early Renaissance Europe. London: Arnold; New York: Oxford University Press, 2002. [Includes material on the plague in the Middle Ages.]

Coss, Peter. The Knight in Medieval England. Gloucester: Alan Sutton, 1993.

Cox, J[ohn] Charles. The Royal Forests of England. The Antiquary's Books. London: Methuen, 1905. [[the forest, forest laws]]

DeVries, Kelly. Medieval Military Technology. Peterborough, ON: Broadview Press, 1992.

Duggan, Anne J., ed. Nobles and Nobility in Medieval Europe: Concepts, Origins, Transformations. Woodbridge, Suffolk: Boydell and Brewer, 2002. [This is a collection of "articles on the origins and nature of 'nobility,' its relationship with the late Roman world, its acquisition and exercise of power, its association with military obligation, and its transformation into a more or less willing instrument of royal government. Embracing regions as diverse as England (before and after the Norman Conquest), Italy, the Iberian peninsula, France, Norway, Poland, Portugal, and the Romano-German empire, it ranges over the whole medieval period from the fifth to the early sixteenth century" (publisher's ad).]

Gies, Frances. The Knight in History. New York: Harper and Row, 1984.

Gillmor, Carroll. "Practical Chivalry: The Training of Horses for Tournaments and Warfare." Studies in Medieval and Renaissance History ns 13 (1992): 5-29.

Given-Wilson, Chris. The Royal Household and the King's Affinity: Service, Politics, and Finance in England, 1360-1413. New Haven, and London: Yale University Press, 1986. [HSS JN 371 G539 1986.]

Gottfried, Robert S. Doctors and Medicine in Medieval England, 1340-1530. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1986.

Grant, Raymond J. The Royal Forests of England. Stroud, Gloucestershire, and Wolfeboro Falls, NH: Alan Sutton, 1991. [[the forest, forest laws]]

Griffiths, Ralph A[lan], ed. Patronage: The Crown and the Provinces in Later Medieval England. Gloucester: Alan Sutton, 1981.

Gurr, T. R. "Historical Trends in Violent Crime: A Critical Review of the Evidence." Crime and Justice 3 (1981): 295-353. [Includes some account of homicide in medieval England.]

Hanawalt, B. A. Crime and Conflict in English Communities, 1300-1348. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1979.

Harrison, Dick. Social Militarisation and the Power of History: A Study of Scholarly Perspectives. Lund: Nordic Academic Press, 1999. [A consideration of four "perspectives" on history in four different parts of the world, including (Chap. 4) a view of the "Dark Ages" of Europe as a transition from a world of "peace" and "bureacratic" governance of the Roman world to a more Germanic world of war and warlords (cf. esp. 154 and 170), the world of Hrothgar and of Mynyddog in the Y Gododdin (154) succeeds the world of the Roman senator. This process includes the gradual "militarisation" of Christian doctrine, where the Church focuses upon God as a God of Judaic victories rather than God as a peace-loving Christ; St. Augustine is a significant moment in the process, for he provides a Christian rationale of the "just war" (175, 196), which leads by the eleventh century to the idea of "crusade" (197). Harrison points out that such scholarly perspectives are and are not true: while focusing upon one documentable feature to construct a particular history, other perspectives and other possible histories are ignored. "[T]he image is extremely one-sided. It only shows us Western Europe from the point of view of social militarisation. It does not show agrarian development, the growth of Christian culture (monasteries, convents, saints' vitae, etc.), changes in political behaviour, the shifting balance between towns and countryside, the evolution of new forms of social dependence (what some might refer to as feudalisation), the emergence of new territorial units (all the way from parishes to empires), etc., etc. What we see above is an image of European history from c. 400 to c. 1100 strictly observed through a filter of social militarisation" (197). The conclusion is that history is a construction, "manufactured to suit our present needs" (199), but such constructions are also, then, open to our criticism, historical judgement, and correction (197, 199).]

Herlihy, David. The Black Death and the Transformation of the West. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1997.

Hicks, Michael. "Idealism in Late Medieval English Politics." In his Richard III: Magnates and their Motives in the War of the Roses. London and Rio Grande, OH: Hambledon Press, 1991. Pp. 41-59. [Hicks argues that there are ideals, not just self-interest, which motivate aristocrats during the period of the War of the Roses. The wars of religion in the Reformation are sometimes cited as a change in English politics, for people were now fighting for principles for which they were willing to sacrifice their self-interest. By contrast, with respect to the late medieval period, recent historians have tended to see self-interest as the sole motive for political action, dismissing literary evidence of idealism as merely literary. In the absence of explicit statements about motive, historians construct motivations, focusing on questions especially of land-tenure and securing inheritance; or discovering in Chaucer's knight mercenary motives; or finding in the General Prologue to the Canterbury Tales that the professional religious are motivated by nothing but greed. [My addition: Chaucer's works have much to do with the theme of self-interest, of singular profit, which, Chaucer indicates repeatedly, ought to be sacrificed to "common profit": Chaucer's pilgrims generally are motivated by greed and self-interest, but they are judged against an ideal of altruism, of sacrificing singular profit to the common good, to social responsibility.] Hicks looks at some letters and documents regarding such things as challenges to duels in the period from Henry VI to Richard III to demonstrate that, even in this time of a general collapse of hierarchical social structures which commanded loyalty, there is evidence that (at least sometimes) people acted from motives other than purely self-interest; in particular, questions of honour and shame seem to have been strong motivators, causing men sometimes to risk their titles and land for the sake of honour. Unlike later dueling, which often stemmed from "silly or frivolous" quarrels, "[i]n the late middle ages the concept of honour was more than an unthinking propensity to violence. It provided both an additional motive for political action and a series of conventions channelling its expression" (54). Thus the literary evidence of idealism should not be so easily dismissed by historians of the period, and one should not be too quick to assume, in the absense of stated motive, that people were guided solely by self-interest or issues of land-tenure and inheritance.]

Hicks, Michael. Richard II: The Man Behind the Myth. London: Collins and Brown, 1991.

Hilton, R[odney] H[oward]. Class Conflict and the Crisis of Feudalism: Essays in Medieval Social History. 2nd ed. London and New York: Verso, 1990. [HSS HD 604 H645 1990. Includes reprints of his essays "Medieval Peasants: Any Lessons?"; "Peasant Movements in England before 1381"; "Popular Movements in England at the End of the Fourteenth Century"; "Social Concepts in the English Rising of 1381"; "Reasons for Inequality among English Peasants."]

Hilton, R[odney] H[oward], ed. Peasants, Knights, and Heretics: Studies in Medieval English Social History. Past and Present Publications. Cambridge [etc.]: Cambridge University Press, 1976. [Includes (pp. 221-272) a series of five essays on Robin Hood, reprinted from Past and Present nos. 14-20, in which the authors consider the "origins" and "audience" of the story: R. H. Hilton, "The Origins of Robin Hood"; J. C. Holt, "The Origins and Audience of the Ballads of Robin Hood"; Maurice Keen, "Robin Hood--Peasant or Gentleman?" (which here concludes with a note that he has been persuaded by Holt's arguments, and no longer holds the position expressed in his article); J. C. Holt, "Robin Hood: Some Comments"; T. H. Aston, "Robin Hood." Also includes Margaret Aston, "Lollardy and Sedition, 1381-1431."]

Hobsbawm, E[ric] J. Bandits. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1969. [HSS HV 6441 H68. [outlaws; outlawry; Robin Hood]]

Holmes, George. The Estates of the Higher Nobility in Fourteenth-Century England. Cambridge Studies in Economic History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1957.

Horwood, Harold [Andrew], and Edward Butts. Pirates and Outlaws of Canada, 1610-1932. Toronto, ON: Doubleday Canada; Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1984. [Rpt.: Toronto: Dell Distributing, 1986.]

Hudson, John. "Violence, Theft, and the Making of the English Common Law." In Crime and Punishment in the Middle Ages: Papers Presented at the Tenth Annual Medieval Workshop, University of Victoria, British Columbia, Canada, 8 February 1997. Ed. Timothy S. Haskett. Victoria, BC: Humanities Centre, University of Victoria, 1998. Pp. 19-35. [Offers interesting observations on crime and punishment in the Middle Ages, on the use of ordeals, etc.; Hudson makes the point that incarceration was not common (seeking some form of resolution and restitution was the norm); indeed, for many types of crime the punishment was mutilation or execution, and in early periods it was sometimes the case that the public mutilation was carried out by the victim as a form of obtaining satisfaction (31).]

Huizinga, Johan. The Autumn of the Middle Ages. Trans. Rodney J. Payton and Ulrich Mammitzsch. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996.

Jacob, E. F. The Fifteenth Century, 1399-1485. Oxford History of England 6. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1961. [Includes a section on Oldcastle's Rebellion, pp. 129-133.]

James, N. D. G. A History of English Forestry. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1981. [[the forest, forests, forest laws]]

Keen, M[aurice] H[ugh]. England in the Later Middle Ages: A Political History. London: Methuen, 1973.

Keen, M[aurice] H[ugh]. English Society in the Later Middle Ages, 1348-1500. The Penguin Social History of Britain. London: Allen Lane / Penguin Books, 1990.

Kerr, Margaret H. "R. v. Hawisa, R. v. Alan the Miller, and William Son of John v. Walter Son of Ralf Hose: Three Murder Trials in England c. 1200." In Crime and Punishment in the Middle Ages: Papers Presented at the Tenth Annual Medieval Workshop, University of Victoria, British Columbia, Canada, 8 February 1997. Ed. Timothy S. Haskett. Victoria, BC: Humanities Centre, University of Victoria, 1998. Pp. 87-111. [She begins with a proviso: technically, these are homicide trials, not murder trials, since there was no law of "murder" (in the sense as distinguishing a premeditated act from an accidental one) in thirteenth-century England. Most of the essay is a description of various types of ordeal and the rituals and regulations surrounding them, leading to a somewhat paradoxical conclusion that there was a very real kind of justice available in the medieval system, and that "a person may have been safer while on trial for a crime than at most other times in his or her life" (111). The judicial ordeal and trial by combat were not common practices throughout the Middle Ages as is often thought, but had a relatively short lifespan, being a regular part of the English judicial system only in the late Anglo-Saxon and early Norman periods. Further, of the many cases which Kerr has studied, very few actually went so far as to complete the ordeal: some sort of resolution was found, or a pardon was issued, before the case ever got to the point of the ordeal. In many of the cases where ordeals were endured, we do not know the results, but for those cases where the results are known, there is a remarkable level (ca. 75%) of people acquitted by the ordeal: was God intervening to protect the innocent? or are the results skewed by some more human agency? Kerr's argument is that the priests (who administered the ordeals, to seek out the judgment of God upon the accused) "rigged" the ordeals in the favour of the accused (allowing hot irons to cool before being touched etc.), primarily in order to save people from execution: like the church-sanctioned practice of sanctuary, or the church's "benefit of clergy," the priests were attempting to avoid being involved in execution (100). From the point of view of the church, the proper response to a criminal act involved confession, restitution and penance, leading to absolution and reconciliation, not execution (106). And, in 1215 (at the Fourth Lateran Council), the Church outlawed the use of judicial ordeals, insisting that cases should be tried on the evidence, not by "tempting" God: all of the ordeals except trial by combat ceased in England almost immediately thereafter; trial by combat survived the proscription (in part because it was not administered by priests but by secular authorities, and because it was consonant with aristocratic ideals), and continued to be an option in English law down to 1819 (109) (though Kerr also notes that the judicial battle was not with real weapons and not to the death; it was conducted with wooden sticks and leather shields [110]). Again, of the various relevant cases which Kerr has studied (some 1,832), only two actually got to the point where the battle was fought: in most cases, some other resolution of the dispute was found early, or the accusers dropped their accusations when faced with the necessity of "proving" the charge in battle, or, failing which, he faced being himself mutilated or executed (110-111).]

Koldeweij, Jos. "The Wearing of Significative Badges, Religious and Secular: The Social Meaning of a Behavioural Pattern." Trans. Ruth Koenig. In Showing Status: Representation of Social Positions in the Middle Ages. Ed. Wim [Willem Pieter] Blockmans, and Antheun Janse. Medieval Texts and Cultures of Northern Europe 2. Turnhout, Belgium: Brepols, 1999. Pp. 307-328. [Besides using jewellery as ornamentation to display one's prosperity, medieval people in many walks of life also wore "badges," religious or secular, to display one's membership in various forms of elite groups (including membership in the household of a royal or noble family, or membership among those who had visited a particular pilgrimage site). Koldeweij's article is intended to illustrate that there are also a great many surviving badges with literary and erotic motifs, which may have been sold at the end of public performances.]

Kooistra, Paul Gregory. "American Robin Hoods: The Criminal as Social Hero." Ph.D. diss., University of Virginia, 1982. [DAI 43 (1982-1983): 2797A. Abstract: "Heroes express the types of things which people admire. Yet throughout history certain criminals who rob and kill, in clear violation of the law and for personal gain, become social heroes not just in their own time but for following generations. These criminals become fashioned into American Robin Hoods: men who were 'wronged' by the State and driven to a life of crime, good men who broke the law for just reasons and who embodied numerous socially desirable traits. This dissertation examines the phenomenon of the American Robin Hood and offers an explanation of why we make heroes out of criminals. In answering this question, case studies of three of the best known American Robin Hoods--Jesse James, Billy the Kid, and Butch Cassidy--were undertaken. Other figures ranging from Robin Hood to John Dillinger to Charles Manson were also examined. Emphasis has been placed upon the social conditions under which heroic criminals emerge, the factors which contribute to specific lawbreakers being chosen to assume the role of the heroic criminal, and the form taken by legends concerning heroic criminals. The dissertation draws from anthropology, history, criminology, social psychology, and sociology to account for the existence of the heroic criminal."]

Krochalis, Jeanne, and Edward Peters, eds. The World of "Piers Plowman." The Middle Ages. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1975. [HSS PR 2015 W92 1975.]

Lewin, Linda. "Oral Tradition and Elite Myth: The Legend of Antônio Silvino in Brazilian Popular Culture." Journal of Latin American Lore 5 (1979): 157-204. [On the historical reality and the legend of Antônio Silvino (Brazilian "social bandit"). [outlaws (outlawry)]]

Little, Lester K., and Barbara H. Rosenwein, eds. Debating the Middle Ages: Issues and Readings. Oxford, and Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishers, 1998. [HSS D 117 D43 1998.]

Maddern, Philippa C. Violence and Social Order: East Anglia, 1422-1442. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1992.

Mathew, Gervase. The Court of Richard II. London: John Murray, 1968.

McFarlane, K[enneth] B[ruce]. England in the Fifteenth Century: Collected Essays. Ronceverte, WV: Hambledon Press, 1982.

McFarlane, K[enneth] B[ruce]. The Nobility of Later Medieval England: The Ford Lectures for 1953 and Related Studies. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1973. [HSS DA 176 M14 1973.]

McKisak, May. The Fourteenth Century, 1307-1399. Oxford History of England 5. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1959.

Meyerson, Mark D., Daniel Thiery, and Oren Falk, eds. "A Great Effusion of Blood": Interpreting Medieval Violence. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2003.

Mitchell, Sydney Knox. Taxation in Medieval England. Ed. Sydney Painter. Yale Historical Publications: Studies 15. New Haven, CN: Yale University Press, 1951. [HSS HJ 2605 M68.]

Mott, Roger. "Richard II and the Crisis of 1397." In Church and Chronicle in the Middle Ages: Essays Presented to John Taylor. Ed. Ian Wood and G. A. Loud. London and Rio Grande, OH: Hambledon Press, 1991. Pp. 165-177.

Myers, A. R. England in the Late Middle Ages. 8th ed. Pelican History of England 4. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, 1971.

Ormrod, W. Mark. "England: Edward II and Edward III." In The New Cambridge Medieval History, Vol. 6: c.1300-1415. Ed. Michael Jones. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 2000. Pp. 273-296. [HSS D 117 N48 1995.]

Ormrod, W. Mark. The Reign of Edward III: Crown and Political Society in England, 1327-1377. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1990.

Pfaffenbichler, Matthias. Armourers. Medieval Craftsmen. London: The British Museum, 1992.

Phillpotts, B[ertha] S[urtees]. Kindred and Clan in the Middle Ages and After: A Study in the Sociology of the Teutonic Races. Cambridge Archaeological and Ethnological Series. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1913.

Pollard, A. J. Late Medieval England, 1399-1509. Longman History of Medieval England. Harlow, Essex, and New York: Longman, 2000.

Powell, Edward. "Lancastrian England." In The New Cambridge Medieval History, Vol. 7: c.1415-c.1500. Ed. Christopher Allmand. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1998. Pp. 437-476. [HSS D 117 N48 1995.]

Power, Eileen. Medieval People. 10th ed. London: Methuen, 1963.

Rackham, Oliver. Trees and Woodland in the British Landscape: The Complete History of Britains's Trees, Woods, and Hedgerows. London: Dent, 1993. [Includes a discussion of royal forests and hunting preserves; the forest laws were a cause of considerable hardship and grievance, and Robin Hood's repeated violation of them is an important theme of the Robin Hood ballads. [the forest, forest laws]]

Reynolds, Susan. Fiefs and Vassals: The Medieval Evidence Reinterpreted. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994.

Richmond, Colin. The Paston Family in the Fifteenth Century: The First Phase. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990.

Rigby, S. H. English Society in the Later Middle Ages: Class, Status and Gender. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1995. [A good, well-researched and well-balanced consideration of the crucial questions; Chap. 7 on women's roles is excellent in detailing precisely what women could and could not do at the various levels of the social hierarchy (generally, there were few things which men of a certain class could do which women could not, except that women of every class were not permitted to act independently in matters of politics). Does not, like too many others, make the error of trying to consider issues of gender independently of issues of social class and status.]

Rodes, R. E. Ecclesiastical Administration in Medieval England. Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press, 1977.

Ross, Charles, ed. Patronage, Pedigree, and Power in Later Medieval England. Ed. Charles Ross. Gloucester: Alan Sutton, 1979.

Scattergood, [Vincent] John. "Chaucer in the Suburbs." In Medieval Literature and Antiquities: Studies in Honour of Basil Cottle. Ed. Myra Stokes, and T. L. Burton. Cambridge: D. S. Brewer / Boydell and Brewer, 1987. Pp. 145-162. [Rpt. in his Reading the Past: Essays on Medieval and Renaissance Literature. Dublin, and Portland, OR: Four Courts Press, 1996. Pp. 128-145. On London: the walled city, the countryside, the suburb.]

Seward, Desmond. The Hundred Years War: The English in France, 1337-1453. New York: Atheneum, 1978.

Southern, Richard W. (Sir). The Making of the Middle Ages. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1953.

Southern, Richard W. (Sir). Western Society and the Church in the Middle Ages. The Pelican History of the Church 2. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, 1970.

Spraggs, Gillian. Outlaws and Highwaymen: The Cult of the Robber in England from the Middle Ages to the Nineteenth Century. London: Pimlico, 2001. [The history of the highwayman from the time of the Folville family in the early fourteenth century down to the nineteenth-century novels which celebrate the "gentlemen of the road."]

Stone, Lawrence. "Interpersonal Violence in English Society, 1300-1980." Past and Present no. 101 (Nov. 1983): 22-33. [P. 25 (summarizing findings by Gurr): "It looks as if the homicide rates in thirteenth-century England were about twice as high as those in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries and that those of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries were some five to ten times higher than those today. Gurr concludes that 'these early estimates of homicide rates . . . sketch a portrait of a society in which men [but rarely women] were easily provoked to violent anger, and were unrestrained in the brutality with which they attacked their opponents. Interpersonal violence was a recurring fact of rural and urban life' ['Historical Trends,' 307]." Conclusion, p. 32: further study is needed, but "[w]hat already seems clear . . . is that medieval English society was twice as violence-prone as early modern English society, and early modern English society at least five times more violence-prone than contemporary English society. It also seems clear that most of this pre-modern violence was outside of the family rather than within it, as today. The notion that there was once upon a time a peace-loving, conflict-free, golden age of the village, whether located in the middle ages or the early modern period, is shown up to be a myth."]

Strohm, Paul. England's Empty Throne: Usurpation and the Language of Legitimation, 1399-1422. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1998.

Sumption, Jonathan. The Hundred Years War. 2 vols. The Middle Ages Series. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1999.

Taylor, John, and Wendy Childs, eds. Politics and Crisis in Fourteenth-Century England. Gloucester: Alan Sutton, 1990.

Thornton, Tim, ed. Social Attitudes and Political Structures in the Fifteenth Century. Stroud, Gloucestershire: Sutton Publishing, 2000.

Trevelyan, G[eorge] M[acaulay]. England in the Age of Wycliffe. 3rd ed. London: Longmans, Green, 1909. [HSS DA 235 T81 1909. Chaps. 4 and 5 are on medieval religion, with the last section of Chap. 5 entitled "Wycliffe and his New Religion" (pp. 169-182). Chap. 6 is "The Peasants' Revolt of 1381" (pp. 183-255), including a consideration of the causes and background, a narrative of the events, and a summary of the lasting results. Chap. 8: "The Early History of the Lollards, 1382-1399" (pp. 291-332). Chap. 9: "The Later History of the Lollards, 1400-1520" (pp. 333-352); Sir John Oldcastle's rebellion is described and discussed (pp. 335-339). [Wyclif]]

Van Uytven, Raymond. "Showing Off One's Rank in the Middle Ages." In Showing Status: Representation of Social Positions in the Middle Ages. Ed. Wim [Willem Pieter] Blockmans, and Antheun Janse. Medieval Texts and Cultures of Northern Europe 2. Turnhout, Belgium: Brepols, 1999. Pp. 19-34. [On the "semiotic systems" of using clothing and food to display social status in medieval cultures (livery, etc.).]

Vernon, Biff. "A1: The Great North Road." [An "e-book," online: http://www.biffvernon.freeserve.co.uk/contents.htm (URL correct as of 15 Nov. 2003)] [This is an account of the history of the Great North Road from Roman times (Ermine Street) through medieval and early modern to the present. It appears to be very well researched [the author is the owner of a B&B along the A1 near Peterborough, so I am not sure whether he has any academic qualifications, but this is a good book], and includes details of the various routes that the road and its principal branches have taken at different times. It is illustrated with a multitude of photographs and maps.]

Walker, Simon. The Lancastrian Affinity, 1361-1399. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1990. [On John of Gaunt, his household and retainers.]

Waugh, Scott L. England in the Reign of Edward III. Cambridge Medieval Textbooks. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991.

Westman, B. H. "The Peasant Family and Crime in Fourteenth-Century England." The Journal of British Studies 13 (1973-1974): 1-18.

Whitlock, Ralph. Historic Forests of England. South Brunswick, NJ: A. S. Barnes, 1979. [[the forest, forest laws]]

Williman, Daniel, ed. The Black Death: The Impact of the Fourteenth-Century Plague. Medieval and Renaissance Texts and Studies 13. Binghamton: Center for Medieval and Early Renaissance Studies, SUNY, 1982.

Wylie, James Hamilton. History of England under Henry the Fourth. 4 vols. London: Longmans, Green, 1884-1898. [HSS DA 255 W98 1884. Includes a brief "life" of Sir John Oldcastle (3: 291-299).]

Wylie, James Hamilton. The Reign of Henry the Fifth. 3 vols. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1914-1929. [HSS DA 256 W98. Vols. 2 and 3 were published posthumously; for Vol. 3, Wylie's notes were edited and prepared for publication by W. T. Waugh. Includes substantial sections on Sir John Oldcastle and his Rebellion in 1414: Chap. 16, "Oldcastle's Trial" (1: 236-257); Chap. 17, "The Lollard Rising" (1: 258-292); Chap. 54, "The Fate of Oldcastle" (3: 85-96).]

Young, Charles R. The Royal Forests of Medieval England. The Middle Ages. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1979. [HSS DA 188 Y69 1979. [the forest, forest laws]]

Ziegler, Philip. The Black Death. New York: Harper and Row, 1969.

B.ii. Political Theory

Augustine, Saint, Bishop of Hippo. The City of God (De civitate Dei). Trans. John Healey. Ed. R. V. G. Tasker. Intro. Sir Ernest Barker. 2 vols. Everyman's Library 983. London: J. M. Dent and Sons; New York: E. P. Dutton, 1945. [HSS BR 65 A93 D3 1945. Occasioned by the sack of Rome in 410, and extrapolating upon ideas in Plato's Republic as well as the idea of the "kingdom of God" from the New Testament, Augustine delineates an ideal of a new universal Christian world order, which would mirror the perfections of God's kingdom in heaven. Augustine's work is not so much a treatise with a strong logical argument, but is more like a series of meditations on themes related to his central idea; his immediate subjects, then, range broadly from a description of the Roman empire and its faults, on the nature of "true" peace and order as opposed to false; on heaven and earth and hell; on sin and redemption; on Adam and Eve and prelapsarian perfection; on the kings and kingdoms of the Biblical narrative. Overall, two "cities" are juxtaposed: the "earthly city" is the opposite of the "heavenly city." The earthly city is a place of unrighteousness, disorder, and strife, the negation of the virtues of heaven, as the devil is the negation of God. This earthly city is a spiritual (or "Platonic"), not a physical, reality; the actual world, "the State," hovers between the two spiritual cities, and will tend to slide towards the "earthly" unless deliberately and consciously struggling to achieve the "heavenly" ideals of righteousness, order, and peace (this can never be perfectly achieved, and there can never be a heaven on earth, but a relative righteousness, order, and peace can be achieved which would mirror and imitate the absolute heavenly righteousness, order, and peace). Augustine's argument was commonly misread in the Middle Ages as a justification for papal claims to temporal sovereignty; in fact, his comments upon the Church construct it as a separate and essentially quietist society of "pilgrims" whose eyes are fixed on the heavenly and enduring as best they can the imperfections of this world (Augustine, read "correctly," would appear to be in favour of the complete separation of Church and State). With respect to rulers, Augustine notes that God, in the Garden of Eden before the sin of Adam, gave humans dominion over the beasts but not over fellow humans (Gen. 1: 26-31); social hierarchy, inequality, domination, and (specifically) slavery, are a product of sin, and have been made necessary because of sin. It is natural and necessary, in a sinful world, that the few would rule over the many--not to satisfy a desire to dominate, but so that the few can aid the many in the pursuit of virtue. Without sin and the Fall, there would be no need for social inequality, for rulers to oversee the ruled; but social hierarchy is necessary in a sinful world in order to control sinfulness. The ruler is not to be seen as privileged, but as carrying a heavy responsibility to encourage virtue and to punish vice, to give aid and counsel in the name and spirit of love. Mastership over slaves (and, by extension, monarchical rule over subjects) is a responsibility of the ruler for the ruled, and it is limited to this world of sin: in heaven, the masters will be freed from their responsibilities, and slaves will be freed from their servitude. Masters and slaves, kings and subjects, will be equal in the next world, and should behave in this world with awareness of their underlying, fundamental, spiritual equality.]

Augustine, Saint, Bishop of Hippo. De civitate Dei, libri xxii. 2 vols. [St. Augustine's] Opera, sect. 5, pars 1-2. Ed. Emanuel Hoffmann. Corpus scriptorum ecclesiasticorum Latinorum 40. Vienna: F. Tempsky, 1899-1900. [HSS BR 60 C84 v.040. Rpt: New York, 1962.]

Augustine, Saint, Bishop of Hippo. De civitate Dei, libri xxii. 2 vols. Ed. B. Dombart. Leipzig: B. G. Teubner, 1905-1908. [HSS BR 65 A93 D3 1905.]

Bertelli, Sergio. The King's Body: Sacred Rituals of Power in Medieval and Early Modern Europe. Trans. R. Burr Litchfield. University Park, PA: Penn State University Press, 2001. [On the sacred nature of medieval kingship.]

Bloch, Marc. The Royal Touch: Sacred Monarchy and Scrofula in France and England. Trans. J. E. Anderson. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1973.

Bumke, Joachim. The Concept of Knighthood in the Middle Ages. Trans. W. T. H. Jackson and Erika Jackson. New York: AMS Press, 1982.

Burns, J[ames] H[enderson]. Lordship, Kingship and Empire: The Idea of Monarchy, 1400-1525. The Carlyle Lectures 1988. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1992. [Burns provides a good introduction to fifteenth century history, as well as considering the "idea of monarchy."]

Canning, Joseph. A History of Medieval Political Thought, 300-1450. London and New York: Routledge, 1996. [HSS JC 111 C33 1996. Contents: Chap. 1: "The Origins of Medieval Political Ideas, c.300-c.750"; Chap. 2: "The Growth of Specifically Medieval Political Ideas, c.750-c.1050"; Chap. 3: "Political Ideas in the High Middle Ages, c.1050-c.1290"; Chap. 4: "Political Ideas in the Late Middle Ages, c.1290-c.1450." Summary: "Joseph Canning's survey of medieval political thought is grounded in a wide range of primary source material. He has also brought together the latest research, much of which is now made available in English for the first time. The result is a comprehensive yet accessible one-volume account of medieval political thought from around 300 to 1450. The book covers four periods, each with a different focus. From 300 to 750 Canning examines Christian ideas of rulership. The often neglected centuries from 750 to 1050, the Carolingian period and its aftermath, are given special attention. From 1050 to 1290 the conflict between temporal and spiritual power and the revived legacy of antiquity comes to the fore. Finally, in the period from 1290 to 1450, Canning focuses on the confrontation with political reality in ideas of church and state, and in juristic thought" (notes in library catalogue entry).]

Dante Alighieri. Monarchia. Ed. and trans. Prue Shaw. Cambridge Medieval Classics 4. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1995. [HSS PQ 4315.62 S5313 1995. Latin text with English translation on opposite pages. Summary: "The Monarchia, Dante's treatise on political theory, addresses the fundamental question of what form of political organization best suits human nature; it embodies a political vision of startling originality and power, and illuminates the intellectual interests and achievements of one of the world's great poets. The whole text is here presented in a new English translation, the first for forty years, based on a more up-to-date and scholarly version of the Latin original than has previously been available. The translation, together with accompanying introduction and notes, has been prepared by Dante scholar Prue Shaw. In this new accessible form, the Monarchia will interest not only Dante specialists, but also students of literary studies, political history and philosophy" (Publisher's ad). Dante's treatise (in three parts) argues that a Christian world ruler is the best form of government; the first part of the treatise explores the nature of governments and how the common good is best served. This world government would be based on the model of the Roman emperor, but Christian (a description of the virtues and limitations of the Roman empire forms part 2 of the treatise); though a Christian empire, it must be independent of the papacy, since the temporal and the spiritual powers must be kept separate (this part of the argument forms part 3 of the treatise).]

Duby, Georges. The Chivalrous Society. Trans. Cynthia Postan. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1977.

Forhan, Kate Langdon. The Political Theory of Christine de Pizan. Women and Gender in the Early Modern World. Aldershot, Hants.: Ashgate Publishing, 2002.

Genet, Jean-Philippe. "Political Theory and Local Communities in Later Medieval France and England." In The Crown and Local Communities in England and France in the Fifteenth Century. Ed. J. R. L. Highfield and Robin Jeffs. Stoud, Gloucestershire: Alan Sutton, 1981. Pp. 19-32. ["Local community" is not a concept easily traced in medieval political theory, in part because the vocabulary of medieval treatises relies upon the classical concepts of the "polis" and "civis," and even "estates theory" is more concerned with very large rather than small groupings. Nevertheless, certain ideas about smaller units are implicit in these theoretical works, and these are explored here. Genet discusses works in the twelfth- and thirteenth-century "Mirror for Princes" tradition, based upon newly rediscovered works of Aristotle, but still not mere idealism: the "mirror" tradition was politically quite astute, and these works reflect the political realities of a feudal (and bastard feudal) world. The insistance in these works on the limitations of the king, on the need for the king to seek good counsel and to have the consent of his people, were usually taken quite seriously in the Middle Ages: there was a general consensus that "natural law" placed severe restrictions on royal absolutism, that tyranny was unacceptable, and that the king's role was to serve the people, not to be served by them.]

Genet, Jean-Philippe. "Politics: Theory and Practice." In The New Cambridge Medieval History, Vol. 7: c.1415-c.1500. Ed. Christopher Allmand. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1998. Pp. 3-28. [HSS D 117 N48 1995.]

Gregory VII (Pope). The Correspondence of Pope Gregory VII: Selected Letters from the Registrum. Trans. Ephraim Emerton. Records of Civilization, Sources and Studies 14. New York: Columbia University Press, 1932. [HSS BX 1187 A4 1932. Gregory VII (pope from 1073-1085) was a vocal proponent of the rights of popes over kings, even to the point of deposition. See esp. his two letters to Hermann of Metz on the issue of Gregory's excommunication of the Emperor, Henry IV (pp. 102-105 and 166-175). In a somewhat extreme statement, he declares that royal and demonic power are closely allied (p. 169): "Who does not know that kings and princes derive their origin from men ignorant of God who raised themselves above their fellows by pride, plunder, treachery, murder--in short, by every kind of crime--at the instigation of the Devil, the prince of this world, men blind with greed and intolerable in their audacity? If, then, they strive to bend the priests of God to their will, to whom may they more properly be compared than to him who is chief over all the sons of pride?"]

John of Paris. On Royal and Papal Power: A Translation with Introduction of the "De potestate regia et papali" of John of Paris. Trans. Arthur P. Monahan. Records of Civilization, Sources and Studies 90. New York: Columbia University Press, 1974. [HSS BX 1810 J413 E5 1974. Though (probably) a student of Thomas Aquinas, John of Paris differs significantly from Aquinas on the relationship of kings and popes, denying that the popes have temporal power over kings. He also argues that a world-empire is undesirable.]

John of Salisbury. Policraticus: Of the Frivolities of Courtiers and the Footprints of Philosophers. Ed. and trans. Cary J. Nederman. Cambridge Texts in the History of Political Thought. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990.

Jussen, Bernhard, ed. Ordering Medieval Society: Perspectives on Intellectual and Practical Modes of Shaping Social Relations. Trans. Pamela E. Selwyn. The Middle Ages Series. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2000.

Kantorowicz, Ernst H[artwig]. The King's Two Bodies: A Study in Mediaeval Political Theology. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1957.

Kilcullen, John. Website, including notes and teaching materials in medieval philosophy (URL: http://www.humanities.mq.edu.au/politics/medph.html) and political theory (URL: http://www.humanities.mq.edu.au/politics/polth.html). (URLs correct as of 31 Aug. 2003). [See esp. his summaries of Aquinas, "On Kingship" (URL: http://www.humanities.mq.edu.au/politics/y67s14.html), of John of Paris (URL: http://www.humanities.mq.edu.au/politics/y67s14a.html), William of Ockham (URL: http://www.humanities.mq.edu.au/politics/y67s16.html), and Marsilius of Padua (URL: http://www.humanities.mq.edu.au/politics/y6707.html).]

Langholm, Odd [Inge]. Economics in the Medieval Schools: Wealth, Exchange, Value, Money, and Usury According to the Paris Theological Tradition, 1200-1350. Studien und Texte zur Geistesgeschichte des Mittelalters Bd. 29. Leiden and New York: E. J. Brill, 1992.

Langholm, Odd [Inge]. The Legacy of Scholasticism in Economic Thought: Antecedents of Choice and Power. Historical Perspectives in Modern Economics. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1998. [HSS HB 79 L363 1998.]

Marsilius of Padua. The "Defensor pacis." Trans. Alan Gewirth. Records of Civilization, Sources and Studies 46.2. New York: Columbia University Press, 1956. [HSS JC 121 M37 E5 1951 vol. 2. Rpt.: Mediaeval Academy Reprints for Teaching (MART) 6. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, for the Mediaeval Academy of America, 1980. In the controversy over the temporal power of the papacy, Marsilius takes an extreme stand (and was condemned for it by Pope John XXII): Marsilius argues not only that the popes do not have power over kings, but further that the pope has no legitimate coercive power even over the priesthood and the Church. On the secular side, the "Defender of the peace," the supreme ruler, should be an elective monarch (not hereditary), ruling in the name of and on behalf of the people.]

McGrade, Arthur Stephen, John Kilcullen, and Matthew Kempshall, eds. Cambridge Translations of Medieval Philosophical Texts, Vol. 2: Ethics and Political Philosophy. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 2001. [HSS BJ 231 E84 2001. A collection of texts from medieval authors. Contents: "Questions on Book X of the Ethics," by Albert the Great; "Conscience and synderesis," by Bonaventure; "On the rule of princes (selections)," by Giles of Rome; "Commentary and questions on Book III of Aristotle's Politics (selections)," by Peter of Auvergne; "Is it rational for someone without hope of a future life to choose to die for the commonwealth?," by Henry of Ghent; "Does a human being following the dictates of natural reason have to judge that he ought to love God more than himself?," by Godfrey of Fontaines; "Does a human being have a greater natural love for God than for himself, or vice versa?," by James of Viterbo; "Reply to James of Viterbo on love of God and self," by Godfrey of Fontaines; "Is a subject bound to obey a statute when it is not evident that it promotes the common utility?," by Henry of Ghent; "Are subjects bound to pay a tax when the need for it is not evident?," by Godfrey of Fontaines; "Is it better to be ruled by the best man than by the best laws?," by James of Viterbo; "Should a Christian king use unbelievers to defend his kingdom?," by John of Naples; "Using and enjoying," by William of Ockham; "Summa on ecclesiastical power (selections)," by Augustine of Ancona; "Is an errant individual bound to recant at the rebuke of a superior?," by William of Ockham; "Questions on Book X of the Ethics," by Jean Buridan; "On civil lordship (selections)," by John Wyclif.]

Mitteis, Heinrich. The State in the Middle Ages: A Comparative Constitutional History of Feudal Europe. Trans. H. F. Orton. North-Holland Medieval Translations 1. Amsterdam: North-Holland Publishing Co., 1975. [HSS JC 111 M68 E5 1975. Translation of Der Staat des hohen Mittelalters.]

Nederman, Cary J., and Kate Langdon Forhan, eds. Medieval Political Theory: A Reader; The Quest for the Body Politic, 1100-1400. London and New York: Routledge, 1993. [HSS JA 82 M489 1993. "Translations of . . . texts from the latinized regions of Western Europe, including England, France, Germany, and Italy" (p. [i]).]

Rigaudière. Albert. "The Theory and Practice of Government in Western Europe in the Fourteenth Century." In The New Cambridge Medieval History, Vol. 6: c.1300-1415. Ed. Michael Jones. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 2000. Pp. 17-41. [HSS D 117 N48 1995.]

B.iii. Dissent (Medieval and Early Modern)

Beer, Barrett L. Rebellion and Riot: Popular Disorder in England During the Reign of Edward VI. Kent, OH: Kent State University Press, 1982. [HSS DA 345 B42 1982.]

Biller, Peter, and Anne Hudson, eds. Heresy and Literacy, 1000-1530. Cambridge Studies in Medieval Literature 23. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1994. [HSS BT 1319 H47 1994. Contents: "Heresy and Literacy: Earlier History of the Theme," by Peter Biller; "Literacy and the Making of Heresy c.1000-c.1150," by R. I. Moore; "Wisdom from the East: The Reception by the Cathers of Eastern Dualist Texts," by Bernard Hamilton; "The Cathars of Languedoc and Written Materials," by Peter Biller; "Italian Catharism and Written Culture," by Lorenzo Paolini; "Heresy and Literacy: Evidence of the Thirteenth-Century Exempla," by Aaron Gurevich; "The Literacy of Waldensianism from Valdes to c.1400," by Alexander Patschovsky; "The Waldensian Books," by Anne Brenon; "Waldensians in the Dauphine (1400-1530): From Dissidence in Texts to Dissidence in Practice," by Pierette Paravy; "Were the Waldensians More Literate than Their Contemporaries (1460-1560)?" by Gabriel Audisio; "Writing and Resistance among Beguins of Languedoc and Catalonia," by Robert E. Lerner; "Religious Reading Amongst the Laity in France in the Fifteenth Century," by Genevieve Hasenohr; "Laicus litteratus: The Paradox of Lollardy," by Anne Hudson; "Literacy and Heresy in Hussite Bohemia," by Frantisek Smahel; "Heterodoxy, Literacy and Print in the Early German Reformation," by Bob Scribner; "Literacy, Heresy, History and Orthodoxy: Perspectives and Permutations for the Later Middle Ages," by R. N. Swanson.]

Blamires, Alcuin. "Crisis and Dissent." In A Companion to Chaucer. Blackwell Companions to Literature and Culture. Oxford, and Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishers, 2000. Pp. 133-148. [HSS PR 1906.5 C66 2000.]

Brockway, Fenner. Britain's First Socialists: The Levellers, Agitators, and Diggers of the English Revolution. London: Quartet Books, 1980. [HSS DA 405 B86 1980.]

Clement, C[hristopher] J[ohn]. Religious Radicalism in England, 1535-1565. Rutherford Studies, Series 1: Historical Theology. Carlisle: Paternoster Press, for Rutherford House, 1997. [A revision of the author's Ph.D. thesis, University of Cambridge, 1980.]

Colburn, Forrest D., ed. Everyday Forms of Peasant Resistance. Armonk, NY, and London: M. E. Sharpe, 1989. [HSS JC 328.3 E93 1989. Essays based on James C. Scott's ideas about "Weapons of the Weak" (including a new essay by Scott).]

Copeland, Rita, ed. Criticism and Dissent in the Middle Ages. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996. [HSS PN 671 C75 1996. Contents: "Introduction: Dissenting Critical Practices," by Rita Copeland; "Rhetoric, Coercion, and the Memory of Violence," by Jody Enders; "Rape and the Pedagogical Rhetoric of Sexual Violence," by Marjorie Curry Woods; "Heloise and the Gendering of the Literate Subject," by Martin Irvine; "The Dissenting Image: A Postcard from Matthew Paris," by Michael Camille; "The Schools Give a License to Poets," by Nicolette Zeeman; "The Science of Politics of Late Medieval Academic Debate," by Janet Coleman; "Desire and the Scriptural Text: Will as Reader in Piers Plowman," by James Simpson; "'Vae octuplex': Lollard Socio-textual Ideology, and Ricardian-Lancastrian Prose Translation," by Ralph Hanna III; "Sacrum Signum: Sacramentality and Dissent in York's Theatre of Corpus Christi," by Sarah Beckwith; "Inquisition, Speech, and Writing: A Case from Late Medieval Norwich," by Steven Justice.]

Copeland, Rita. Pedagogy, Intellectuals, and Dissent in the Later Middle Ages: Lollardy and Ideas of Learning. Cambridge Studies in Medieval Literature 44. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 2001.

Cornwall, Julian. Revolt of the Peasantry, 1549. London and Boston: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1977. [HSS DA 345 C82 1977. On Kett's Rebellion in 1549.]

D'Alton, Craig William. "The Suppression of Heresy in Early Henrician England." Ph.D. thesis, University of Melbourne, 1999.

Davis, Natalie Zemon. "Women on Top: Symbolic Sexual Inversion and Political Disorder in Early Modern Europe." In The Reversible World: Symbolic Inversion in Art and Society. Ed. Barbara A. Babcock. Symbol, Myth, and Ritual Series. Ithaca, NY, and London: Cornell University Press, 1978. Pp. 147-190. [HSS GN 462.5 F72 1972. Papers from the "Forms of Symbolic Inversion" Symposium, Toronto, 1972. On gender roles and their inversion in late medieval and early modern Europe, including an idea that women's supposed tendency towards "hysteria" and lack of self-control could be used (including by cross-dressing men) to "explain" rebellious actions. P. 179: among various other examples, Davis mentions that, in 1450-1451, in the wake of Jack Cade's rebellion, "the Queen of Fairies was abroad in Kent and Essex; . . . a troop of black-faced husbandmen, 'servants of the Queen of Fairies,' broke into the Duke of Buckingham's park and took his bucks and does."]

Dow, F. D. Radicalism in the English Revolution, 1640-1660. Historical Association Studies. Oxford and New York: Basil Blackwell, 1985. [HSS DA 405 D74 1985.]

"ExLibris: English Dissenters." URL: http://www.exlibris.org/nonconform/engdis/index.html (Revised: 23 July 2000; URL correct as of 31 Aug. 2003). [Provides descriptions of early modern nonconformist sects. If you are unsure of the difference between a Ranter and a Quaker (and it might be hard to tell them apart since, according to this site, both were known to sit around the tavern in the nude to protest the sin of clothing), between a Baptist and an Anabaptist, a Leveller and a Digger, or a Muggletonian and a Reevonian, this site might be of some use to you. It includes an article on Lollards.]

Field, Sean. "Devotion, Discontent, and the Henrician Reformation: The Evidence of the Robin Hood Stories." Journal of British Studies 14 (2002): 6-22. [HSS DA 10 J862. This is offered as a contribution to the debate over whether the populace was or was not anxious for religious reform in the time of Henry VIII: was there a wave of popular discontent with the Catholic church, or was the Catholic church a "lively and relevant social institution" which Henry attacked for personal reasons despite popular disaffection with his Reformation? An examination of the religious references in tales of Robin Hood helps to provide a fresh perspective on this question.]

Goodich, Michael, ed. Other Middle Ages: Witnesses at the Margins of Medieval Society. The Middle Ages Series. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1998. ["The fascinating cast of characters on the margins of medieval Europe, including the visionaries and sexual dissidents, the suicidal and psychologically unbalanced, the lepers and converts, reveal the fears of a people for whom life was made both meaningful and terrifying by the sacred. After centuries of historical silence, these and other disenfranchised members of the medieval public have been given a voice by Michael Goodich in a unique collection of texts from the mid-eleventh through the fourteenth centuries. Translated from their original Latin, Hebrew, and Arabic, these texts, many of them first-person narratives or testimonies, give insight into those figures who made medieval society uneasy" [Publisher's ad].]

Harvey, I. M. W. Jack Cade's Rebellion of 1450. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1997. [[Kentish occupation of London; the "Harvest of Heads"; Jack Cade; John Mortimer]]

Hayes, T[homas] Wilson. Winstanley the Digger: A Literary Analysis of Radical Ideas in the English Revolution. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1979. [HSS DA 429 W5 H42 1979. [Gerrard Winstanley, seventeenth-century radical]]

Hicks, Michael, ed. Revolution and Consumption in Late Medieval England. The Fifteenth Century. Woodbridge, Suffolk: Boydell and Brewer, 2001. ["The essays in this volume focus on the sources and resources of political power, on consumption (royal and lay, conspicuous and everyday) on political revolution and on economic regulation in the later Middle Ages. Topics range from the diet of the nobility in the fifteenth century to the knightly household of Richard II and the peace commissions, while particular case studies, of Middlesex, Cambridge, Durham Cathedral and Winchester, shed new light on regional economies through an examination of the patterns of consumption, retailing, and marketing" (publisher's ad).]

Hill, Christopher. "From Lollards to Levellers." In Rebels and their Causes: Essays in Honour of A. L. Morton. Ed. Maurice Cornforth. London: Lawrence and Wishart, 1978. Pp. 49-67. [HSS HN 385.2 R3 R29 1978.]

Hill, Christopher. Liberty Against the Law: Some Seventeenth-Century Controversies. London and New York: Allen Lane / Penguin, 1996. [Weir Law Library PR 438 C65 H55 1996. Summary: "In the plays and popular folklore of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries are many expressions of liberty against the law. Taking this literary theme as his starting point, Christopher Hill examines how seventeenth-century society and its laws looked to the mass of the landless and lawless classes." Section 2, "Lawlessness," includes chapters on vagabonds, the poor, Robin Hood, forest and game laws (and poachers), smugglers, pirates, highwaymen, and "Gypsies."]

Hill, Christopher. The World Turned Upside Down: Radical Ideas During the English Revolution. London: Maurice Temple Smith, 1972. [HSS HN 400 R3 H64 1972. Rpt. Harmondsworth, Middlesex: Penguin Books, 1975. Contents: Introduction; "The Parchment and the Fire"; "Masterless Men"; "Agitators and Officers"; "The North and West"; "A Nation of Prophets"; "Levellers and True Levellers"; "Sin and Hell"; "Seekers and Ranters"; "Ranters and Quakers"; "Samuel Fisher and the Bible"; "John Warr and the Law"; "The Island of Great Bedlam"; "Mechanic Preachers and the Mechanical Philosophy"; "Base Impudent Kisses"; "Life Against Death"; "The World Restored"; Conclusion; Appendix: "Hobbes and Winstanley: Reason and Politics"; Appendix: "Milton and Bunyan: Dialogue with the Radicals.]

Hobsbawm, E[ric] J. Primitive Rebels: Studies in Archaic Forms of Social Movement in the 19th and 20th Centuries. 2nd ed. New York: Praeger, 1963. [HSS HM 291 H68 1963. On social conflict, peasant uprisings, and social bandits; includes some consideration of Robin Hood as a hero of the peasant classes.]

Holmes, George Andrew. Europe: Hierarchy and Revolt, 1320-1450. 2nd ed. Blackwell Classic Histories of Europe. Oxford, and Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishers, 2000.

Kunzle, David. "World Upside Down: The Iconography of a European Broadsheet Type." In The Reversible World: Symbolic Inversion in Art and Society. Ed. Barbara A. Babcock. Symbol, Myth, and Ritual Series. Ithaca, NY, and London: Cornell University Press, 1978. Pp. 39-94. [HSS GN 462.5 F72 1972. Papers from the "Forms of Symbolic Inversion" Symposium, Toronto, 1972. Kunzle discusses broadsheets showing images of the "inverted" world, common in the seventeenth century, as a satirical commentary upon the times.]

Leff, Gordon. Heresy in the Later Middle Ages: The Relation of Heterodoxy to Dissent, c.1250-c.1450. 2 vols. Manchester: Manchester University Press; New York: Barnes and Noble, 1967. [HSS BT 1315.2 L49 1967.]

Leff, Gordon. "Heresy in the Middle Ages." In Dictionary of the History of Ideas: Studies of Selected Pivotal Ideas. Ed. Philip P. Wiener. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1973 [c. 1968]. 2: 416-424.

Lyle, Helen M. The Rebellion of Jack Cade, 1450. Historical Association (Great Britain), General Series G 16. London: G. Philip, for the Historical Association, 1950. [HSS DA 257 L85 1950. [Kentish occupation of London; the "Harvest of Heads"; John Mortimer]]

Moore, R[obert] I[an]. The Formation of a Persecuting Society: Power and Deviance in Western Europe, 950-1250. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1987.

Moore, R[obert] I[an]. The Origins of European Dissent. Medieval Academy Reprints for Teaching [MART] 30. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, in association with the Medieval Academy of America, 1994.

Mullett, Michael A. Popular Culture and Popular Protest in Late Medieval and Early Modern Europe. London and New York: Croom Helm, 1987. [HSS CB 353 M958 1987.]

Nederman, Cary J. Worlds of Difference: European Discourses of Toleration, c.1100-c.1550. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2000.

Nederman, Cary J., and John Christian Laursen, eds. Difference and Dissent: Theories of Toleration in Medieval and Early Modern Europe. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 1996. [Contents: Difference and dissent: introduction / Cary J. Nederman and John Christian Laursen -- Liberty, community, and toleration: freedom and function in medieval political thought / Cary J. Nederman -- Toleration in the theology and social thought of John Wyclif / Stephen Lahey -- Respect, interdependence, virtue: a medieval theory of toleration in the works of Christine de Pizan / Kate Langdon Forhan -- "Turks and heathen are our kin": the notion of tolerance in the works of Hans Denck and Sebastian Franck / E. J. Furcha -- Spanish Thomism and the American Indians: Vitoria and Las Casas on the toleration of cultural difference / Paul J. Cornish -- Bodin's pluralistic theory of toleration / Gary Remer -- Thomas Hobbes: religious toleration or religious indifference? / Glenn Burgess -- Samuel Pufendorf's concept of toleration / Simone Zurbuchen -- Spinoza on toleration: arming the state and reining in the magistrate / John Christian Laursen -- Force, metaphor, and persuasion in Locke's A Letter concerning toleration / William Walker.]

Newman, Francis X., ed. Social Unrest in the Late Middle Ages: Papers of the Fifteenth Annual Conference of the Center for Medieval and Early Renaissance Studies. Medieval and Renaissance Texts and Studies 39. Binghamton: Center for Medieval and Early Renaissance Studies, SUNY, 1986. [HSS HN 11 S79 1981.]

Richards, Jeffrey. Sex, Dissidents, and Damnation: Minority Groups in the Middle Ages. London and New York: Routledge, 1991. [HSS HN 11 R516 1991. Contents: "The Medieval Context"; "Sex in the Middle Ages"; "Heretics"; "Witches"; "Jews"; "Prostitutes"; "Homosexuals"; "Lepers."]

Robertson, Kellie Paige. "'Sethe that Babyl was Ybuld': Translation and Dissent in Later Medieval England." Ph.D. diss., Yale University, 1997. [DAI 58 (1997-1998): 4645A. Abstract: "Debates over translation in medieval Britain occurred at the crossroads of Latin and the insular vernaculars; it was here that writers (ecclesiastic and secular) argued about not only the proper relation of past to present, but of linguistic to national identity, of sacred to secular power. This dissertation looks at medieval writers in whose works we find a conflict between the practice and the representation of translation, seeking to resituate these translations within their social contexts. Beginning with Geoffrey Monmouth in the twelfth century, writers exploited the translation topos as a means of commenting on a current state of affairs. Geoffrey's claim to translate from Celtic into Latin (his reversal of the tide of translatio studii) also allowed him to revise the received boundaries of both literary tradition and insular historiography. "In the fourteenth century, Wycliffite-inspired debate over the translation of the Vulgate into English also influenced the production of historical and theological translations (as is witnessed by the works of John Trevisa). When read alongside contemporary polemic on the subject of translation, Trevisa's writings illuminate how English was emerging as a public language at this time in part through the equation of English with the 'common profit.' The strategies through which English began to assert itself as a fit medium for intellectual work in late medieval Britain were also reflected in the court poetry of the time. Chaucer's continual return to the translation topos--most conspicuously, his spurious claim to be translating from a Latin original in Troilus and Criseyde--gains new vitality when read against this contemporary debate over scriptural translation. Chaucer's revisions to the Legend of Good Women in the mid-1390s similarly speak to this controversy, arguing as they do for the validity of vernacular translations in general at a time when English was being stigmatized as 'pestilential' by contemporary Latin theologians who voiced suspicions about the vernacular as a medium for the spread of heresay. This context also yields fresh interpretations of other late medieval writers, including John Gower and Thomas Hoccleve."]

Russell, Jeffrey B[urton], ed. Religious Dissent in the Middle Ages. Major Issues in History. New York: Wiley, 1971. [HSS BT 1315.2 R965.]

Russell, Jeffrey Burton. Dissent and Order in the Middle Ages: The Search for Legitimate Authority. Twayne Studies in Intellectual and Cultural History 3. Boston: Twayne, 1992.

Russell, Jeffrey Burton. Dissent and Reform in the Early Middle Ages. Publications of the Center for Medieval and Renaissance Studies 1. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1965.

Scott, James C. Domination and the Arts of Resistance: Hidden Transcripts. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1990. [HSS HM 278 S427 1990.]

Scott, James C. "Everyday Forms of Resistance." In Everyday Forms of Peasant Resistance. Ed. Forrest D. Colburn. Armonk, NY, and London: M. E. Sharpe, 1989. Pp. 3-33. [HSS JC 328.3 E93 1989.]

Scott, James C. Weapons of the Weak: Everyday Forms of Peasant Resistance. New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1985. [HSS GT 5690 D47 S42 1985. This is a study of "everyday resistance" among the peasants of Malaysia ("foot dragging, dissimulation, feigned ignorance, false compliance, manipulation, flight, slander, theft, arson, sabotage, and isolated incidents of violence, including murder, passed off as crime. These forms of struggle stop well short of outright collective defiance, a strategy usually suicidal for the weak" [Forrest Colburn's summary, from his Introduction to Everyday Forms of Peasant Resistance, p. ix]). Scott develops these ideas further and more generally in his later book, Domination and the Arts of Resistance (1990), in which he introduces the idea of "hidden transcripts" (the subtextual meaning of noncompliant actions). See also the collection of essays Everyday Forms of Peasant Resistance, ed. Forrest D. Colburn (1989).]

Sharp, Andrew, ed. The English Levellers. Cambridge Texts in the History of Political Thought. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1998. [HSS JN 193 E54 1998.]

Smith, Richard Cándida. Utopia and Dissent: Art, Poetry, and Politics in California. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1995. [On twentieth-century artistic movements in California, particularly as influenced by and a vital part of political activism, including 1950s "beat generation" and 1960s anti-war protests, sexual liberation, drug use, mysticism, questioning of all forms of authority. Though focused on California, the implications of the study extend across North America and Europe.]

Spufford, M., ed. The World of Rural Dissenters, 1520-1725. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1995.

Strohm, Paul. "Counterfeiters, Lollards, and Lancastrian Unease." New Medieval Literatures 1 (1997): 31-58. [HSS PN 661 N392. "Discusses the invented confession by the counterfeiter William Carsewell in 1419, and argues that although not literally true, his story encapsulated general truths about the anxieties of Lancastrian kingship, including insurrection, monastic internationalism, treason and blasphemy" (International Medieval Bibliography).]

Tutino, John. "Agrarian Life and Rural Rebellion." Chap. 1 of From Insurrection to Revolution in Mexico: Social Bases of Agrarian Violence, 1750-1940. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1986. Pp. 3-37. [Although the book is on insurrection in modern Mexico, there are interesting parallels with agrarian rebellion in the later Middle Ages.]

Underdown, David. Revel, Riot, and Rebellion: Popular Politics and Culture in England, 1603-1660. Oxford: Clarendon Press; New York: Oxford University Press, 1985. [HSS DA 406 U55 1985. [carnival and rebellion]]

Walker, Simon. "Rumour, Sedition and Popular Protest in the Reign of Henry IV." Past and Present no. 166 (Feb. 2000): 31-65.

Watts, D. G. "Popular Disorder in Southern England, 1250-1450." In Conflict and Community in Southern England: Essays in the Social History of Rural and Urban Labour from Medieval to Modern Times. Ed. Barry Stapleton. Stroud, Gloucestershire: Alan Sutton, 1992. Pp. 1-15. ["Critical examination of conventional interpretations of Peasants' Revolt and other disorders; questions the view of the south-eastern rising in 1381 as the product of an 'advanced' society" (International Medieval Bibliography).]

Waugh, Scott L., and Peter D. Diehl, eds. Christendom and its Discontents: Exclusion, Persecution, and Rebellion, 1000-1500. Cambridge, and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996.

B.iv. Cities, Towns and Villages (Urban Economies)

Blair, W. John, and Nigel Ramsay, eds. English Medieval Industries: Craftsmen, Techniques, Products. London: Hambledon Press, 1991.

Bolton, J. L. The Medieval English Economy, 1150-1500. London: J. M. Dent; Totowa, NJ: Rowman and Littlefield, 1980.

Bridbury, A. R. Economic Growth: England in the Later Middle Ages. London: Allen and Unwin, 1962.

Butcher, A. F. "English Urban Society and the Revolt of 1381." In The English Rising of 1381. Ed. R[odney] H[oward] Hilton, and T[revor] H[enry] Aston. Past and Present Publications. Cambridge [etc.]: Cambridge University Press, 1984. Pp. 84-111. [HSS DA 235 E52 1984.]

Davies, Matthew. "Artisans, Guilds and Government in London." In Daily Life in the Late Middle Ages. Ed. Richard Britnell. Stroud, Gloucestershire: Sutton Publishing, 1998. Pp. 125-150, 214-217.

Dyer, Christopher. Making a Living in the Middle Ages: The People of Britain, 850-1520. The New Economic History of Britain. New Haven, CN: Yale University Press, 2002.

Geremek, Bronislaw. The Margins of Society in Late Medieval Paris. Trans. Jean Birrell. Past and Present Publications. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press; Paris: Editions de la maison des sciences de l'homme, 1987. [HSS HN 440 M26 G367 E5 1987. On the class structures of urban life and those living on the "margins" (criminals, prostitutes, etc.). Orig. pub. in Polish as Ludzie marginesu w sredniowiecznym Paryzu, XIV-XV wiek; originally presented as the author's thesis, Warsaw, 1973. The English version is, however, translated from a French version: Les Marginaux parisiens aux XIVe et XVe siècles. Trans. Daniel Beauvois. Révoltes et protestations: Collection l'histoire vivante. Paris: Flammarion, 1976.]

Hicks, Michael, ed. Profit, Piety, and the Professions in Later Medieval England. Stroud, Gloucestershire: Alan Sutton, 1990. [HSS DA 30 P964 1990. Note: "These papers are the proceedings of the conference on Recent Research in Fifteenth-Century English History . . . at King Alfred's College, Winchester on 10-12 July 1987" (Introduction).]

Hindess, Barry, and Paul Q. Hirst. Mode of Production and Social Formation: An Auto-Critique of "Pre-Capitalist Modes of Production." London: Macmillan, 1977. [HSS HB 97.5 H656 1977.]

Hindess, Barry, and Paul Q. Hirst. Pre-Capitalist Modes of Production. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1975. [HSS HB 97.5 H66 1975.]

Kermode, Jenny. Medieval Merchants: York, Beverley, and Hull in the Later Middle Ages. Cambridge Studies in Medieval Life and Thought 4th ser. 38. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1998.

Le Goff, Jacques. Time, Work, and Culture in the Middle Ages. Trans. Arthur Goldhammer. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1980.

Lis, Catharina, and Hugo Soly. "'An irresistable phalanx': Journeymen Associations in Western Europe, 1300-1800." International Review of Social History 39 Suppl. 2 (1994): 11-52.

Little, Lester K. Religious Poverty and the Profit Economy in Medieval Europe. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1978. [HSS BV 4647 P6 L76 1978. On various medieval ideas of the "apostolic" life.]

McKisak, May. "Trade, Industry, and Towns." Chap. 12 of her The Fourteenth Century, 1307-1399. Oxford History of England 5. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1959. Pp. 349-383.

Miller, Edward, and John Hatcher. Medieval England: Towns, Commerce, and Crafts, 1086-1348. Social and Economic History of England. London and New York: Longman, 1995. [Intended to complement their Medieval England: Rural Society and Economic Change, 1086-1348.]

Moore, Ellen W[edemeyer]. The Fairs of Medieval England: An Introductory Study. Studies and Texts 72. Toronto: Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies, 1985.

Palliser, D. M., ed. The Cambridge Urban History of Britain, Vol. 1: 600-1540. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 2001.

Palliser, D. M. "Urban Society." In Fifteenth-Century Attitudes: Perceptions of Society in Late Medieval England. Ed. Rosemary Horrox. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1994. Pp. 132-149. [HSS DA 245 F52 1994.]

Phythian-Adams, Charles. Desolation of a City: Coventry and the Urban Crisis of the Late Middle Ages. Past and Present Publications. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979.

Robertson, D. W., Jr. Chaucer's London. New York: Wiley, 1968.

Rörig, Fritz. The Medieval Town. Trans. D. Bryant. London: B. T. Batsford, 1967.

Rosser, Gervase. "Workers' Associations in English Medieval Towns." In Les métiers au Moyen Age: Aspects économiques et sociaux; Actes du Colloque international de Louvain-la-Neuve 7-9 octobre 1993. Ed. Pascale Lambrechts and Jean-Pierre Sosson. Louvain-la-Neuve: Institut d'études médiévales de l'Université Catholique de Louvain, 1994. Pp. 283-305. ["Studies the guilds in the broader context of the social environment in which work was being continuously negotiated, and of the various forms of collective action available to urban workers" (International Medieval Bibliography).]

Salzman, L[ouis] F[rancis]. English Industries of the Middle Ages, being an Introduction to the Industrial History of Medieval England. London: Constable, 1913.

Schofield, John. The Building of London, From the Norman Conquest to the Great Fire. 2nd ed. London: British Museum Publications, in association with the Museum of London, 1993.

Smith, [Joshua] Toulmin, ed. English Gilds: The Original Ordinances of More Than One Hundred Early English Gilds Together with "Ye olde usages of ye city of Wynchestre," "The Ordinances of Woccester," "The office of the Mayor of Bristol" and "Customary of the manor of Tettenhall-Regis" from Manuscripts of the 14th and 15th Centuries. Early English Text Society, Original Series 40. London: Oxford University Press, for the Early English Text Society, 1963. [HSS PR 1119.A2 no.40.]

Swanson, Heather Crichton. "Craftsmen and Industry in Late Medieval York." Ph.D. thesis, University of York, 1980.

Thomson, John A. F., ed. Towns and Townspeople in the Fifteenth Century. Stroud, Gloucestershire, and Wolfeboro Falls, NH: Alan Sutton, 1988.

Thrupp, Sylvia L. The Merchant Class of Medieval London, 1300-1500. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1948. [HSS HF 3510 L8 T5.]

Unwin, George. The Gilds and Companies of London. 4th ed. Introd. William F. Kahl. London: Frank Cass, 1963. [HSS HD 6462 L7 U6 1963.]

B.v. Peasant and Labour History

Bailey, Mark. "Rural Society." In Fifteenth-Century Attitudes: Perceptions of Society in Late Medieval England. Ed. Rosemary Horrox. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1994. Pp. 150-168. [HSS DA 245 F52 1994.]

Bennett, H[enry] S[tanley]. Life on the English Manor: A Study of Peasant Conditions, 1150-1400. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1937.

Bennett, Judith M. "Public Power and Authority in the Medieval English Countryside." In Women and Power in the Middle Ages. Ed. Mary Erler and Maryanne Kowaleski. Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press, 1988. Pp. 18-36. [HSS HQ 1143 W867 1988.]

Bennett, Judith M. Women in the Medieval English Countryside: Gender and Household in Brigstock before the Plague. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1986.

Bush, M. L., ed. Serfdom and Slavery: Studies in Legal Bondage. London and New York: Longman, 1996. [HSS HT 861 S47 1996. Summary (from catalogue entry): "Serfdom and Slavery explores the variety--and the continuities and common characteristics--of the two main forms of legal servitude known to history. The seventeen chapters range from classical times to the modern age, and from Europe to the New World, India and Africa. The theme is not, however, a pale excuse for an unfocused antiquarian rummage through odd corners of the historical past. The book is tightly controlled, with a series of wide-ranging conceptual and contextual chapters, followed by specific case studies which examine how the general issues raised in these chapters manifested themselves in practice in key cultures, and at key moments, in the emergence of 'Western' society. Case studies examine the establishment of slavery in Ancient Greece; domestic slavery in Roman society; emancipation in Byzantium; attitudes towards serfdom in thirteenth- and fourteenth-century England; subject farmers in early modern Brandenburg-Prussia and Poland; the rural order in Tsarist Russia; and the emancipation of the Russian peasantry. There are also comparative studies of serfdom in medieval and modern Europe, of slave emancipations in modern times, and of slavery in the New and Old Worlds. The contributors (from Britain and America, with a welcome guest from St Petersburg) are highly distinguished; the contributions are rich with both information and insight; and the book as a whole makes an important contribution to our understanding of a subject which, even at the turn of a new millennium, is still far from being 'just history.'" Contents: 1. Introduction / Michael Bush -- 2. Slavery, serfdom and other forms of coerced labour: similarities and differences / Stanley L. Engerman -- 3. Some controversial questions concerning nineteenth-century emancipation from slavery and serfdom / Peter Kolchin -- 4. Continuity and change in Western slavery: ancient to modern times / William D. Phillips, Jr. -- 5. The origin and establishment of Ancient Greek slavery / Tracey Rihll -- 6. The hierarchical household in Roman society: a study of domestic slavery / Richard Saller -- 7. Emancipation in Byzantium: Roman law in a medieval society / Rosemary Morris -- 8. New World slavery, Old World slavery / Howard Temperley -- 9. Slave exploitation and the elementary structures of enslavement / Robin Blackburn -- 10. Slave emancipations in modern history / David Turley -- 11. Serfdom in medieval and modern Europe: a comparison / Michael Bush -- 12. On servile status in the early Middle Ages / Wendy Davies.; 13. The rises and declines of serfdom in medieval and early modern Europe / Robert Brenner -- 14. Memories of freedom: attitudes towards serfdom in England, 1200-1350 / Christopher Dyer -- 15. Subject farmers in Brandenburg-Prussia and Poland: village life and fortunes under manorialism in early modern Central Europe / William W. Hagen -- 16. The serf economy and the social order in Russia / Steven Hoch -- 17. When and why was the Russian peasantry emancipated? / Boris N. Mironov.]

Chapelot, Jean, and Robert Fossier. The Village and the House in the Middle Ages. Trans. Henry Cleere. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985. [Trans. of Le village et la maison au moyen âge (Paris: Hachette, 1980).]

Dyer, Christopher C. "Memories of Freedom: Attitudes towards Serfdom in England, 1200-1350." In Serfdom and Slavery: Studies in Legal Bondage. Ed. M. L. Bush. London and New York: Longman, 1996. Pp. 277-295. [HSS HT 861 S47 1996.]

Dyer, C[hristopher] C. "Power and Conflict in the Medieval English Village." In Medieval Villages: A Review of Current Work. Ed. Della Hooke. Oxford University Committee for Archaeology, Monograph 5. Oxford: Oxford University Committee for Archaeology, 1985. Pp. 27-32. [HSS HT 431 M489 1985. Note: "Many of the papers presented at a conference organized . . . for the Department for External Studies, the University of Oxford, in January 1982."]

Dyer, Christopher. "Rural Europe." In The New Cambridge Medieval History, Vol. 7: c.1415-c.1500. Ed. Christopher Allmand. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1998. Pp. 106-120. [HSS D 117 N48 1995.]

Dyer, Christopher. Standards of Living in the Later Middle Ages. Cambridge Medieval Textbooks. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989.

Faith, Rosamond. "The Class Struggle in Fourteenth-Century England." In The People's History and Socialist Theory. Ed. Raphael Samuel. London, Boston, and Henley: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1981. Pp. 50-60. [HSS D 16.9 P42 1981. An essay on class issues in late medieval England, using the example of the village of Park, one of the manors held by the abbey of St. Albans; the history of the village, up to and including the Rising of 1381, is discussed.]

Frantzen, Allen J., and Douglas Moffat, eds. The Work of Work: Servitude, Slavery, and Labor in Medieval England. Glasgow: Cruithne Press, 1994. [Contents: "Work of Work: Servitude, Slavery, and Labor in Medieval England," by Allen J. Frantzen; "Desire, Descendants, and Dominance: Slavery, the Exchange of Women, and Masculine Power," by Ruth Mazo Karras; "Metaphorical Usage, Sexual Exploitation, and Divergence in the Old English Terminology for Male and Female Slaves," by Elizabeth Stevens Girsch; "Labor Structure of Ælfric's Colloquy," by John Ruffing; "Cultural Context of Western Technology: Early Christian Attitudes toward Manual Labor," by George Ovitt, Jr.; "End of Early Medieval Slavery," by Ross Samson; "Labor and Agriculture in Early Medieval Ireland: Evidence from the Sources," by Niall Brady; "Sin, Conquest, Servitude: English Self-Image in the Chronicles of the Early Fourteenth Century," by Douglas Moffat; "Justice and Wage-Labor after the Black Death: Some Perplexities for William Langland," by David Aers; "Hearing God's Voice: Kind Wit's Call to Labor in Piers Plowman," by Louise M. Bishop; "Defining the Servant: Legal and Extra-Legal Terms of Employment in Fifteenth-Century England," by Madonna J. Hettinger. [William Langland]]

Freedman, Paul [H.]. Images of the Medieval Peasant. Figurae: Reading Medieval Culture. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1999. [HSS PN 682 P35 F74 1999. On medieval representations of peasants, including literary works.]

Freedman, Paul [H.]. "Peasant Anger in the Late Middle Ages." In Anger's Past: The Social Uses of an Emotion in the Middle Ages. Ed. Barbara H. Rosenwein. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1998. Pp. 171-188. ["Describes instances of group anger among peasants, arguing that it was only very rarely viewed as justifiable or dignified" (International Medieval Bibliography).]

Freedman, Paul [H.]. "Rural Society." In The New Cambridge Medieval History, Vol. 6: c.1300-1415. Ed. Michael Jones. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 2000. Pp. 82-100. [HSS D 117 N48 1995.]

Fryde, E. B. Peasants and Landlords in Later Medieval England, c.1380-c.1525. Stroud, Gloucestershire: Alan Sutton; New York: St. Martin's Press, 1996. [HSS DA 235 F79 1996.]

Galloway, James A., and Margaret Murphy. "Feeding the City: Medieval London and its Agrarian Hinterland." London Journal 16.1 (1991): 3-14.

Hallam, H. E. Rural England, 1066-1348. Fontana History of England. London: Fontana Paperbacks, 1981.

Hanawalt, Barbara A. "Peasant Resistance to Royal and Seigniorial Impositions." In Social Unrest in the Late Middle Ages: Papers of the Fifteenth Annual Conference of the Center for Medieval and Early Renaissance Studies. Ed. Francis X. Newman. Medieval and Renaissance Texts and Studies 39. Binghamton: Center for Medieval and Early Renaissance Studies, SUNY, 1986. Pp. 23-47.

Hanawalt, Barbara A. The Ties that Bound: Peasant Families in Medieval England. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 1986. [HSS HQ 615 H23 1986.]

Hatcher, John. "English Serfdom and Villeinage: Towards a Reassessment." Past and Present no. 90 (Feb. 1981): 3-39. [Rpt. in Landlords, Peasants and Politics in Medieval England. Ed. T. H. Aston. Past and Present Publications. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987. Pp. 247-284.]

Hill, Ordelle G. The Manor, the Plowman, and the Shepherd: Agrarian Themes and Imagery in Late Medieval and Early Renaissance English Literature. Selinsgrove, PA: Susquehanna University Press, 1992.

Hilton, R[odney] H[oward]. Bond Men Made Free: Medieval Peasant Movements and the English Rising of 1381. London: Temple Smith, 1973. [HSS DA 235 H63 1973. Contents: Part I: General Problems of Medieval European Peasant Societies; Chap. 1, "The Nature of Medieval Peasant Economy"; Chap. 2, "Early Movements and their Problems"; Chap. 3, "Mass Movements of the Later Middle Ages"; Part II: The English Rising of 1381; Chap. 4, "The Events of the Rising"; Chap. 5, "The General Background"; Chap. 6, "The Areas of Revolt"; Chap. 7, "Social Composition"; Chap. 8, "The Allies of the Rebels"; Chap. 9, "Organization and Aims"; Chap. 10, "Conclusion."]

Hilton, R[odney] H[oward]. The Decline of Serfdom in Medieval England. Studies in Economic History. London, Melbourne [etc.]: Macmillan, for the Economic History Society; New York, St. Martin's Press, 1969.

Hilton, R[odney] H[oward]. "Peasant Movements in England before 1381." Journal of Peasant Studies 1 (1974): 207-219. [Rpt. in his Class Conflict and the Crisis of Feudalism: Essays in Medieval Social History. 2nd ed. London and New York: Verso, 1990. Pp. 122-138.]

Hobsbawm, E[ric] J., et al., eds. Peasants in History: Essays in Honour of Daniel Thorner. Calcutta: Published for Sameeksha Trust by Oxford University Press, 1980. [HSS HD 1521 P36 1980.]

Homans, George Caspar. English Villagers of the Thirteenth Century. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1941. [HSS DA 185 H76 1941.]

Hooke, Della, ed. Medieval Villages: A Review of Current Work. Oxford University Committee for Archaeology, Monograph 5. Oxford: Oxford University Committee for Archaeology, 1985. [HSS HT 431 M489 1985. Note: "Many of the papers presented at a conference organized . . . for the Department for External Studies, the University of Oxford, in January 1982."]

Maddicott, J. R. "The English Peasantry and the Demands of the Crown, 1294-1341." Past and Present Suppl. no. 1 (1974) [75 pp]. [Rpt. in Landlords, Peasants and Politics in Medieval England. Ed. T. H. Aston. Past and Present Publications. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987. Pp. 285-359.]

McKisak, May. "Rural Society." Chap. 11 of her The Fourteenth Century, 1307-1399. Oxford History of England 5. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1959. Pp. 312-348.

Miller, Edward, ed. The Agrarian History of England and Wales, Vol. 3: 1348-1500. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991. [HSS HD 593 A27 vol. 3.]

Miller, Edward, and John Hatcher. Medieval England: Rural Society and Economic Change, 1086-1348. Social and Economic History of England. London and New York: Longman, 1978. [See also their Medieval England: Towns, Commerce, and Crafts, 1086-1348.]

Mollat, Michel. The Poor in the Middle Ages: An Essay in Social History. Trans. Arthur Goldhammer. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1986. [HSS HN 11 M726 E5 1986. Trans. of Les Pauvres au Moyen Age.]

Peake, Harold. The English Village: The Origin and Decay of its Community. London: Benn Brothers, 1922. [HSS JC 43 P35.]

Putnam, Bertha Haven. The Enforcement of the Statutes of Labourers During the First Decade After the Black Death, 1349-1359. Columbia University Studies in the Social Sciences 85. New York: Columbia University Press, 1908. [Weir Law Library HD 7876 P98 1970. Rpt.: Studies in History, Economics, and Public Law 32. New York: AMS Press, 1970. A published version of the author's thesis, Columbia University, 1908.]

Raftis, J[ames] A[mbrose]. Peasant Economic Development Within the English Manorial System. Montreal and Buffalo: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1996.

Raftis, J[ames] A[mbrose]. Tenure and Mobility: Studies in the Social History of the Mediaeval English Village. Studies and Texts 8. Toronto: Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies, 1964. [HSS HC 254.3 R135.]

Razi, Zvi. "Family, Land, and the Village Community in Later Medieval England." Past and Present no. 93 (1981): 3-36. [Rpt. in Landlords, Peasants and Politics in Medieval England. Ed. T. H. Aston. Past and Present Publications. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987. Pp. 360-393.]

Rösener, Werner. Peasants in the Middle Ages. Trans. Alexander Stützer. Cambridge: Polity Press; and Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1992. [HSS HD 1531.5 R813 E5 1992. Translation of: Bauern im Mittelalter.]

Rubin, Miri. "The Poor." In Fifteenth-Century Attitudes: Perceptions of Society in Late Medieval England. Ed. Rosemary Horrox. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1994. Pp. 169-182. [HSS DA 245 F52 1994.]

Samson, Ross. "The End of Early Medieval Slavery." In The Work of Work: Servitude, Slavery, and Labor in Medieval England. Ed. Allen J. Frantzen and Douglas Moffat. Glasgow: Cruithne Press, 1994. Pp. 95-124.

Saunders, Tom. "The Feudal Construction of Space: Power and Domination in the Nucleated Village." In The Social Archaeology of Houses. Ed. Ross Samson. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1990. Pp. 181-196. [A Marxist analysis of the spatial construction of feudalism in the medieval village. Abstract: "Social space is both the medium and the outcome of human practice. Any research into social dynamics therefore requires a spatial as well as a temporal dimension. However, the role of social space in the production and reproduction of social relations can only be assessed through concrete research. It is here that the discipline of archaeology has most to offer. The concrete context utilised below is that of medieval feudal society, a society based on rent extraction through the private control of landed estates. Its social structure was thus constituted within a hierarchy of land rights and through a hierarchy of space. Hence the development of politically regulated space was part of the very essence of feudalism. The reflexive relationship between social and spatial relations is examined through an analysis of the nucleated village. The rigorous definition of feudal space, restricting access and physical movement, it seen as being intrinsically linked to the economic power of feudal lords and their domination of the peasantry" (181). Last part of the Introduction: "Drawing on contemporary research within human geography, a materialist interpretation of space is used to explore class and power relations between lord and peasant within the English nucleated village. The argument is structured into three parts: first, there is a methodological discussion on the spatial construction of society; second, a definition of feudalism is offered, outlining the feudal construction of space in the abstract; and third, a concrete examination is made of the spatial data so far recovered from the Raunds area project in Northamptonshire" (182). In the village, the placement of the principal components--manor, church (placed beside and in league with the manor), tenements, and roads--emphasizes feudal dependencies, seen, for instance, in a particularly extreme form in the hamlet of West Cotton (adjacent to Raunds) where the mill was within the enclosed grounds of the manor, accessible to the peasants only by passing through the lord's gatehouse (190).]

Williams, William Morgan. The Sociology of an English Village: Gosforth. International Library of Sociology and Social Reconstruction. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1956. [HSS HT 421 W72.]

B.vi. Village Customs and Agrarian Rituals (May Day practices, etc.);
and Ideas of "Carnival" (Festive Misrule)
["Robin Hood" is commonly the name of the "King of the May"]

Axton, Richard. "Festive Culture in Country and Town." In Medieval Britain. Ed. Boris Ford. The Cambridge Cultural History of Britain 2. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992. Pp. 141-153.

Babcock, Barbara A. Introduction. In The Reversible World: Symbolic Inversion in Art and Society. Ed. Barbara A. Babcock. Symbol, Myth, and Ritual Series. Ithaca, NY, and London: Cornell University Press, 1978. Pp. 13-36. [HSS GN 462.5 F72 1972. Papers from the "Forms of Symbolic Inversion" Symposium, Toronto, 1972. Anthropological studies of cultural symbols of "inversion," by which is meant "ritualized 'role reversals,'" substitutions of categories, or the "rites of rebellion," to use Max Gluckman's phrase (p. 22). Babcock describes Gluckman's idea of rebellion (as expressed in his paper "Rituals of Rebellion in South East Africa" and his book Custom and Conflict in Africa) as the "steam valve" theory of social conflict (Ventilsitten; cathartic), in which ritualized inversion does not seriously challenge the established order, but, in fact, preserves it by dispelling the forces of opposition. Gluckman, says Babcock, is probably pursuing an idea expressed by Trotsky, that seasonal folk "rebellions" tended to be a hindrance to the development of true "revolutionary consciousness" (22). By contrast, and more recently, Victor Turner and others have discussed "disorder" as being a fundamental part of the liminal phase of every rite of passage (not just seasonal rites), as the "Nay" to society's "Yea," as an expression of the chaos which underlies all order (24). (Turner's approach to ritual is fundamental to the essays in this collection generally, and Turner himself provides an essay which responds to all of the others.)]

Bakhtin, M[ikhail] M[ikhailovich]. Rabelais and his World. Trans. Hélène Iswolsky. Cambridge, MA: M.I.T. Press, 1968. [HSS PQ 1697 L3 B16 E5 1968.]

Bennett, Judith M. "Conviviality and Charity in Medieval and Early Modern England." Past and Present no. 134 (Feb. 1992): 19-41. [HSS D 1 P35. On church ales and communal feasts as combining sociability with relief of the impoverished. Also see Past and Present no. 154 (Feb. 1997): 223-242 (objections are raised by Maria Moisà, and Bennett offers a response).]

Billington, Sandra. Midsummer: A Cultural Sub-Text from Chrétien de Troyes to Jean Michel. Medieval Texts and Cultures of Northern Europe. Turnhout, Belgium: Brepols, 2001. ["This book is based on fresh and original research from archives in France and the Low Countries, concerning customs and beliefs practised around the midsummer solstice. The information has never previously been considered and it reveals a festive treatment of divisiveness, which might also be politically engaged. The book shows how in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries these traditions were not solely observed by the lower classes. A study of texts throughout the Middle Ages shows that the significance of St John's Day was a valued source for some major writers, and it can be argued that it was even the rationale for works such as Chrétien's Yvain and the anonymous Perlesvaus. The midsummer customs also appear in the civic records of Leuven and Metz, in periods where the city authorities were strong enough to break free of feudal controls. Their civic freedom was expressed at the Feast of the Baptist's Nativity, and this appropriation by the bourgeoisie informs the romance, Galeran. The rationale of Midsummer is to examine the disparate, but interlinked[,] uses of the customs, and to bring to the awareness of scholars festive influences current in Europe before the better known influence of Carnival; also to discuss their seminal importance for early fiction and for the theatre. The book further reveals that pre-Christian belief in Chance/Fortune was supported by the phenomenon of the Solstice and that John the Baptist's Nativity, placed on 24 June, provided a way for Christian Fathers to allow for this, safely" [Publisher's ad].]

Billington, Sandra. Mock Kings in Medieval Society and Renaissance Drama. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1990. [HSS PR 658 K5 B62 1991. "King-led outlaw defiance, riotous lords of misrule, proud midsummer mock kings, and stately Inns of Court princes: all could be seen as reflections of the dominant social order, and all influenced the writings of Shakespeare and his contemporaries." See esp. Chap. 1, "Outlaws, Rebels, and Civil War" (pp. 9-29) on the connections between carnivalesque festival, Robin Hood, and peasant rebellions.]

Bristol, Michael. "Acting Out Utopia: The Politics of Carnival." Performance 6 (1973): 13-28.

Burke, Peter. Popular Culture in Early Modern Europe. London: Temple Smith; New York: New York University Press, 1978.

Cohen, Abner. Masquerade Politics: Explorations in the Structure of Urban Cultural Movements. Oxford: Berg, 1993. [HSS GT 4244 L66 C678 1993. On carnival generally, and especially the politics of the Notting Hill Carnival in London.]

Cooper, Quentin, and Paul Sullivan. Maypoles, Martyrs and Mayhem: 366 Days of British Customs, Myths and Eccentricities. London: Bloomsbury, 1994. [HSS GR 141 C66 1994.]

Cox, Harvey Gallagher. The Feast of Fools: A Theological Essay on Festivity and Fantasy. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1969. [HSS BT 28 C87. "Festivity" (carnival) exposes "the arbitrary quality of social rank and enables people to see that things need not always be as they are" (6).]

Danticat, Edwidge. After the Dance: A Walk through Carnival in Jacmel, Haiti. Crown Journeys Series. New York: Crown Journeys, 2002. [HSS GT 4226 J33 D35 2002. An account of the author's personal experience of "carnival" in Haiti.]

Eisenbichler, Konrad, and Wim Hüsken, eds. Carnival and the Carnivalesque: The Fool, the Reformer, the Wildman, and Others in Early Modern Theatre. Ludus: Medieval and Early Renaissance Theatre and Drama 4. Amsterdam, and Athens, GA: Rodopi, 1999. [HSS PN 2152 C375 1999. "This collection . . . originates from the meetings of the Société Internationale du Théâtre Médiéval held on 2-11 August, 1995, at Victoria College in the University of Toronto" (Introd., p. 7).]

Forrest, John. The History of Morris Dancing, 1458-1750. Studies in Early English Drama 5. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1999. [Morris dancing is not, as folklorists have claimed, a survival of pagan calendar rituals, but an invention of the late fifteenth century, and is part of the rise of communal customs and public celebrations of the late medieval and early Tudor periods. (Cf. Ronald Hutton, The Rise and Fall of Merry England, who traces many supposedly "ancient" folk customs to parish fetes of the late medieval and early Tudor period.)]

Ganim, John M. "Bakhtin, Chaucer, Carnival, Lent." Chap. 2 of his Chaucerian Theatricality. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1991. Pp. 17-30.

Gomme, Alice Bertha, ed. The Traditional Games of England, Scotland, and Ireland, with Tunes, Singing-Rhymes, and Methods of Playing According to the Variants Extant and Recorded in Different Parts of the Kingdom. 2 vols. The Dictionary of British Folk-Lore. London: D. Nutt, 1894-1898. [HSS GR 141 G63 1964. Rpt.: New York: Dover Publications, 1964. Includes the songs which go along with games ("London Bridge is Falling Down," and many others).]

Greenfield, Peter H. "Festive Drama at Christmas in Aristocratic Households." In Festive Drama. Ed. Meg Twycross. Cambridge: D.S. Brewer / Boydell and Brewer, 1996. Pp. 34-40.

Hole, Christina. A Dictionary of British Folk Customs. London: Hutchinson, 1976. [HSS GR 141 H718 1976.]

Hole, Christina. English Custom and Usage, Illustrated from Prints and Photographs. 2nd ed. London: B. T. Batsford, 1943.

Humphrey, Chris. The Politics of Carnival: Festive Misrule in England. Manchester Medieval Studies. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2001.

Hutton, Ronald. The Pagan Religions of the Ancient British Isles: Their Nature and Legacy. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1991. [This is the first of three books in which Hutton pursues the idea of "pagan survivals" in the folk customs and ceremonies of Britain (here attempting to discover what we actually know about pre-Christian religions in Britain); by his own admission (see the preface to Rise and Fall of Merry England) he found little evidence of any such survivals. "This is the first survey of religious beliefs of the British Isles from the Old Stone Age to the coming of Christianity. Ronald Hutton considers a fascinating range of evidence for Celtic and Romano-British paganism, from burial sites and cairns, to jewellery, weapons, literary texts and folklore" (publisher's ad).]

Hutton, Ronald. The Rise and Fall of Merry England: The Ritual Year, 1400-1700. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 1994. [HSS DA 320 H87 1994. This is the second of three books in which Hutton pursues the idea of "pagan survivals" in the folk customs and ceremonies of Britain; by his own admission (see the preface to Rise and Fall of Merry England) he found little evidence of any such survivals. In Rise and Fall, Hutton explores the idea of "Merry England," the passing of which is often lamented in the time of the Stuarts and of the Puritan interregnum in the seventeenth century; he finds that it actually flourished in the period of the early Tudors, passing away about the same time as Queen Elizabeth. It is marked by a variety of ceremonies and rituals that define the "ritual year" (a concept first proposed by Phythian-Adams), between Christmas and midsummer each year. While it has been a commonplace among folklorists and historians that these activities must date from time immemorial and have pagan roots, in fact for most of them there is no historical record prior to the fifteenth century: they are mostly Christian inventions, created principally for the raising of funds for the parish.]

Hutton, Ronald. Stations of the Sun: The Ritual Year in Britain. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996. [HSS GT 4843 A2 H87 1997. This is the third of three books in which Hutton pursues the idea of "pagan survivals" in the folk customs and ceremonies of Britain; by his own admission (see the preface to Rise and Fall of Merry England) he found little evidence of any such survivals. Here he explores the history of rituals and festivals connected to the seasons and the annual cycle of the agricultural year.]

Judge, Roy. "Changing Attitudes to May Day, 1844-1914, with Special Reference to Oxfordshire." Ph.D. thesis, Institute of Dialect and Folk Life Studies, University of Leeds, 1987.

Judge, Roy. "May Day and Merrie England." Folklore 102 (1991): 131-148.

Judge, Roy. May Day in England: An Introductory Bibliography; Based on the Holdings of the Vaughan Williams Memorial Library of the English Folk Dance and Song Society. 3rd ed. FLS [Folklore Society Library] Books Bibliographies 1; Vaughan Williams Memorial Library Leaflet 20. London: Vaughan Williams Memorial Library, 1999.

Kightly, Charles. The Customs and Ceremonies of Britain: An Encyclopaedia of Living Traditions. London: Thames and Hudson, 1986.

LeRoy Ladurie, Emmanuel. Carnival in Romans. Trans. Mary Feeney. New York: George Braziller, 1979. [HSS GT 4249 R6 L62 E5 1979a. Trans. of Le carnaval de Romans. A festival in sixteenth-century Romans-sur-Isère, France, takes a political and violent turn; this is a study of the politics of "carnival" with a focus on this particular event.]

Milis, Ludo J. R., ed. The Pagan Middle Ages. Trans. Tanis Guest. Woodbridge, Suffolk: Boydell and Brewer, 1998. ["Many aspects of the pagan past continued to survive into the Middle Ages despite the introduction of Christianity, influencing forms of behaviour and the whole mentality of the period. The essays collected in this stimulating volume seek to explore aspects of the way paganism mingled with Christian teaching to affect many different aspects of medieval society, through a focus on such topics as archaeology, the afterlife and sexuality, scientific knowledge, and visionary activity" (publisher's ad).]

Mills, David. "Drama and Folk-Ritual." Chap. 2.4 of Medieval Drama. By A. C. Cawley, Marion Jones, Peter F. MacDonald, and David Mills. Vol. 1 of The Revels History of Drama in English. London and New York: Methuen, 1983. Pp. 122-151. [HSS PR 625 R44 vol. 1. On "folk plays" and games as part of village festivities. Includes a section on Robin Hood plays.]

Northall, G. F., ed. English Folk-Rhymes. Detroit: Singing Tree Press, 1968. [HSS GR 141 N86. Includes the songs which go along with games.]

Pettitt, Thomas. "Early English Traditional Drama: Approaches and Perspectives." Research Opportunities in Renaissance Drama 25 (1982): 1-30. [HSS PN 2171 R395. On "folk plays" and games as part of village festivities.]

Phythian-Adams, Charles. Local History and Folklore: A New Framework. London: Bedford Square Press of the National Council of Social Service, for the Standing Conference for Local History, 1975. [HSS DA 110 P57 1975. The "survivalist" interpretation of folk customs (i.e., merely explaining them as "survivals" of ancient religious rites) does not help us to account for innovations (there are many new customs which arise, and many local practices which are not replicated elsewhere), nor does it explain why certain practices continue and others die out (what social needs were felt to be fulfilled in the here and now of the person practicing what may or may not have been an ancient custom?). What is needed is a new dialogue between the folklorist and the historian, to develop a fuller understanding of the role of folk customs in the lives of real villagers.]

Stallybrass, Peter, and Allon White. The Politics and Poetics of Transgression. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1986. [HSS PN 51 S79 1986. On cultural boundaries and their transgression. While the examples used are primarily from the seventeenth century and after, the general approach used here could be usefully applied to medieval cultures.]

Turner, Victor W[itter]. Dramas, Fields and Metaphors: Symbolic Action in Human Society. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1974.

Turner, Victor W[itter]. The Ritual Process: Structure and Anti-structure. The Lewis Henry Morgan Lectures 1966. Chicago: Aldine Publishing Co., 1969.

Westwood, Jennifer. Albion: A Guide to Legendary Britain. London: Granada, 1985. [HSS GR 141 W53 1985. An attempt at a comprehensive collection of local legends, legendary stories attach to particular places in Britain, arranged by location. Includes the story of St. Edmund and Goldbrook Bridge in Hoxne, for instance; also Sir Gawain at Tarn Wadlin; the tale of Tam Lin; the tale of the Uffington White Horse, etc.]

Younger-Lewis, Greg. "Siri Possession." Radio documentary, CBC Radio, "Tapestry," 20 July 2003. [A RealAudio clip (of entire program: 56 minutes) is available: http://www.radio.cbc.ca/programs/Tapestry/audio/03-07-20-tapestry.ra (URL correct as of 31 Aug. 2003). In south-western India there is a festival (once per year) in which the goddess Siri is honoured (primarily by women, especially poor ones, but not exclusively so). For one day, Lord Brahma is replaced in the temple by Siri; the devotees go into a trance-like state, in which they are possessed by the goddess, and in which rituals are performed, portions of Siri's legend are sung, etc. The legend of Siri is of a woman who refused to obey the rules, who challenged her husband or did things independently of men, etc., and then became divine. In the state of Siri possession, there is a sort of carnivalesque license to challenge authority, to allow the goddess to say things though one's mouth that one would not dare to say oneself, to confront one's husband, etc. It is said that many "mad" women for whom psychoanalysis has failed are completely "cured" by Siri possession.]

B.vii. The "Green Man" and the "Wild Man of the Woods"

Bartra, Roger. The Artificial Savage: Modern Myths of the Wild Man. Trans. Christopher John Follett. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1996.

Basford, Kathleen. "A New View of 'Green Man' Sculptures." Folklore 102 (1991): 237-239.

Basford, Kathleen. The Green Man. Cambridge: D. S. Brewer / Boydell and Brewer, 1978. [A collection of photographs of church decoration (gargoyles, capitals, etc.) showing the "foliated head" (face with vines, twigs, leaves, etc., growing out of it) of the Green Man. Includes a brief introduction to the character. Also includes a few manuscript illuminations, but not many.]

Bernheimer, Richard. Wild Men in the Middle Ages: A Study in Art, Sentiment, and Demonology. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1952.

Centerwall, Brandon S. "The Name of the Green Man." Folklore 108 (1997): 25-33. [A consideration of Lady Raglan's naming of the foliated head of medieval sculpture "the Green Man"; Centerwall asserts that Lady Raglan was working "intuitively," but that she guessed right: the "Green Man" named in early modern pageants and on inn signs is a development of the character found in medieval sculptures. At the same time, Centerwall argues against Lady Raglan's too quick identification of "Green Men" and "Wild Men." The Green Man is covered in leaves, while the Wild Man is covered in hair. The Wild Man is "man without God" and without civilization; the Wild Man is bestial; the Wild Man is a Nebuchadnezzar figure, punished for willful ignorance of the divine. While both the Green Man and the Wild Man were used as "whifflers" in sixteenth-century pageants, to clear a way through the crowd and to amuse with fireworks and displays of fighting, the Wild Man was sometimes a character within the pageant while the Green Man appears in only one pageant on record. Further, the Green Man is associated with processes of distillation (there are images of the "Green Man and his still" in early modern manuscripts), while the uncivilized Wild Man is ignorant of alcohol. Further, the Green Man as pageant whiffler, while warming up the crowd, according to one document at least, seems to have been associated with drunkenness; these associations with stills and drunkenness are what led to his appearance on inn signs [and in the name of a large brewery in Bury St. Edmunds]. Thus the Wild Man and the Green Man are not synonymous and interchangeable. That the Green Man of pageant and inn sign is the same as the foliated head of medieval church sculpture is proven by their co-existence in some church sculptures. A sixteenth-century bench end at Crowcombe shows two of the pageant Green Men (with leaf-covered body, but not face: the pageant Green Man would grow tired and would be unable to speak if he had to hold branches clenched in his teeth, so the pageant green man is in a costume of leaves from the neck down) among the leaves growing out of a foliated head, demonstrating that the former is derived from the latter. Further, there are instances of the foliated head in medieval churches in which the branches surrounding the face are clearly grape vines, showing that the Green Man's association with wine and drunkenness is probably a medieval tradition.]

Doel, Fran, and Geoff Doel. The Green Man in Britain. Stroud, Gloucestershire: Tempus, 2001. [Includes some consideration of Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, Robin Hood, etc.]

Dudley, Edward, and Maximillian E. Novak, eds. The Wild Man Within: An Image in Western Thought from the Renaissance to Romanticism. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1972.

Ellis, H. D. "The Wodewose in East Anglian Church Decoration." Proceedings of the Suffolk Institute of Archaeology and Natural History 14 (1912): 287-293. [The "wodewose" or "wodehous" is the "wood man" (the wild man of the woods) (though Ellis denies it, "wood" is probably a pun on "wood" as "forest" and "wood" as "mad").]

Husband, Timothy, and Gloria Gilmore-House. The Wild Man: Medieval Myth and Symbolism. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1980. [The catalogue of an exhibition held at the Cloisters, Metropolitan Museum of Art, 8 Oct. 1980 to 12 Jan. 1981.]

Judge, Roy. "The Green Man Revisited." In Colour and Appearance in Folklore. Ed. John Hutchings and Juliette Wood. London: Folklore Society, 1991. Pp. 51-60.

Judge, Roy. The Jack-in-the-Green: A May Day Custom. 2nd ed. London: Hisarlik Press, 1998. [The Jack-in-the-Green was a man or a boy enclosed in a wooden or wicker frame covered with leaves, as part of the nineteenth-century May Day games (and urban begging activities) of chimney-sweeps and milk-maids in London and many provincial towns (and there is a reference to them in Dickens's Sketches by Boz), and a practiced which continues in some towns even today. Judge considers the relationship of the "Jack-in-the-Green" to the medieval and early modern "Green Man," and finds only an indirect and distant connection: the "Jack-in-the-Green" is largely a nineteenth-century invention rather than an ancient tradition.]

Kinser, Samuel C. "Wildmen in Festival, 1300-1550." In Oral Tradition in the Middle Ages. Ed. W. F. H. Nicolaisen. Medieval and Renaissance Texts and Studies 112. Binghamton, NY: Centre for Medieval and Early Renaissance Studies, State University of New York at Binghamton, 1995. Pp. 145-160. ["Discusses the appearance of figures dressed in long hair and fur in carnival masquerades, and distinguishes three symbolic modes: the diabolic wildman, the fertilising wildman and the coercive wildman" (International Medieval Bibliography).]

Kinser, Samuel C. "Why is Carnival so Wild?" In Carnival and the Carnivalesque: The Fool, the Reformer, the Wildman, and Others in Early Modern Theatre. Ed. Konrad Eisenbichler and Wim Hüsken. Ludus: Medieval and Early Renaissance Theatre and Drama 4. Amsterdam, and Athens, GA: Rodopi, 1999. Pp. 43-87. [HSS PN 2152 C375 1999. "This collection . . . originates from the meetings of the Société Internationale du Théâtre Médiéval held on 2-11 August, 1995, at Victoria College in the University of Toronto" (Introd., p. 7). On the wildman and his association with Carnival.]

Raglan, J. (Lady). "The Green Man in Church Architecture." Folklore 50 (1939): 45-57.

Spittal, Michael. "The Green Man / Foliate Head." FLS News 24 (1996): 8-9.

Wells, David Arthur. The Wild Man from the Epic of Gilgamesh to Hartman von Aue's "Iwein": Reflections on the Development of a Theme in World Literature. Belfast: Queen's University of Belfast, 1975.

Wylie, Ruth. "The Green Man / Foliate Head." FLS News 24 (1999): 11-12.

B.viii. The English Rising of 1381: Primary Sources

The Anonimalle Chronicle, 1333 to 1381, from a MS. Written at St Mary's Abbey, York. Ed. V. H. Galbraith. Manchester: Manchester University Press; New York: Barnes and Noble, 1970. [HSS DA 220 A6 1970. Reprint of first edition with corrections. Includes an account of the English Rising of 1381 (pp. 134-151). An English trans. of relevant excerpts appears in Dobson's Peasants' Revolt of 1381.]

Clarke, M. V., and V. H. Galbraith. "The Deposition of Richard II." Bulletin of the John Rylands Library 14 (1930): 125-181. [HSS Z 921 J65. Includes an edition of the Chronicle of Dieulacres Abbey for the years 1381-1403 (in which "Per Plowman" [Piers Plowman] is named as one of the conspirators in the 1381 Rising).]

Dobson, R[ichard] B[arrie], ed. The Peasants' Revolt of 1381. 2nd ed. History in Depth. London: Macmillan, 1983. [HSS DA 235 D63 1983. An anthology of excerpts from chronicles and records giving contemporary accounts of the Rising of 1381, as well as various later interpretations (down to Paine, Engels, and Morris).]

Eulogium (historiarum sive temporis): Chronicon ab orbe condito usque ad annum domini M.CCC.LXVI., a monacho quodam Malmesburiensi exaratum; Accedunt continuatione duae, quarum una ad annum M.CCC.X.III., altera ad annum M.CCC.XC. perducta est. Ed. Frank Scott Haydon. 3 vols. Rerum Britannicarum Medii Ævi Scriptores ("Rolls Series") 9. London: Longman, Brown, Green, Longmans, and Roberts, 1858-1863. [HSS DA 25 B5 1858 no.009. Includes an account of the English Rising of 1381 (3: 351-354). An English trans. of relevant excerpts appears in Dobson's Peasants' Revolt of 1381.]

["Evesham chronicle"; possibly in part the work of Nicholas Herford, Prior of Evesham.] Historia vitae et regni Ricardi Secundi. Ed. George B. Stow, Jr. Haney Foundation Series 21. [Philadelphia]: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1977. [HSS DA 235 H67 1977. Includes an account of the English Rising of 1381 (pp. 61-69). An English trans. of relevant excerpts appears in Dobson's Peasants' Revolt of 1381.]

Froissart, Jean. The Chronicle of Froissart. Trans. Sir John Bourchier, Lord Berners. Intro. William Paton Ker. 6 vols. The Tudor Translations 27-32. London: David Nutt, 1901-1903. [HSS D 113 F92 1901a. A 17th-century English translation of Froissart's text. See 3: 223-250 for Froissart's account of the English Rising of 1381.]

Froissart, Jean. Chroniques de J. Froissart. Ed. Siméon Luce [et al.]. 15 vols. in 16 [to date]. Paris: Librairie Renouard, for the Société de l'histoire de France, 1869- [on-going]. [HSS D 113 F92 1869. See 10: 94-132 for Froissart's account of the English Rising of 1381. An English trans. of relevant excerpts appears in Dobson's Peasants' Revolt of 1381.]

Froissart, Jean. Froissart's Chronicles. Trans. John Jolliffe. London: Harvill Press, 1967. [HSS D 113 F7613 2001. Rpt. London: Penguin Books, 2001. See pp. 236-252 for Froissart's account of the English Rising of 1381.]

Froissart, Jean. Oeuvres de Froissart: Publiées avec les variantes des divers manuscrits. Ed. M. le baron Kervyn de Lettenhove [et al.]. 25 vols. in 26. 1867-1877; Osnabrück: Biblio Verlag, 1967. [HSS D 113 F92 1867. The portion of Froissart's Chronicle which describes the English Rising of 1381 appears in vol. 9: 386-424. An English trans. of relevant excerpts appears in Dobson's Peasants' Revolt of 1381.]

Froissart, Jean. Two illustrations to Froissart's description of the Rising of 1381, from the Bibliothèque nationale: (1) "Richard II of England and the Kentish rebels" [manuscript illustration] (from a fifteenth-century copy of Froissart's "Chronicles": Paris, Bibliothèque nationale, MS FR 2644, fol. 154v). URL: http://www.bnf.fr/enluminures/manuscrits/aman2/i4_0011.htm (URL correct as of 31 Aug. 2003). (2) "The Death of Wat Tyler" [manuscript illustration] (from a fifteenth-century copy of Froissart's "Chronicles": Paris, Bibliothèque nationale, MS FR 2644, fol. 154v). URL: http://www.bnf.fr/enluminures/manuscrits/aman2/i4_0008.htm (URL correct as of 31 Aug. 2003).

Knighton, Henry. Chronicon Henrici Knighton, vel Cnitthon, monachi Leycestrensis. Ed. Joseph Rawson Lumby. 2 vols. Rerum Britannicarum Medii Ævi Scriptores ("Rolls Series") 92. London: H.M.S.O., 1889-1895; [Nendeln?]: Kraus Reprint, 1965. [HSS DA 25 B5 1858 no.092. The Latin text of Knighton's Chronica de eventibus Angliae a tempore regis Edgari usque mortem regis Ricardi Secundi, which includes, among other things, a "royalist" account of the Rising of 1381 (2: 130-151). Also includes an account of Wyclif's condemnation and a history of certain Lollards (2: 151-198). An English trans. of relevant excerpts appears in Dobson's Peasants' Revolt of 1381.]

Knighton, Henry. Knighton's Chronicle, 1337-1396. Ed. and trans. G[eoffrey] H[award] Martin. Oxford Medieval Texts. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1995. [Latin text with English translation (on facing pages) of Knighton's Chronica de eventibus Angliae a tempore regis Edgari usque mortem regis Ricardi Secundi, which includes, among other things, a "royalist" account of the Rising of 1381.]

London Letter Book "H," fol. 133b. [Includes an account of the Rising of 1381. Cf. Corporation of the City of London. Calendar of Letter-books Preserved among the Archives of the Corporation of the City of London at the Guildhall. Ed. Reginald R. Sharpe. 12 vols. London: J. E. Francis, 1899-1912. Vol. H: 166. [HSS DA 676 L84 vol. H.] Sharpe's Introduction provides a summary of the "Letter Book" account of the events (pp. xix-xxvi). An English translation of the Latin text of the "Letter Book" account of the Rising is printed in Corporation of the City of London. Memorials of London and London Life, in the XIIIth, XIVth, and XVth Centuries, Being a Series of Extracts, Local, Social and Political, from the Early Archives of the City of London, A.D. 1276-1419. Ed. Henry Thomas Riley. 2 vols. London: Longmans, Green and Co., 1866. Pp. 449-451. A facsimile of the relevant page from the "Letter Book" is reproduced in Hansen "The Peasants' Revolt of 1381 and the Chronicles," p. 397. An English trans. of relevant excerpts appears in Dobson's Peasants' Revolt of 1381.]

Réville, André. Le soulèvement des travailleurs d'Angeleterre en 1381: Études et documents. Mémoires et documents, Société de l'École des chartes 2. Intro. Charles Petit-Dutaillis. Paris: A. Picard, 1898. [HSS DA 235 R45 1898. A collection of documents concerning the English Rising of 1381.]

Walsingham, Thomas. Historia anglicana. Ed. Henry Thomas Riley. 2 vols. Rerum Britannicarum medii aevi scriptores ("Rolls Series") 28.1-2. London: HMSO, 1863-1864. [HSS DA 25 B5 1858 no.028. Latin text; introd. and notes in English. Vol. 1: A.D. 1272-1381; Vol. 2: A.D. 1381-1422. Published as part of a collection of texts under the collective title of Chronica monasterii S. Albani (7 vols. in 12). See 1: 453-484 and 2: 1-41 for Walsingham's account of the English Rising of 1381. An English trans. of relevant excerpts appears in Dobson's Peasants' Revolt of 1381.]

Walsingham, Thomas. The St Alban's Chronicle: The "Chonica Maiora" of Thomas Walsingham. Ed. John Taylor and Wendy R. Childs; trans. Leslie Watkiss. Oxford Medieval Texts. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003-.

["Westminster chronicle."] Appendix. In Polychronicon Ranulphi Higden maonachi Cestrensis; Together with the English Translations of John Trevisa and of an Unknown Writer of the Fifteenth Century. Ed. Joseph Rawson Lumby. 9 vols. Rerum Britannicarum Medii Ævi Scriptores ("Rolls Series") 41. London: Longman, 1865-1886. 9: 1-283. [HSS DA 25 B5 1858 no.041. Includes an account of the English Rising of 1381 (pp. 1-10). An English trans. of relevant excerpts appears in Dobson's Peasants' Revolt of 1381.]

B.ix. The English Rising of 1381 ("Peasants' Revolt"): Secondary Sources

Aston, Margaret. "Corpus Christi and Corpus Regni: Heresy and the Peasants' Revolt." Past and Present no. 143 (May 1994): 3-47. [Abstract: "An examination of the timing of the Peasants' Revolt in 1381. The writer argues that the occurrence of Wat Tyler's insurrection on the feast of Corpus Christi, at a time when veneration of the eucharistic host was being questioned, influenced contemporary judgments about the heresy of the event. She focuses on the part played in the revolt by John Ball, a priest who had frequently been in trouble with the church hierarchy. She shows that some contemporary interpreters of the revolt posited a link between Ball and John Wycliffe, the leader of the Lollards, who believed that worshiping the eucharistic host amounted to idolatry. She concludes that clerical chroniclers believed that the rebels were influenced, through Ball, by Lollard hostility to the feast."]

Barron, Caroline M. Revolt in London: 11th to 15th June 1381. London: Museum of London, 1981. [This is a short pamphlet, but provides an excellent and readable account of the events in London during the English Rising of 1381, provides a "Background Story" in terms of civic political struggles in the period before the Rising which contributed to the general disorder, a good survey of the chronicle and other sources for information on the Rising, and a brief overview of other rebellions in fourteenth-century Europe as part of the context for the English Rising.]

Bird, Brian. Rebel Before his Time: The Story of John Ball and the Peasants' Revolt. Worthing: Churchman, 1987. [HSS DA 237 B18 B618 1987.]

Bird, Brian, and David Stephenson. "Who was John Ball?" Essex Archaeology and History 3rd ser. 8 (1977 [for 1976]): 287-288.

Bolton, James L. "London and the Peasants' Revolt." London Journal 7 (1981): 123-124.

Brie, F. W. D. "Wat Tyler and Jack Straw." English Historical Review 21 (1906): 106-111.

Brooks, Nicholas. "The Organization and Achievements of the Peasants of Kent and Essex in 1381." In Studies in Medieval History Presented to R. C. H. Davis. Ed. Henry Mayr-Harting and R. I. Moore. London, and Ronceverte, WV: Hambledon Press, 1985. Pp. 247-270. [HSS HC 257 E5 S933 1985. Brooks discusses the degree of co-ordination among the rebel bands in the period leading up to the march on London: the events cannot have been as spontaneous as the chroniclers make them out to have been. He also argues that the distances covered in the time indicated cannot have been done on foot, since even trained infantry in top form did not cover such distances so quickly: the "march" on London must have been on horse-back, which again suggests a quite remarkable degree of organization.]

Bush, Michael. "The Risings of the Commons in England, 1381-1549." In Orders and Hierarchies in Late Medieval and Renaissance Europe. Ed. Jeffrey H. Denton. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1999. Pp. 109-125. [On the various "risings," from the Peasants' Revolt to the Tudors.]

Crane, Susan. "The Writing Lesson of 1381." In Chaucer's England: Literature in Historical Context. Ed. Barbara Hanawalt. Medieval Studies at Minnesota 4. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1992. Pp. 201-221.

Dobson, R[ichard] B[arrie]. "Remembering the Peasants' Revolt 1381-1981." In Essex and the Great Revolt of 1381: Lectures Celebrating the Six Hundredth Anniversary. Ed. W. H. Liddell and R. G. E. Wood. Essex Record Office Publications 84. [Chelmsford, Essex]: Essex Record Office, 1982. Pp. 1-20.

Dunn, Alastair. "The Many Roles of Wat Tyler." History Today 51.7 (July 2001): 28-29. [Abstract: "Wat Tyler, the leader of the 1381 Peasants' Revolt, remains recognizable as England's most famous popular leader. Tyler, whose followers wrecked the commercial heart of medieval London and slaughtered many of its mercantile and legal elite, has six London streets named after him. His posthumous fame is based on the apparent failure of his cause. He left no shrine to demolish or cult to suppress, so the transmission of his legacy has been an expression of collective political memory. This legacy passed down through the tributaries of political discourse rather than the mainstream of high culture. The image of Tyler as a lasting symbol of popular resistance can also be located in a peculiarly English attachment to rebels, particularly those who fail."]

Dyer, Christopher. "The Rising of 1381 in Suffolk: Its Origins and Participants." Proceedings of the Suffolk Institute of Archaeology 36 (1988): 277-287. [The Peasants' Revolt, as known in Suffolk, was of political, not social, motivation: not a reaction of the people to their impoverishment (their situation was, in fact, improving over what it had been earlier), but an attempt by people who now had some hope of bettering their condition. It was not an overthrowing of the law, but an attempt to oust corrupt officials who were enforcing bad laws: the rebels saw themselves, not as overthrowing, but as replacing the bailiffs etc. Central to the revolt were the Statute of Labourers and the Poll Tax, which led to "a universal sense of grievance" (281). Pp. 281-282 suggest that the Robin Hood stories, first attested in Piers Plowman about this time, may also have played a role in how the rebels saw themselves; there is at least one incident known where the "summer game," in which the roles of lord and peasant are reversed for a time (and with which Robin Hood tales later came to be associated), seem to have gotten out of hand and led to real insurrection (such "topsy-turvy" carnivals did not necessarily "release tension" as the usual explanation for them would suggest). P. 281: the perception that the monks of Bury were in collusion with Sir John Cavendish, Chief Justice of the King's Bench could have set up resonances with the Gest of Robyn Hode "with its story of the outlaws defeating an alliance between a grasping abbot and a corrupt judge." Cavendish was killed in Lakenheath, while fleeing from the rebels: "The villagers assisted in his capture, notably when Katherine Gamen pushed a boat out of reach to prevent his escape. Their hostility to him was presumably not just because of his supposed corrupt alliance with [the abbey of] Bury, or his general reputation, but because they had direct experience of his enforcement of the law" (280). Katherine Gamen not the only female involved in acts of insurrection in Lakenheath: a Margaret Wrighte (several times prosecuted for breaking laws regarding the sale of ale) was also named in the indictments surrounding the revolt of 1381 (a brief account of what is known of her is given in the biographical Appendix, p. 285). P. 274: "Manors rarely coincided with villages"; while it was usual for an entire village to be held as a whole by an abbey as overlord, secular lords "tended to hold no more than a fraction of a village." Because the records for church estates tend to be more abundant than those for lay lords, there has been something of a distorted view.]

Dyer, Christopher. "The Social and Economic Background to the Rural Revolt of 1381." In The English Rising of 1381. Ed. R[odney] H[oward] Hilton, and T[revor] H[enry] Aston. Past and Present Publications. Cambridge [etc.]: Cambridge University Press, 1984. Pp. 9-42.

Edwards, R. A. "Henry Despenser: The Fighting Bishop." Church Quarterly Review 159 (January-March 1958): 26-38. ["A paper read at the Norwich Diocesan Clergy School, 1957." On Henry Despenser, Bishop of Norwich, who, among other things, in 1381 led the army which put down the Rising in Norfolk (and executed its leader, Geoffrey Litster, after having heard his confession).]

Eiden, Herbert. "Joint Action Against 'Bad' Lordship: The Peasants' Revolt in Essex and Norfolk." History 83 (Jan. 1998): 5-30. [Abstract: "The writer argues that the 1381 Peasants' Revolt in Essex and Norfolk did not lack coherence and organization. He states that particularly in the case of the Norfolk revolt, a cohesive picture appears as the people's discontent was directed against government officials, justices, and lords of the manor and the rebels were selective in picking their targets. He analyzes structural development in the economic, political, manorial, and cultural sectors as well as the social and economic standing of the protagonists. He notes that in Essex and Norfolk a high proportion of the rebels came from the aspiring ranks of laborers and craftsmen and from the upper and middle levels of the tenantry. He contends that the participation of elites exercised an influence over the coherence and organization of the revolt."]

Eiden, Herbert. "Norfolk, 1382: A Sequel to the Peasants' Revolt." English Historical Review 114 (1999): 370-377. [Abstract: "The writer investigates the veracity of a report by Thomas Walsingham that tells of a planned insurrection in Norfolk in 1382 that was discovered before it happened, resulting in its leaders being executed. Although there is no record of a trial of the alleged conspirators in the King's Bench files nor in the Justices Itinerant files, he does find a document in the Escheator files for Suffolk and Norfolk that is an inquisition into the possessions of ten executed people conducted on 20 October 1382. He finds that this escheator's record does corroborate two essential aspects of Walsingham's account."]

Fenwick, Carolyn, ed. The Poll Taxes of 1377, 1379 and 1381. Records of Social and Economic History (RSEH) ns 27-. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, for the British Academy, 1998- [in progress]. [Two volumes to date: Part 1 (RSEH ns 27; 1998), Bedfordshire-Leicestershire; Part 2 (RSEH ns 29; 2001), Lincolnshire-Westmorland. The poll tax records are published for what they reveal "about individuals, their occupations, and their relationships," providing "an intriguing and detailed picture of late fourteenth-century England."]

Galbraith, V. H. "Thoughts about the Peasants' Revolt." In The Reign of Richard II: Essays in Honour of May McKisack. Ed. F. R. H. DuBoulay, and C. M. Barron. London: Athlone Press / University of London, 1971. Pp. 46-57. [HSS DA 235 R36 1971.]

Goldberg, P. J. P. "Urban Identity and the Poll Taxes of 1377, 1379, and 1381." Economic History Review 2nd ser. 43 (1990): 194-216.

Green, Richard Firth. "John Ball's Letters: Literary History and Historical Literature." In Chaucer's England: Literature in Historical Context. Ed. Barbara Hanawalt. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1992. Pp. 176-200.

Hansen, Harriet Merete. "The Peasants' Revolt of 1381 and the Chronicles." Journal of Medieval History 6 (1980): 393-417. [Hansen compares textually eight chronicle accounts of the Rising of 1381 (Froissart, Walsingham, Knighton, the "Anonimalle" chronicle, the "London Letter Book," the "Eulogium historiarum sive temporis," the Evesham chronicle, and the Westminster chronicle), creating a stemma of their connections, and determines that they are mutually interdependent; therefore, one cannot use them to prove or disprove each other.]

Hill, Douglas Arthur, ed. The Peasants' Revolt: A Collection of Contemporary Documents. Jackdaw 36. London, Jonathan Cape, 1966. [Educ Coutts (audio-visual) DA 235 H64. 15 pieces (in portfolio).]

Hilton, Rodney H[oward]. "Inherent and Derived Ideology in the English Rising of 1381." In Campagnes médiévales: L'homme et son espace; Études offertes à Robert Fossier. Ed. Elisabeth Mornet. Histoire ancienne et médiévale 31. Paris: Publications de la Sorbonne, 1995. Pp. 399-405. ["Discusses ideas developed in the course of struggle as distinct from those imported from elements outside the struggle, such as John Ball's preaching" (International Medieval Bibliography).]

Hilton, R[odney] H[oward], and H[yman] Fagan. The English Rising of 1381. London: Lawrence and Wishart, 1950. [HSS DA 235 H65. This is a revised and expanded version of Fagan's Nine Days that Shook England: An Account of the English People's Uprising in 1381 (Left Book Club 101; London: Left Book Club / Victor Gollancz, 1938); Fagan's narrative of the events of the Peasants' Revolt are supplemented with chapters on the background by Hilton.]

Hilton, R[odney] H[oward], and T[revor] H[enry] Aston, eds. The English Rising of 1381. Past and Present Publications. Cambridge [etc.]: Cambridge University Press, 1984. [HSS DA 235 E52 1984. "The papers published in this volume were, with two exceptions, presented to the annual conference organized by Past and Present in 1981. We were able to expand the unavoidably restricted coverage of the events of 1381 by obtaining two subsquent contributions by R. B. Dobson and A. Harding" (Introduction, 1). Contents: "The Social and Economic Background to the Rural Revolt of 1381," by Christopher Dyer; "The 'Great Rumour' of 1377 and Peasant Ideology," by Rosamond Faith; "The Jacquerie," by Raymond Cazelles; "English Urban Society and the Revolt of 1381," by A. F. Butcher; "The Risings in York, Beverley and Scarborough, 1380-1381," by R. B. Dobson; "Florentine Insurrections, 1342-1385, in Comparative Perspective," by Samuel Cohn, Jr.; "The Revolt against the Justices," by Alan Harding; "Nobles, Commons and the Great Revolt of 1381," by J. A. Tuck.]

Kriehn, George. "Studies in the Sources of the Social Revolt in 1381." American Historical Review 7 (1901-1902): 254-285 and 458-484.

Landsberger, Betty H., and Henry A. Landsberger. "The English Peasant Revolt of 1381." In Rural Protest: Peasant Movements and Social Change. Ed. Henry A. Landsberger. London: Macmillan, 1974. Pp. 95-141.

Leech, Kenneth. "The Theological Basis of the 1381 Rising." The Times [London] 25 July 1981. P. 14. [Leech comments upon John Ball's sermon and his declaration of the equality of all human beings, and sees this as part of the tradition of orthodox medieval Catholicism. There is also a letter to the editor (by Jeremy Goring) in response to Leech's article in The Times 31 July 1981, p. 13.]

Liddell, W. H., and R. G. E. Wood, eds. Essex and the Great Revolt of 1381: Lectures Celebrating the Six Hundredth Anniversary. Essex Record Office Publications 84. [Chelmsford, Essex]: Essex Record Office, 1982. [Contents: "Remembering the Peasants' Revolt, 1381-1981," by R. B. Dobson; "The Causes of the Revolt in Rural Essex," by C. C. Dyer; "The Rebellion and the County Town," by H. E. P. Grieve; "Essex Rebel Bands in London," by A. J. Prescott; "Essex Manorial Records and the Revolt," by R. G. E. Wood; "Gazetteer of Places in Essex Connected with the Revolt."]

Lindsay, Philip, and Reg Groves. The Peasants' Revolt, 1381. London: Hutchinson, 1950. [HSS DA 235 L74 1950.]

Matheson, Lister M. "The Peasants' Revolt through Five Centuries of Rumor and Reporting: Richard Fox, John Stow, and their Successors." Studies in Philology 95 (1998): 121-151. [Abstract: "The sources generally cited for the anecdote of John Tyler of Dartford's murder of a tax collector during the Peasants' Revolt of 1381 are John Stow's Chronicles of England or Annals of England. Until now, Stow's immediate source for the story has survived unnoticed in Woburn Abbey MS 181. This manuscript now permits a general account of the medieval genesis and Elizabethan development of the story, its literary and historical manifestations, and its modern dismissal."]

McKisak, May. "The Good Parliament and the Peasants' Revolt (1371-81)." Chap. 13 of her The Fourteenth Century, 1307-1399. Oxford History of England 5. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1959. Pp. 384-423.

Mollat, Michel, and Philippe Wolff. The Popular Revolutions of the Late Middle Ages. Trans. A. L. Lytton-Sells. Great Revolutions 6. London: Allen and Unwin, 1973. [HSS D 202 M72 E5 1973. Translation of Ongles bleus, Jacques et Ciompi; les révolutions populaires en Europe aux XIV et XV siècles. This helps to put the English Rising of 1381 into a European context.]

Oman, Charles [William] [Chadwick] (Sir). The Great Revolt of 1381. 2nd ed. Ed. E. B. Fryde. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1969. [HSS DA 235 O54 1969.]

Ormrod, W. Mark. "The Peasants' Revolt and the Government of England." Journal of British Studies 29 (1990): 1-30.

Pearsall, Derek. "Interpretative Models for the Peasants' Revolt." In Hermeneutics and Medieval Culture. Ed. Patrick J. Gallacher and Helen Damico. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 1989. Pp. 63-70. [Includes some consideration of John Gower, Vox Clamantis.]

Pettitt, Thomas. "'Folk Allegory' in the Idiom of John Ball." In "Divers toyes mengled": Essays on Medieval and Renaissance Culture, in Honour of André Lascombes / Études sur la culture européenne au Moyen Age et à la Renaissance. Ed. Michel Bitot, with Roberta Mullini and Peter Happé. Tours: Université François Rabelais, 1996. Pp. 55-68.

Poulsen, Charles. The English Rebels. London: Journeyman Press, 1984.

Powell, Edgar. The Rising in East Anglia in 1381; With an Appendix Containing the Suffolk Poll Tax Lists for that Year. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1896. [HSS DA 235 P88.]

Powell, E[dgar], and G[eorge] M[acaulay] Trevelyan, eds. The Peasants' Rising and the Lollards. New York: AMS Press, 1980. [A collection of unpublished documents forming an appendix to England in the Age of Wycliffe. Reprint of the 1899 ed. published by Longmans, Green, London, New York.]

Prescott, Andrew. "London in the Peasants' Revolt: A Portrait Gallery." London Journal 7 (1981): 125-143.

Prescott, Andrew. "Writing about Rebellion: Using the Records of the Peasants' Revolt of 1381." History Workshop Journal: A Socialist and Feminist Journal 45 (1998): 1-27. ["Discusses the use of chronicles and legal and administrative records by historians examining the Peasants' Revolt, with particular reference to Steven Justice, Writing and Rebellion: England in 1381 (Berkeley, 1994)" (International Medieval Bibliography).]

Raftis, J[ames] A[mbrose]. "Social Change versus Revolution: New Interpretations of the Peasants' Revolt of 1381." In Social Unrest in the Late Middle Ages: Papers of the Fifteenth Annual Conference of the Center for Medieval and Early Renaissance Studies. Ed. Francis X. Newman. Medieval and Renaissance Texts and Studies 39. Binghamton: Center for Medieval and Early Renaissance Studies, SUNY, 1986. Pp. 3-22.

Rampton, Martha. "The Peasants' Revolt of 1381 and the Written Word." Comitatus 24 (1993): 45-60. ["Examines the importance attributed to the content of written records by elements of the English peasantry" (International Medieval Bibliography).]

Ridgard, John. "The Uprising of 1381." In An Historical Atlas of Suffolk. Ed. David Dymond, and Edward Martin. Fwd. Christopher Taylor. Maps drawn by Henry Skinner, et al. 3rd ed. Ipswich: Archaeology Service, Environment and Transport, Suffolk County Council, in conjunction with the Suffolk Institute of Archaeology and History, 1999. Pp. 90-91 (Map 39). [The map shows the parishes from which rebels were known to have come (based on arrest and execution records). P. 90: Ridgard notes the ambiguous position of the Church, since many of the leaders of the revolt were priests, but Church possessioners, such as Bury Abbey (one of the great manorial landowners of East Anglia), were targets of attack. Further, "[d]espite the tendency to suppress information, the evidence for revolt after 1381 continues to grow. In October 1381, Michael de la Pole in addressing Parliament referred to 'acts of disobedience and rebellion . . . which continue from one day to another' [Note 12: In 1385 de la Pole obtained licence to fortify his castle at Wingfield]. A 'new rebellion' was launched from the Hollesley/Bawdsey area also in 1383, targeting property of the Earl of Norfolk [Note 13: This time at Parham and Framlingham]. Lowestoft was still in a state of rebellion in 1385, expelling the king's ministers and putting them in fear of their lives. In this year reference was also made to 'outlaws in Suffolk lying in wait to kill the sheriff and his bailiffs in the exectution of their duties.' The continuing despair of villeins-by-blood [who were forbidden by law from seeking their freedom] was the obvious motive behind rebellions in 1386 at Norton and Tostock. In 1391, Needham Market erected barricades against a sheriff's posse [Note 14: One of the leaders was John Bette, very active in 1381 in Suffolk, and possibly in Norfolk]. In 1397 Robert Westbrom, no less, was charged with breaking the peace 'from the time of the Rumor until this very day' [Note 15: For example, on Friday after Corpus Christi, 1393]. He had accused jurors of giving 'false' verdicts and had been levying 'fines' on individuals, a fund-raising device earlier used by John Wrawe [Note 16: Against the mayor and burgesses of Thetford, for example]. [John Wrawe, a chaplain from Sudbury, and Robert Westbrom were leaders of the the Suffolk rebels in 1381; Westbrom was crowned "King of Suffolk" in Bury Market after John Wrawe had declined the crown, saying that he already had a hat.] It appears that Westbrom had, until very recently, still been in a position of influence [Note 17: Westbrom was a mercer by occupation, and very probably came from a villein family of Drinkstone]."]

Ronan, Nick. "1381: Writing in Revolt: Signs of Confederacy in the Chronicle Accounts of the English Rising." Forum for Modern Language Studies 25 (1989): 304-314.

Searle, Eleanor M., and Robert Burghart. "The Defense of England and the Peasants' Revolt." Viator 3 (1973 [for 1972]): 365-388.

Smith, Jeremy, and Iain McLean. "The 1381 Peasants' Revolt: Lessons for 1990's?" Journal of European Economic History 26.1 (Spring 1997): 137-143. [Abstract: "A discussion of the change in the population of England between 1377 and 1381 in response to a poll tax that was levied on the populace at the time to pay for English wars in France. The evidence suggests that the population decline can be explained as an attempt by many to avoid the poll tax. The ability of people to achieve this was positively related to distance from London."]

Stemmler, Theo. "The Peasants' Revolt of 1381 in Contemporary Literature." In Functions of Literature: Essays Presented to Erwin Wolff on His Sixtieth Birthday. Ed. Ulrich Broich, Theo Stemmler, and Gerd Stratmann. Tübingen: Niemeyer, 1984. Pp. 21-38.

Theiner, Paul. "The Literary Uses of the Peasants' Revolt of 1381." Actes du VI^e Congrès de l'Association internationale de Littérature comparée / Proceedings of the 6th Congress of the International Comparative Literature Association. Ed. Michel Cadot, Milan V. Dimic, David Malone, and Miklos Szabolcsi. Stuttgart: Bieber, 1975. Pp. 303-306.

Tillotson, J. H. "Peasant Unrest in the England of Richard II: Some Evidence from Royal Records." Historical Studies 16 (1974-1975): 1-16.

Tout, T[homas] F[rederick]. "The Minority and the Peasants' Revolt, 1377-1382." Chap. 10, Section 1, of Chapters in the Administrative History of Mediaeval England: The Wardrobe, the Chamber, and the Small Seals. University of Manchester Publications 183. Manchester: University of Manchester Press / Longmans, Green and Co., 1928. 3: 323-384. [HSS JN 309 T73 vol. 3. An account of the early years of the reign of Richard II, including the English Rising of 1381, with particular emphasis upon the role of government administration during and after.]

Webber, Ronald. The Peasants' Revolt: The Uprising in Kent, Essex, East Anglia and London in 1381 During the Reign of King Richard II. Lavenham: T. Dalton, 1980. [HSS DA 235 W37 1980.]

Wilkinson, Bertie. "Peasants' Revolt in 1381." Speculum 15 (1940): 12-35. [HSS PN 665 A1 S7.]

Wood, Charles Roger. "Narrativity, Allusion and the Peasants' Revolt of 1381 According to Froissart, Chaucer, and Paine." Ph.D. diss., University of Houston, 1994. [DAI 55 (1994-1995): 1572A. Abstract: "The underclass uprising known as the Peasants' Revolt of 1381 is the subject of various narratives and literary allusions. These verbal artifacts thus inform our consciousness of perhaps the most cataclysmic event in English social history. The Chroniques of Froissart is the most popular of the contemporary prose reconstructions of the insurgence, influencing subsequent generations with its forms of emplotment and enfiguration. Chaucer's sole allusion to the uprising in The Canterbury Tales occurs in a simile in a narrative poem that encodes the 1381 rebellion with certain ideological values. Paine's account in The Rights of Man offers a revisionist ideological treatment in response to his adversary Edmund Burke. "A rhetorical analysis of the language reconstructing the events of 1381 in these texts provides insight into both how this medieval rebellion enters consciousness as historical fact and how comprehending reality as narrative thus affects worldview. Invoking the theory of Hayden White, this study explores the rhetoric of the selected narrative texts pertaining to the Peasants' Revolt of 1381, and discusses implications for human consciousness."]

B.x. Anti-Thatcher Protests of the 1980s and 90s

Burns, Danny. Poll Tax Rebellion. Photographs by Mark Simmons. Stirling, Scotland: AK Press; London: Attack International, 1992. [An account of the various protests against Margaret Thatcher's government and its "Community Charge" / poll tax in the late 1980s.]

Gibson, John. The Politics and Economics of the Poll Tax: Mrs Thatcher's Downfall. Warley, West Midlands: EMAS, 1990. [HSS HJ 4935 G7 G449 1990.]

Hoggett, P., and D. Burns. "The Revenge of the Poor: The Anti-Poll Tax Campaign in Britain." Critical Social Policy 33 (1991): 95-110.

Lavalette, Michael, and Gerry Mooney. "'No poll tax here!': The Tories, Social Policy and the Great Poll Tax Rebellion, 1987-1991." In Class Struggle and Social Welfare. Ed. Michael Lavalette and Gerry Mooney. The State of Welfare. London and New York: Routledge, 2000. Pp. 199-227. [HSS HV 245 C5984 2000.]

Lavalette, Michael, and Gerry Mooney. "The Poll Tax Struggle in Britain: A Reply to Hoggett and Burns." Critical Social Policy 36 (1992-1993): 96-108.

Poll Tax Riot: 10 Hours that Shook Trafalgar Square. London: Acab Press, 1990.

Reynolds, Maureen. Uncollectable: The Story of the Poll Tax Revolt. Manchester: Greater Manchester Anti-Poll Tax Federation, 1992.

Ross, Paul. "1990 Poll Tax Riots" [photographs of Trafalgar Square demonstration and riot, 31 March 1990]. URL: http://www.caliach.com/paulr/news/polltax/index.html (URL correct as of 31 Aug. 2003).

Seton, Craig. "Poll Tax 'Outlaws' Attack Councillors." The Times [London] 6 March 1990. P. 22. [A report on a protest in Nottingham on 5 March 1990, when demonstrators, dressed as Robin Hood's men and as Maid Marion, broke into council chambers and attacked the councillors with shaving-cream pies, in protest against the Poll Tax.]

Timmins, Nicholas. "Benn Invokes the Ghost of Wat Tyler." The Times [London] 5 May 1981. P. 2. [A report on a Labour Party rally, held at Blackheath for "May Day" in 1981, adopted the slogan (with lapel buttons) "1381 to 1981: let's finish the job."]

C. Ideological Background

Aers, David, and Lynn Staley. The Powers of the Holy: Religion, Politics, and Gender in Late Medieval English Culture. University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1996.

Althoff, Gerd, Johannes Fried, and Patrick J. Geary, eds. Medieval Concepts of the Past: Ritual, Memory, Historiography. Publications of the German Historical Institute, Washington, DC. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, in association with the German Historical Institute, 2002.

Artz, Frederick B. The Mind of the Middle Ages, A.D. 200-1500: An Historical Survey. 3rd ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1958.

Barron, Caroline M. "The Expansion of Education in Fifteenth-Century London." In The Cloister and the World: Essays in Medieval History in Honour of Barbara Harvey. Ed. John Blair and Brian Golding. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1996. Pp. 219-245. [On the expanding educational opportunities for boys and girls in fifteenth-century London; there was an increasing demand by lay people for elementary education in vernacular and in grammar-school Latin (220). Literacy skills were needed even among the craft and merchant classes, and "[i]n the city of London it was becoming increasingly possible to acquire them and pursue them to different levels of attainment" (221). The Black Death brought a rise in per capita wealth, and meant that people lower on the social scale could now afford education. In the Peasants' Revolt, the insurgent peasants circulated letters and documents (John Ball's letters: see R. F. Green), suggesting that at least some of the peasants were able to read English. The Lollards spread their message through bills posted through London and elsewhere; the mayor's office posted bills for Londoners to read, lists of those who had broken city ordinances were posted at the Guildhall, etc., suggesting that there was a relatively high level of (vernacular) literacy among the citizens of London (222-223). She cites G. Rosser, Medieval Westminster, 1200-1540 (Oxford, 1989), pp. 207-209, and Barbara Harvey's Living and Dying, on the schools at Westminster Abbey: a song school and a grammar school which, by the fifteenth century, were not run by the monks but by hired (and married!) schoolmaster. By the end of the fifteenth century, grammar masters (and mistresses: there are references to schoolmistresses in wills, etc.) and informal schools (any educated person--like the parish priest--teaching young people for a fee, often with no official sanction, and with no records kept) were ubiquitous. Schooling in English reading and writing was becoming a common part of apprenticeship training (223-224); guardians of "orphans" (fatherless, not necessarily motherless) were usually expected to spend money on education (for girls as well as boys) (224). P. 244: "Many of these educational opportunities were also available to girls and women, the ability of women to read and to write [in English] is frequently assumed and is not considered remarkable."]

Benedict, Ruth. "The Dilemma of Virtue." Chap. 10 of her The Chrysanthemum and the Sword: Patterns of Japanese Culture. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1946. Pp. 195-227. [This was part of a study of Japanese culture undertaken for the U.S. government in preparing for post-war dealings with the Japanese (attempting to explain how Japanese "thinking" differs from American "thinking" in fundamental ways); in this chapter, Benedict introduces the distinction between "shame culture" and "guilt culture," which has become a commonplace of anthropological study since this book was published. This distinction between value systems which focus on "honour" and "shame" (as practiced, for instance, by the knights of King Arthur's Round Table) and those which focus on "virtue" and "sin" (as practiced, for instance, by the various hermits and other holy people who repeatedly show up in the Arthurian romances to explain to knights how it is that their sin has prevented them from achieving a quest) is an important one in reading works of literature as well as in anthropological studies. [See also "Dodds, E. R.," for an appllication of the distinction to Classical Greek "thought" and literature.]]

Binski, Paul. Medieval Death: Ritual and Representation. London: British Museum Press, 1996.

Biow, Douglas. Mirabile dictu: Representations of the Marvelous in Medieval and Renaissance Epic. Stylus: Studies in Medieval Culture. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1996.

Bloomfield, Morton W. The Seven Deadly Sins: An Introduction to the History of a Religious Concept, with Special Reference to Medieval English Literature. East Lansing: Michigan State College Press, 1952.

Boase, T. S. R. Death in the Middle Ages: Mortality, Judgment and Remembrance. Library of Medieval Civilization. London: Thames and Hudson, 1972.

"The Book of Physiognomy." In The World of Piers Plowman. Ed. and trans. Jeanne Krochalis and Edward Peters. The Middle Ages. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1975. Pp. 218-228. [On how character as revealed through physical features, especially how to read character in the features of the face. Especially useful for the "General Prologue" to the Canterbury Tales of Geoffrey Chaucer.]

Bornstein, Diane. Mirrors of Courtesy. Hamden, CT: Archon Books, 1975. [On the nature of medieval "courtesy," breeding and manners, as taught in various handbooks.]

Borst, Arno. Medieval Worlds: Barbarians, Heretics, and Artists in the Middle Ages. Trans. Eric Hansen. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992.

Bourke, Vernon J. Will in Western Thought: An Historico-Critical Survey. New York: Sheed and Ward, 1964.

Brown, Peter. The Body and Society: Men, Women and Sexual Renunciation in Early Christianity. Lectures on the History of Religions ns 13. New York: Columbia University Press, 1988.

Brown, Peter. The Cult of the Saints, its Rise and Function in Latin Christianity. The Haskell Lectures on the History of Religions ns 2. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1981.

Bullock-Davies, Constance. Menestrellorum Multitudo: Minstrels at a Royal Feast. Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 1978.

Burrow, J. A. The Ages of Man: A Study in Medieval Writing and Thought. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1986.

Bynum, Caroline Walker. Jesus as Mother: Studies in the Spirituality of the High Middle Ages. Publications of the Center for Medieval and Renaissance Studies, UCLA, 16. Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press, 1982.

Bynum, Caroline Walker, and Paul Freedman, eds. Last Things: Death and the Apocalypse in the Middle Ages. The Middle Ages Series. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1999.

Camille, Michael. Image on the Edge: The Margins of Medieval Art. Essays in Art and Culture. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1992. [Literally on the margins of books or on the corners of cathedrals, one finds gargoyles and monsters: "it is here at the edge that medieval artists found room for experimentation, for questioning cultural authority without ever undermining it."]

Carey, Hilary M. Courting Disaster: Astrology at the English Court and University in the Later Middle Ages. London: Macmillan, 1992.

Carruthers, Mary J. The Book of Memory: A Study of Memory in Medieval Culture. Cambridge Studies in Medieval Literature 10. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990.

Chadwick, Henry. The Early Church. The Pelican History of the Church 1. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, 1967.

Chickering, Howell, and Thomas H. Seiler, eds. The Study of Chivalry: Resources and Approaches. Kalamazoo: Medieval Institute Publications, Western Michigan University, for the Consortium for the Teaching of the Middle Ages, 1988.

Clough, Cecil, ed. Profession, Vocation and Culture in Later Medieval England. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 1982.

Cobban, Alan B. Medieval Universities: Their Development and Organization. London: Methuen, 1975.

Cohn, Norman [Rufus] [Colin]. The Pursuit of the Millennium: Revolutionary Millenarians and Mystical Anarchists of the Middle Ages. 3rd ed. New York: Oxford University Press, 1970. [HSS BR 270 C67 1970a. On medieval millenarianism and apocalypticism, and their effects in the Middle Ages (which includes the English Rising of 1381): "though . . . the majority of the insurgents were simply moved by specific grievances to demand specific reforms, it seems certain that millenarian hopes and aspirations were not altogether lacking" (203).]

Coleman, Janet. Ancient and Medieval Memories: Studies in the Reconstruction of the Past. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992.

Colish, M. L. The Mirror of Language: A Study of the Medieval Theory of Knowledge. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1968.

Cook, William R., and Ronald B. Herzman. The Medieval World View: An Introduction. New York: Oxford University Press, 1983.

Cummins, John. The Hound and the Hawk: The Art of Medieval Hunting. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1988.

Curry, Walter C. Chaucer and the Mediaeval Sciences. 2nd ed. New York: Barnes and Noble, 1960.

Curry, Walter C. The Middle English Ideal of Personal Beauty as Found in the Metrical Romances, Chronicles, and Legends of the XIII, XIV and XV Centuries. Baltimore: J. H. Furst, 1916.

Davies, Horton, and Marie-Hélène Davies. Holy Days and Holidays: The Medieval Pilgrimage to Compostela. London: Associated University Presses, 1982.

De Hamel, Christopher. Scribes and Illuminators. Medieval Craftsmen. London: The British Museum, 1992.

Dietler, Michael, and Brian Hayden, eds. Feasts: Archaeological and Ethnographic Perspectives on Food, Politics, and Power. Smithsonian Series in Archaeological Inquiry. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, 2001. [HSS GT 3930 F4 2001.]

Dodds, E. R. "From Shame-Culture to Guilt-Culture." Chap. 2 of his The Greeks and the Irrational. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1951. Pp. 28-63. [Dodds offers an application of Ruth Benedict's idea of the distinction between "shame cultures" and "guilt cultures" to the history of Classical Greek literature, arguing that Greek culture gradually moves from "shame" to "guilt." The struggle between "shame" and "guilt" is also evident in medieval culture and literature.]

Dyas, Dee. Pilgrimage in Medieval English Literature, 700-1500. Cambridge: D. S. Brewer / Boydell and Brewer, 2001. ["Pilgrims are so frequently encountered in the pages of Middle English literature that it is easy to take their presence, and their significance, for granted. The pilgrimage motif is all too frequently simply accepted as a 'given' of medieval spirituality, its presence noted but its meaning seldom analysed. This study therefore asks several fundamental but hitherto largely ignored questions. What exactly did pilgrimage mean to medieval writers? How well did various understandings of pilgrimage combine within medieval spirituality? Who were the true pilgrims--those who travelled to saints' shrines, those who withdrew into the cloister or the anchorite's cell, or those who simply walked the path of daily obedience? In answering these questions, this wide-ranging survey of the origins and development of the pilgrim motif examines the development of Christian pilgrimage through the Bible, the writings of the Fathers, the influences of classical pagan religion and the impulses of popular devotion. It then traces the ways in which the resulting multiple meanings of pilgrimage were incorporated into medieval spirituality and literature, offering fresh perspectives on Old English poetry and prose together with Middle English texts such a the Canterbury Tales, Piers Plowman, Pearl and the Book of Margery Kempe" (publisher's ad).]

Eade, John, and Michael J. Sallnow. Contesting the Sacred: The Anthropology of Christian Pilgrimage. London: Routledge, 1991.

Eliade, Mircea. The Quest: History of Meaning in Religion. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1969.

Elliott, Dyan. Fallen Bodies: Pollution, Sexuality, and Demonology in the Middle Ages. The Middle Ages Series. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1998.

Emerson, Jan Swango, and Hugh Feiss, eds. Imagining Heaven in the Middle Ages: A Book of Essays. Afterword by Jeffrey Burton Russell. Garland Medieval Casebooks 27; Garland Reference Library of the Humanities 2096. New York: Garland Publishing, 2000. [On the Christian Otherworld (including issues of heavenly corporality, sexuality, etc.) as presented in Dante's Divine Comedy, "The Vision of Tundale," Bernard of Cluny's De contemptu mundi, the Victorines, Thomas Aquinas, and others.]

Evans, G[illian] R[osemary]. Getting it Wrong: The Medieval Epistemology of Error. Studien und Text zur Geistesgeschichte des Mittelalters 63. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1998. ["Getting it Wrong deals with the dark side of the medieval theory of knowledge, the ways in which perceptions can err, curiosity get out of hand, and knowledge damage the knower. The first and second parts explore the organs, powers and faculties of the soul and the ways in which teaching and learning occur. The third part of the book examines medieval ideas of 'common knowledge' and the ways in which individuals can share or fail to share the knowledge human beings ought to have. The fourth part considers wisdom and folly, security and incompleteness of knowledge, truth and lies." [Publisher's description]]

Felsenstein, Frank. "Jews and Devils: Anti-Semitic Stereotypes of Late Medieval and Renaissance England." Literature and Theology 4 (1990): 15-28.

Ferguson, Arthur B. The Indian Summer of English Chivalry: Studies in the Decline and Transformation of Chivalric Idealism. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1960.

Friedman, John Block. The Monstrous Races in Medieval Art and Thought. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1981.

Furnivall, Frederick J[ames], ed. Early English Meals and Manners: John Russell's Boke of Nurture, Wynkyn de Worde's Boke of Keruynge, The Boke of Curtasye, R. Weste's Booke of Demeanor, Seager's Schoole of Vertue, The Babees Book, Aristotle's A B C, Urbanitatis, Stans puer ad mensam, The Lytille Childrenes Lytil Boke, For to Serve a Lord, Old Symon, The Birched School-Boy, &c. &c., with some Forewords on Education in Early England Early English Text Society OS 32. London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co., for the Early English Text Society, 1904. [An anthology of works for the instruction of children in "courtesy," breeding and manners.]

Ganz, Peter F., ed. The Role of the Book in Medieval Culture. Bibliogia 3. Turnhout, Belgium: Brepols Publishers, 1986.

Geary, Patrick. Furta Sacra: Thefts of Relics in the Central Middle Ages. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1978.

Getz, Faye Marie. Medicine in the English Middle Ages. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1998.

Gilson, Etienne. The Mystical Theology of Saint Bernard. Trans. A. H. C. Downes; Introd. Jean Leclerq. Cistercian Studies 120. Kalamazoo: Cistercian Publications, 1990. [Lectures delivered in 1933 at University College of Wales (Aberystwith). Originally published as Le théologie mystique de saint Bernard. Études de philosophie médiévale 20. Paris: J. Vrin, 1934. Includes a section on Courtly Love.]

Gracia, Jorge J. E., and Timothy B. Noone, eds. A Companion to Philosophy in the Middle Ages. Blackwell Companions to Philosophy 24. Oxford, and Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishers, 2002.

Grant, Edward. Planets, Stars, and Orbs: The Medieval Cosmos, 1200-1687. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993.

Greene, J. Patrick. Medieval Monasteries. The Archaeology of Medieval Britain. Leicester, London, and New York: Leicester University Press, 1992.

Gregg, Joan Young. Devils, Women, and Jews: Reflections on the Other in Medieval Sermon Stories. Albany: State University of New York, 1997.

Gurevich, Aron. Medieval Popular Culture: Problems of Belief and Perception. Trans. János M. Bak and Paul A. Hollingsworth. Cambridge Studies in Oral and Literate Culture 14. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; Paris: Maison des Sciences de l'Homme, 1988. [On "popular" religion and "folk" culture; reconstructing the "beliefs" of medieval commoners. Includes an excellent chapter on the cults of saints and beliefs in miracles: "Peasants and Saints" (Chap. 2; pp. 39-77).]

Hadley, D[awn] M. Death in Medieval England: An Archaeology. Stroud, Gloucestershire: Tempus, 2001.

Hammond, P. W. Food and Feast in Medieval England. London: Alan Sutton, 1993. ["Based on archaeological and written evidence, this book deals with everything we know about Medieval food, from hunting and harvesting to food hygiene and the organization of a large household kitchen. Evaluates the nutritional value of Medieval Food, the customs associated with its serving and eating, and the organization of feasts."]

Hanawalt, Barbara A. "Narratives of a Nurturing Culture: Parents and Neighbors in Medieval England." Essays in Medieval Studies 12 (1996): 1-21.

Haren, Michael. Medieval Thought: The Western Intellectual Tradition from Antiquity to the Thirteenth Century. 2nd ed. London: Macmillan, 1993.

Harrison, Dick. Medieval Space: The Extent of Microspatial Knowledge in Western Europe During the Middle Ages. Lund Studies in International History 34. Lund: Lund University Press, 1996. [Challenges Marc Bloch and others who assert that medieval people rarely left their own villages: uses data from Somerset and from locations in Sweden to show that "non-permanent mobility" was quite common (just as other studies have shown that "permanent migrations" were common among the lower classes), that marriage partners often came from quite distant places, and the "microspatial knowledge" of a medieval peasant--the extent of the world around him which he knew with some familiarity--was probably as much as 60 miles or more. "[T]he typical Western European of the high Middle Ages was not an isolated village-dweller" (abstract on verso of title page). While the bulk of the book is taken up with presenting and discussing empirical data from three regions, the introduction and conclusion are more broadly theoretical, introducing ideas of "macrospace" and "microspace" (the latter is the world one actually knows; the former is the mental construct of the rest of the world: a portolan map or the chart of Canterbury Cathedral and it precincts is "microspatial," while a mappemundi is "macrospatial," having more to do with myth and received wisdom than with observation). Harrison has some discussion in his introduction of maps in these terms, as well as of pilgrimage and pilgrimage guidebooks (and the strata of local, regional, and international cults of saints: few saints had more than local significance), and Mandeville's Travels; he discusses the fact that Viking travels to Greenland and North America, and real journeys to China, had no large-scale significance in changing the received ideas about the world. (He also notes that Chinese accounts of contacts with Europeans, and oriental knowledge of the occident, was as sketchy and misinformed as European ideas about the east.)]

Hartley, Dorothy. Mediaeval Costume and Life. London: Batsford, 1931.

Harvey, Barbara. Living and Dying in England, 1100-1540: The Monastic Experience: The Ford Lectures Delivered in the University of Oxford in Hilary Term 1989. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1993.

Haskins, Charles Homer. Studies in Mediaeval Culture. 1929; New York: Frederick Ungar Publishing Co., 1965.

Heffernan, Thomas J. Sacred Biography: Saints and their Biographers in the Middle Ages. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1988.

Hen, Yitzhak, and Matthew Innes, eds. The Uses of the Past in Early Medieval Europe. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 2000.

Henisch, Bridget Ann. Fast and Feast: Food in Medieval Society. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1976.

Hopper, Vincent F. Medieval Number Symbolism: Its Source, Meaning, and Influence on Thought and Expression. New York: Columbia University Press, 1938.

Horrox, Rosemary, ed. Fifteenth-Century Attitudes: Perceptions of Society in Late Medieval England. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1994. [HSS DA 245 F52 1994. Summary: "This collection of essays takes a fresh and invigorating look at late medieval English society by focusing not on how people lived but on how they saw the world and their place in it. Alongside contributions on how different social groups saw themselves and were seen by others are more general discussions of key aspects of fifteenth-century life: attitudes to the rule of law, to the power of the ruler, to education, to honour and service and finally to death. These essays, which include a selection of attractive and often unusual illustrations, create a unique introduction to a troubled and controversial century, which in the past has been seen variously as 'the waning of the Middle Ages' and the forcing ground of modern society" [note in library catalogue entry]. Contents: Introduction, by Rosemary Horrox; "The King and His Subjects," by G. L. Harriss; "Law and Justice," by Edward Powell; "Aristocracy," by Kate Mertes; "Service," by Rosemary Horrox; "Education and Advancement," by Michael J. Bennett; "Information and Science," by Peter Murray Jones; "Women," by P. J. P. Goldberg; "Urban Society," by D. M. Palliser; "Rural Society," by Mark Bailey; "The Poor," by Miri Rubin; "Religion," by Colin Richmond; "Death," by Margaret Aston.]

Horrox, Rosemary, and Sarah Rees Jones, eds. Pragmatic Utopias: Ideals and Communities, 1200-1630. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 2001. [Contents: "'If heaven be on this earth, it is in cloister or in school': The Monastic Ideal in Later Medieval English Literature," by Derek Pearsall; "Chariot of Aminadab and the Yorkshire Priory of Swine," by Janet Burton; "Godliness and Good Learning: Ideals and Imagination in Medieval University and College Foundations," by R. N. Swanson; "Hugh of Balsham, Bishop of Ely 1256/7-1286," by Roger Lovatt; "Cruel Necessity? Christ's and St John's, Two Cambridge Refoundations," by Malcolm G. Underwood; "Coventry's Lollard Programme of 1492 and the Making of Utopia," by P. J. P. Goldberg; "Thomas More's Utopia and Medieval London," by Sarah Rees Jones; "Social Exclusivity or Justice for All? Access to Justice in Fourteenth-Century England," by Anthony Musson; "Idealising Criminality: Robin Hood in the Fifteenth Century," by A. J. Pollard; "Fat Christian and Old Peter: Ideals and Compromises among the Medieval Waldensians," by Peter Biller; "Imageless Devotion: What Kind of an Ideal?," by Margaret Aston; "English Anchorite: The Making, Unmaking and Remaking of Christine Carpenter," by Miri Rubin; "Victorian Values in Fifteenth-Century England: The Ewelme Almshouse Statutes," by Colin Richmond; "Puritanism and the Poor," by Patrick Collinson; "Realising a Utopian Dream: The Transformation of the Clergy in the Diocese of York, 1500-1630," by Claire Cross.]

Houlbrooke, Ralph A. The English Family, 1450-1700. Themes in British Social History. London and New York: Longman, 1984.

Hughes, Anselm. Early Medieval Music up to 1300. The New Oxford History of Music 2. Rev. ed. London: Oxford University Press, 1955.

Humphrey, Chris, and W. M. Ormrod, eds. Time in the Medieval World. Woodbridge, Suffolk: Boydell and Brewer, 2001. ["By exploring some of the more important senses of time which were in circulation in the medieval world, scholars from a wide range of disciplines trace competing definitions and modes of temporality in the middle ages, explaining their influence upon life and culture. The issues explored include anachronism as a feature in earlier senses of time, perceptions of death and of the Last Judgement, time in literary narratives and in music, constructions of time as used in the professions, and original work on the particular systems and technologies which were used for the keeping of time, such as clocks and calendars" (publisher's ad).]

Husband, Timothy, and Jane Hayward, eds. The Secular Spirit: Life and Art at the End of the Middle Ages. New York: E. P. Dutton, in association with the Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1975.

Hussey, Maurice. Chaucer's World: A Pictorial Companion. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1967.

Itnyre, Cathy Jorgensen, ed. Medieval Family Roles: A Book of Essays. Garland Medieval Casebooks 15; Garland Reference Library of the Humanities 1727. New York and London: Garland Publishing, 1996.

Jaeger, C. Stephen. The Origins of Courtliness: Civilizing Trends and the Formation of Courtly Ideals 939-1210. The Middle Ages. Philidelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1985.

Jusserand, Jean A. A. J. English Wayfaring Life in the Middle Ages. Trans. Lucy Toulmin Smith. 4th ed. London: E. Benn, 1950.

Kaeuper, Richard W. Chivalry and Violence in Medieval Europe. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 1999.

Kendall, Alan. Medieval Pilgrims. New York: Putnam's, 1970.

Kieckhefer, Richard. Magic in the Middle Ages. Cambridge Medieval Textbooks. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989. ["Covering the years 500 to 1500, this book examines natural and demonic magic and its position in medieval culture. Kieckhefer argues that magic should not be treated as a fringe subject, but rather as an area vital for the understanding of medieval life."]

Kitzinger, Ernst. Early Medieval Art. 1940; Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1964.

Knowles, David. The Evolution of Medieval Thought. London: Longmans, 1962.

Knowles, David. The Religious Orders in England. 3 vols. 1948; Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979.

Kruger, Steven F. Dreaming in the Middle Ages. Cambridge Studies in Medieval Literature 14. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992.

Le Goff, Jacques. "The Marvelous in the Medieval West." In The Medieval Imagination. By Jacques Le Goff. Trans. Arthur Goldhammer. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 1988. Pp. 27-44.

Le Goff, Jacques, ed. Medieval Callings. Trans. Lydia G. Cochrane. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1990. [". . . these essays by eleven renowned medievalists present nuanced profiles of the major social and professional groups--the callings--of the Middle Ages."]

Le Goff, Jacques. "The Wilderness in the Medieval West." In The Medieval Imagination. By Jacques Le Goff. Trans. Arthur Goldhammer. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 1988. Pp. 47-59. [On the sacredness of the wilderness (the desert, the forest, etc.) as illustrated in Biblical and medieval literary traditions, as well as in legends of hermits. The "desert place" played an important social and cultural role because it "usually represented values opposed to those of the city" (47).]

Leff, Gordon. The Dissolution of the Medieval Outlook: An Essay on the Intellectual and Spiritual Change in the Fourteenth Century. New York: Harper and Row, 1976.

Lewis, C. S. The Discarded Image: An Introduction to Medieval and Renaissance Literature. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1964.

Loomis, Roger Sherman. A Mirror of Chaucer's World. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1965.

Lull, Ramon. The Book of the Ordre of Chyualry; Translated and Printed by William Caxton from a French Version of Ramón Lull's "Le libre del orde de cauayleria," Together with Adam Loutfut's Scottish Transcript (Harleian MS. 6149). Ed. Alfred T. P. Byles. Early English Text Society OS 168. London: Oxford University Press, for the Early English Text Society, 1926.

Martindale, Andrew. The Rise of the Artist in the Middle Ages and Renaissance. London: Thames and Hudson, 1972.

Matheson, Lister M., ed. Popular and Practical Science of Medieval England. East Lansing, MI: Colleagues Press, 1992. [Twelve Middle English texts dealing with astrology, fortune telling, medicine, horticulture, and marine navigation.]

Mathew, Gervase. "Ideals of Friendship." In Patterns of Love and Courtesy: Essays in Memory of C. S. Lewis. Ed. John Lawlor. Evanston: Northwestern University Press, 1966. Pp. 45-53.

Mauss, Marcel. The Gift: Forms and Functions of Exchange in Archaic Societies. Trans. Ian Cunnison. The Norton Library N378. New York: W. W. Norton, 1967. [HSS GT 3050.M45 E5 1967. Translation of Essai sur le don.]

McCall, Andrew. The Medieval Underworld. London: Hamish Hamilton, 1979. [HSS HV 6943 M12 1979.]

Midmer, Roy. English Mediaeval Monasteries, 1066-1540: A Summary. London: Heinemann, 1979.

Morris, Colin, and Peter Roberts, eds. Pilgrimage: The English Experience from Becket to Bunyan. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002.

O'Day, Rosemary. The Family and Family Relationships, 1500-1900: England, France, and the United States of America. Themes in Comparative History. London: Macmillan, 1994. [A historical study of the family, which begins from a presupposition that socio-religious prescriptions are not a good source for the history of the family: given human nature, the search for comfort and harmony will predominate despite all attempts at ideological imposition from outside (husbands and wives have regularly "negotiated their own levels of comfort" apart from legal niceties and moral prescriptions).]

Oelschlager, Max. The Idea of Wilderness. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1991.

Olsen, K. E., and L. A. J. R. Houwen, eds. Monsters and the Monstrous in Medieval Northwest Europe. Mediaevalia Groningana ns 3. Leuven, Belgium, and Sterling, VA: Peeters, 2001.

Onians, Richard Broxton. The Origins of European Thought about the Body, the Mind, the Soul, the World, Time, and Fate. 2nd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1954.

Orme, Nicholas. "Medieval Hunting: Fact and Fancy." In Chaucer's England: Literature in Historical Context. Ed. Barbara Hanawalt. Medieval Studies at Minnesota 4. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1992. Pp. 133-153.

Page, Christopher. Summa Musice: A Thirteenth-Century Manual for Singers. Cambridge Musical Texts and Monographs. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991.

Pantin, William Abel. The English Church in the Fourteenth Century. Mediaeval Academy Reprints for Teaching 5. 1955; Toronto: University of Toronto Press in association with the Mediaeval Academy of America, 1980.

Pieper, Josef. The Four Cardinal Virtues. Trans. Richard Winston, et al. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1965.

Purdon, Liam O., and Cindy L. Vitto, eds. The Rusted Hauberk: Feudal Ideals of Order and their Decline. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 1994.

Rapp, Francis. "Religious Belief and Practice." In The New Cambridge Medieval History, Vol. 7: c.1415-c.1500. Ed. Christopher Allmand. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1998. Pp. 205-219. [HSS D 117 N48 1995.]

Rashdall, Hastings. The Universities of Europe in the Middle Ages. 2nd ed. Ed. F. M. Powicke and A. B. Emden. 3 vols. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1936.

Razi, Zvi. Life, Marriage, and Death in a Medieval Parish: Economy, Society, and Demography in Halesowen, 1270-1400. Past and Present Publications. Cambridge [etc.]: Cambridge University Press, 1980. [HSS HB 3586 H34 R27 1980. A case study of social patterns in a specific medieval village.]

Rickert, Edith, ed. Chaucer's World. New York: Columbia University Press, 1962.

Ridyard, Susan J., ed. Chivalry, Knighthood, and War in the Middle Ages. Sewanee Mediaeval Studies 9. Sewanee, TN: University of the South Press, 1999.

Ridyard, Susan J., ed. Death, Sickness and Health in Medieval Society and Culture. Sewanee Mediaeval Studies 10. Sewanee, TN: University of the South Press, 2000.

Rooney, Anne. Hunting in Middle English Literature. Cambridge: D. S. Brewer, 1993.

Rubin, Miri. "The Body, Whole and Vulnerable, in Fifteenth-Century England." In Bodies and Disciplines: Intersections of Literature and History in Fifteenth-Century England. Ed. Barbara A. Hanawalt and David Wallace. Medieval Cultures 9. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1996. Pp. 19-28.

Ryan, Christopher, ed. The Religious Roles of the Papacy: Ideals and Realities, 1150-1300. Papers in Mediaeval Studies 8. Toronto: Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies, 1989.

Scaglione, Aldo. Knights at Court: Courtliness, Chivalry, and Courtesy from Ottonian Germany to the Italian Renaissance. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1991.

Sheehan, Michael M., ed. Aging and the Aged in Medieval Europe. Papers in Mediaeval Studies 11. Toronto: Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies, 1990.

Sheridan, Ronald, and Anne Ross. Grotesques and Gargoyles: Paganism in the Medieval Church. Devon: David and Charles, 1975.

Simson, Otto Georg von. The Gothic Cathedral: Origins of Gothic Architecture and the Medieval Concept of Order. 2nd ed. Bollingen Series 48. New York: Pantheon Books, 1962.

Sinnreich-Levi, Deborah M., and Gale Sigal, eds. Voices in Translation: The Authority of "Olde Bookes" in Medieval Literature; Essays in Honor of Helaine Newstead. Pref. Harold M. Proshansky. Foreward Allen Mandelbaum. Intro. Frederick Goldin. AMS Studies in the Middle Ages 17. New York: AMS, 1992.

Sumption, Jonathan. Pilgrimage: An Image of Mediaeval Religion. London: Faber and Faber, 1975.

Swanson, R[obert] N[orman], ed. The Use and Abuse of Time in Christian History: Papers Read at the 1999 Summer Meeting and the 2000 Winter Meeting of the Ecclesiastical History Society. Studies in Church History 37. Woodbridge, Suffolk, and Rochester, NY: Boydell Press / Boydell and Brewer, for the Ecclesiastical History Society, 2002. ["For the Christian Church and its members, time is always pressing, both for this life and for the anticipated afterlife. In this life it is precious, to be valued and used; but in reality also misused and abused. The twenty-seven essays in this volume reflect Christian attitudes to time from the period of the early church through to the twentieth century, considering differing views on labour, the role and importance of recreation, the use of time for devotional purposes and preparation for the afterlife, and reactions to its wasting or sinful exploitation" (publisher's ad).]

Taylor, Henry D. The Medieval Mind: A History of the Development of Thought and Emotion in the Middle Ages. 4th ed. 2 vols. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1962.

Thomas, Keith Vivian. Religion and the Decline of Magic. New York: Scribner, 1971. [HSS BR 377 T45. This is an important study of medieval "superstitions" and their suppression in the time of the Reformation.]

Thomson, Williell R. Friars in the Cathedral: The First Franciscan Bishops, 1226-1261. Studies and Texts 33. Toronto: Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies, 1975.

Trachtenberg, Joshua. The Devil and the Jews: The Medieval Conception of the Jew and its Relation to Modern Antisemitism. Harper Torchbooks 822. 1943; New York: Harper and Row, Publishers, 1966.

Turnbull, Stephen R. The Book of the Medieval Knight. London: Arms and Armour Press, 1985.

Vauchez, André. Sainthood in the Later Middle Ages. Trans. Jean Birrell. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997.

Volz, Carl A. The Church of the Middle Ages: Growth and Change from 600-1400. St. Louis: Concordia Publishing House, 1970.

Von Martels, Z. R. W. M., ed. Alchemy Revisited: Proceedings of the International Conference on the History of Alchemy at the University of Groningen. Collection de Travaux de l'Académie Internationale d'Histoires des Sciences 33. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1990.

Waddell, Helen. The Wandering Scholars. London, Constable, 1927.

Wagner, David L., ed. The Seven Liberal Arts in the Middle Ages. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1984.

Ward, Benedicta. Miracles and the Medieval Mind. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1987.

Watt, Tessa. Cheap Print and Popular Piety. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992. ["In this provocative study, Watt challenges the traditional divide between a pre-Reformation culture of orality and image and the ensuing Protestant culture of the written word. Cheap print (broadside ballads, chapbooks, wall hangings) offers a response to this 'confrontational' model, since godly ballads and other popular devotional materials juxtapose word and image in ways that suggest gradual modification of traditional piety, rather than a wholesale rejection of previous values. In this light, Watt suggests that print and literacy should not be viewed as 'unchanging technologies which unilaterally replaced other forms of communication.' Instead, as the ballads and other examples of cheap print make clear, such communication is only part of a much larger network of seeing, reading, remembering, and hearing which comprised the post-Reformation devotional (and consumer) experience." (Joshua Fisher, Ballad web-site [URL: students.washington.edu/jbfisher/ballad_pages/index.html])]

White, Hayden. "The Forms of Wildness: Archaeology of an Idea." In The Wild Man Within: An Image in Western Thought from the Renaissance to Romanticism. Ed. Edward Dudley and Maximillian E. Novak. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1972. Pp. 3-38. [Rpt. in his Tropics of Discourse: Essays in Cultural Criticism. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1978. Pp. 150-182.]

White, Lynn, Jr. Medieval Religion and Technology. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1978.

Williams, David. Deformed Discourse: The Function of the Monster in Medieval Thought and Literature. Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queens University Press; Exeter: Exeter University Press, 1996.

Wilson, Stephen G., ed. Saints and their Cults: Studies in Religious Sociology, Folklore and History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984.

D. Linguistic Background

Blake, Norman F. "From Chaucer to Shakespeare: The Non-Dramatic Tradition." In his Non-Standard Language in English Literature. The Language Library. London: André Deutsch, 1981. Pp. 39-62.

Blake, Norman F. The English Language in Medieval Literature. Everyman's University Library. London: J. M. Dent and Sons Ltd., 1977.

Bowden, Betsy. Listeners' Guide to Medieval English: A Discography. Garland Reference Library of the Humanities 912. New York: Garland, 1988.

Burnley, David. A Guide to Chaucer's Language. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press, 1983.

Burnley, J. D. Chaucer's Language and the Philosopher's Tradition. Chaucer Studies 2. Cambridge: D. S. Brewer, 1979.

Elliott, Ralph W. V. Chaucer's English. The Language Library. London: André Deutsch Ltd., 1974.

Jones, Charles. An Introduction to Middle English. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1972.

Kerkhof, J. Studies in the Language of Geoffrey Chaucer. 2nd ed. Leidse Germanistische en Anglistische Reeks van de Rijksuniversiteitte Leiden 5. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1982.

Knapp, Peggy A[nn]. Time-Bound Words: Semantic and Social Economics from Chaucer's England to Shakespeare's. New York: St. Martin's Press, 2000. [A selection of "keywords" of the period is studied for how these words reflect the history and debates of the time ("corage," "estat," "fre," "gloss," "kynde," "lewed," "providence," "queynte," "sely," "thrift," and "virtu").]

Kökeritz, Helge. A Guide to Chaucer's Pronunciation. Medieval Academy Reprints for Teaching 3. 1961; Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1978.

McIntosh, Angus, M. L. Samuels, and Margaret Laing. Middle English Dialectology: Essays on Some Principles and Problems. Ed. Margaret Laing. Aberdeen: Aberdeen University Press, 1989.

Mossé, Fernand. A Handbook of Middle English. Trans. James A. Walker. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1952.

Samuels, M. L., and J. J. Smith. The English of Chaucer and his Contemporaries. Aberdeen: Aberdeen University Press, 1989.

Sandved, A. O. Introduction to Chaucerian English. Chaucer Studies 11. Woodbridge, Suffolk: Boydell and Brewer, 1989.

Smith, J. J., ed. The English of Chaucer and his Contemporaries: Essays by M. L. Samuels and J. J. Smith. Aberdeen: Aberdeen University Press, 1989.

Stephens, John, and Ruth Waterhouse. Literature, Language, and Change: From Chaucer to the Present. The Interface Series. London: Routledge, 1990.

Wright, Joseph, and Elizabeth Mary Wright. An Elementary Middle English Grammar. 2nd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1928.

E.i. General Background: Literary

Aers, David. Chaucer, Langland and the Creative Imagination. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1980.

Aers, David. Community, Gender and Individual Identity: English Writing 1360-1430. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1989. [HSS PR 275 I34 A252 1988. Contents: Introduction (1-19); "Piers Plowman: Poverty, Work, and Community" (20-72); "The Making of Margery Kempe: Individual and Community" (73-116); "Masculine Identity in the Courtly Community: The Self Loving in Troilus and Criseyde" (117-152); "'In Arthurus day': Community, Virtue. and Individual Identity in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight" (153-178). "David Aers explores the treatment of the community, gender and individual identity in English writing between 1360 and 1430, and focuses on Margery Kempe, Langland, Chaucer and the poet of Sir Gawain. He shows how these texts deal with questions about gender, the making of individual indentity and competing versions of community in ways which still speak powerfully in contemporary analysis of gender formation, sexuality and love."]

Armstrong, Nancy, and Leonard Tennenhouse, eds. The Violence of Representation: Literature and the History of Violence. Essays in Literature and Society. London and New York: Routledge, 1989. [HSS PN 56 V53 V56 1989.]

Babcock, Barbara A. "Liberty's a Whore: Inversions, Marginalia and Picaresque Narrative." In The Reversible World: Symbolic Inversion in Art and Society. Ed. Barbara A. Babcock. Symbol, Myth, and Ritual Series. Ithaca, NY, and London: Cornell University Press, 1978. Pp. 95-116. [HSS GN 462.5 F72 1972. Papers from the "Forms of Symbolic Inversion" Symposium, Toronto, 1972. Includes a discussion of Hobsbawm's idea of the "social bandit" in picaresque literature.]

Babcock-Abrahams, Barbara. "'A tolerated margin of mess': The Trickster and his Tales Reconsidered." Journal of the Folklore Institute 11 (1975): 145-186. [HSS GR 109 I39.]

Barratt, Alexandra, ed. Women's Writing in Middle English. Longman Annotated Texts. London: Longman, 1992.

Bennett, H[enry] S[tanley]. Chaucer and the Fifteenth Century. Oxford History of English Literature 2.1. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1947.

Bennett, J. A. W. Middle English Literature. Ed. and completed by Douglas Gray. Oxford History of English Literature 1.2. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1986. [Chap. 1: "Pastoral and Comedy" (incl. "Owl and Nightingale"), 2: "Verse, Didactic and Homiletic" (incl. "Bestiary," "Ormulum," "Cursor Mundi," "Handlyng Synne" [Robert Mannyng of Brunne], "Prick of Conscience," "Parlement of the Thre Ages," "Wynnere and Wastoure," "South English Legendary"), 3: "Layamon", 4: "History in Verse" (chronicles; Brut; Bruce), 5: "Romances" (romance; "King Horn," "Sir Orfeo," "Havelok," "Gamelyn," "Athelston," Arthur and Merlin, "Siege of Jerusalem"), 6: "The Poems of the Gawain Manuscript," 7: "Prose" (Katherine Group, Peterborough Chronicle, Sermons, "Agenbite of Inwit," Julian of Norwich, Wyclif and Lollards, Trevissa, Mandeville), 8: "Lyrics," 9: "Gower," 10: "Langland."]

Bennett, Michael J. "The Court of Richard II and the Promotion of Literature." In Chaucer's England: Literature in Historical Context. Ed. Barbara Hanawalt. Medieval Studies at Minnesota 4. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1992. Pp. 3-20.

Bertolet, Craig E. "The Rise of London Literature: Chaucer, Gower, Langland and the Poetics of the City in Late Medieval English Poetry." Ph.D. diss., Pennsylvania State University, 1995. [DAI 56 (1995-1996): 1766A. Abstract: "The extent to which London influenced late fourteenth-century English poetry has been a matter for some debate. Though not enjoying a literary tradition like Florence's, London did play a significant role in the shaping of English poetry. This dissertation demonstrates that a number of economic, social, and political elements came together in the late fourteenth century to provide a moment in English literature where London acquired a significant cultural presence in the poetry of Geoffrey Chaucer and his contemporaries: William Langland and John Gower. Urban poetry is plain in style. It elevates the importance of the community and addresses questions of just price, commodity, and the balancing of one's books. Elements of this paradigm would have been available to these three poets in French literature and, specifically for Chaucer whom we know read them, the works of Dante and Boccaccio. Using the market values of the city, Langland's Piers Plowman becomes as much an exploration of the value of the soul as it is a quest for the soul's redemption. As a result, Langland's poem critiques more than just the moral aspects of his society but the economic and social elements as well. Gower's Confessio Amantis concerns the role of truth in human society; many of the tales show that characters who seek truth prosper, while those who do not perish. Urban poetry for Chaucer expands the possibilities of the debate genre by allowing the incorporation of various speakers from every level of English society. But exchange takes other forms in his poetry, such as in the fabliaux where tricks are repaid in kind so that, by the end of the tale, all books appear to be balanced. In addition to questions of justice, Chaucer also explores the importance of the community to human relations. Those characters who separate from the community or cause others to be separated from it imperil its safety and, if they cannot be reformed, they must be avoided. City poetry declined in England after Chaucer's death, yet the influence of the city continues beyond the fourteenth century to drama and prose fiction."]

Biddick, Kathleen A. The Shock of Medievalism. Durham: Duke University Press, 1988.

Bloomfield, Morton W., and Charles W. Dunn. The Role of the Poet in Early Societies. Woodbridge, Suffolk: Boydell and Brewer, 1990.

Boitani, Piero, and Anna Torti, eds. Genres, Themes, and Images in English Literature from the Fourteenth to the Fifteenth Century: The J. A. W. Bennett Memorial Lectures, Perugia, 1986. Tübinger Beiträge zur Anglistik 11. Tübingen: Gunter Narr, 1988.

Burnley, [John] David. Courtliness and Literature in Medieval England. Longman Medieval and Renaissance Library. London and New York: Longman, 1998.

Burrow, J. A. Gestures and Looks in Medieval Narrative. Cambridge Studies in Medieval Literature 48. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 2002.

Burrow, J. A. Ricardian Poetry: Chaucer, Gower, Langland and the Gawain Poet. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1971.

Calin, William. The French Tradition and the Literature of Medieval England. University of Toronto Romance Series. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1995.

Canfield, J. Douglas. Word as Bond in English Literature from the Middle Ages to the Restoration. The Middle Ages. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1989.

Chambers, E[dmund] K[erchever] (Sir). The English Folk-Play. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1933. [HSS PR 635 F6 C4. [folk drama; mumming and mummers; popular theatre, drama, plays, playing]]

Chambers, E[dmund] K[erchever] (Sir). The Mediaeval Stage. 2 vols. London: Oxford University Press, 1903. [HSS PN 2152 C44. Contents: Book 1: "Minstrelsy"; Book 2: "Folk Drama"; Book 3: "Religious Drama"; Book 4: "The Interlude;" Appendices. The section on "Folk Drama" is a considerable work in itself (vol. 1, pp. 89-419), and still one of the most thorough introductions to the subject (though dated, since it is now a century since it was written); it includes chapters on the Feast of Fools, the Boy Bishop, May Games, Mumming, etc. See 1: 171-181 on Robin Hood in May Day festivities. [minstrels and minstrelsy; mumming and mummers; carnival; carnivalesque; popular theatre, drama, plays, playing]]

Classen, Albrecht, ed. The Book and the Magic of Reading in the Middle Ages. Medieval Casebooks. London and New York: Routledge, 1999.

Coleman, Janet. English Literature in History, 1350-1400: Medieval Readers and Writers. English Literature in History 1. London: Hutchinson, 1981.

Coleman, Joyce. Public Reading and the Reading Public in Late Medieval England and France. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996.

Davidoff, Judith M. Beginning Well: Framing Fictions in Late Middle English Poetry. Cranbury, NJ: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 1988. ["Explores the symbolic effects of narrative patterns in Middle English verse, in relation to medieval assumptions about narrative structures."]

Doob, Penelope Reed. The Idea of the Labyrinth from Classical Antiquity through the Middle Ages. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1990.

Doob, Penelope B. R. Nebuchadnezzar's Children: Conventions of Madness in Middle English Literature. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1974.

Ebin, Lois A. Illuminator, Makar, Vates: Visions of Poetry in the Fifteenth Century. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1988. [Discusses views of the poet and his craft from Lydgate to Skelton; considers fifteenth-century poetry to be innovative, not merely imitations of Chaucer.]

Ebin, Lois A. John Lydgate. Twayne's English Authors Series 407. Boston: G. K. Hall, 1985.

Emmerson, Richard K., and Bernard McGinn. The Apocalypse in the Middle Ages. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1993.

Emmerson, Richard K., and Ronald B. Herzman. The Apocalyptic Imagination in Medieval Literature. Middle Ages Series. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1992.

Fisher, John H. "Wyclif, Langland, Gower, and the Pearl-Poet on the Subject of Aristocracy." In Studies in Medieval Literature in Honor of Professor Albert Croll Baugh. Ed. MacEdward Leach. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1961. Pp. 139-157.

Forest-Hill, Lynn. "Social Comment, Religious Dissent, and Audience Response in the Biblical Plays." Chap. 3 of her Transgressive Language in Medieval English Drama: Signs of Challenge and Change. Aldershot, Hants., and Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2000. Pp. 50-84.

Forest-Hill, Lynn. Transgressive Language in Medieval English Drama: Signs of Challenge and Change. Aldershot, Hants., and Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2000. [HSS PR 641 F67 2000.]

Gellrich, Jesse M. Discourse and Dominion in the Fourteenth Century: Oral Contexts of Writing in Philosophy, Politics, and Poetry. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1995. [HSS PR 275 O72 G45 1995. Summary: "This wide-ranging study of language and cultural change in fourteenth-century England argues that the influence of oral tradition is much more important to the advance of literary than scholarship has previously recognized. In contrast to the view of orality and literacy as contending forces of opposition, the book maintains that the power of language consists in displacement, the capacity of one channel of language to take the place of the other, to make the source disappear into the copy. Appreciating the interplay between oral and written language makes possible for the first time a way of understanding the high literate achievements of this century in relation to momentous developments in social and political life" [library catalogue notes]. Contents: Ch. 1: "Vox Literata: On the Uses of Oral and Written Language in the Later Middle Ages"; Ch. 2: "The Voice of the Sign and the Semiology of Dominion in the Work of Ockham"; Ch. 3: "'Real Language' and the Rule of the Book in the Work of Wyclif"; Ch. 4: "Orality and Rhetoric in the Chronicle History of Edward III"; Ch. 5: "The Politics of Literacy in the Reign of Richard II"; Ch. 6: "The Spell of the Ax: Diglossia and History in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight"; Ch. 7: "'Withouten Any Repplicacioun': Discourse and Dominion in the Knight's Tale."]

Gransden, Antonia. Legends, Traditions and History in Medieval England. London: Hambledon, 1992. [Essays on medieval chronicles and their usefulness to modern historians. Includes an essay on the discovery of the bodies of King Arthur and Queen Guinevere in Glastonbury.]

Gray, Douglas. "Fifteenth-Century Lyrics and Carols." In Nation, Court and Culture: New Essays on Fifteenth-Century English Poetry. Ed. Helen Cooney. Dublin: Four Courts Press, 2001. Pp. 168-183. [HSS PR 525.N27 N38 2001.]

Green, Richard Firth. Poets and Princepleasers: Literature and the English Court in the Late Middle Ages. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1980.

Hall, Kathryn Cushman. "The Medieval Theory of the Sign and its Relationship to The Book of Margery Kempe, Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, and Piers Plowman." Ph.D. diss., Syracuse University, 1987. [DAI 49 (1988-1989): 88A. Abstract: "The study of signs has an ancient past and a continuing history throughout the medieval period. Both Augustine and Aquinas, for example, believed that signs were visible manifestations of invisible truths which were finally linked to God. With Ockham we clearly see another concern: signs are a logical shorthand whose meaning is based on man's interaction with temporal and mundane things. While Chapter One of the dissertation traces such a development in the medieval concept of the sign, the other chapters explore its impact in three pieces of late fourteenth-century literature. Chapter Two examines The Book of Margery Kempe, suggesting that the whiteness of Margery's dress functions as a sign for certain traditional medieval values. Margery's use of white violates society's understanding of its meaning, revealing that her society expected signs to function as visible indicators of invisible qualities. Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, discussed in Chapter Three, is also concerned with signification. Gawain's pentangle, for example, implies an Augustinian and Thomistic understanding of signification. His sash, on the other hand, has its meaning rooted in the varying experience that individuals have of Gawain's adventure at the Green Chapel, suggesting an Ockhamistic perception of signification. Chapter Four analyzes Piers Plowman, a poem also concerned with signs and their function. Will's search for a stable framework which would allow him a sure interpretation of the signs that crowd his dream is continuous and almost always inadequate; instead, a term's meaning shifts according to Will's experience, suggesting that he too occupies an Ockhamistic world of incertitude." [William Langland]]

Hanawalt, Barbara, ed. Chaucer's England: Literature in Historical Context. Medieval Studies at Minnesota 4. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1992.

Hopkins, Andrea. The Sinful Knights: A Study of Middle English Penitential Romance. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1990.

Hynes, William J., and William G. Doty, eds. Mythical Trickster Figures: Contours, Contexts, and Criticisms. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1993. [Contents: "Introducing the Fascinating and Perplexing Trickster Figure," by William J. Hynes and William G. Doty; "Historical Overview of Theoretical Issues: The Problem of the Trickster," by William G. Doty and William J. Hynes; "Mapping the Characteristics of Mythic Tricksters: A Heuristic Guide," by William J. Hynes; "A Lifetime of Trouble-Making: Hermes as Trickster," by William G. Doty; "The Myth of the Trickster: The Necessary Breaker of Taboos," by Laura Makarius; "The Shaman and the Trickster," by Mac Linscott Ricketts; "The Exception Who Proves the Rules: Ananse the Akan Trickster," by Christopher Vecsey; "West African Tricksters: Web of Purpose, Dance of Delight," by Robert D. Pelton; "A Japanese Mythic Trickster Figure: Susa-no-o," by Robert S. Ellwood; "Saint Peter: Apostle Transfigured into Trickster," by William J. Hynes and Thomas J. Steele; "The Moral Imagination of the Kaguru: Some Thoughts on Tricksters, Translation and Comparative Analysis," by T. O. Beidelman; "Inhabiting the Space Between Discourse and Story in Trickster Narratives," by Anne Doueihi; "Inconclusive Conclusions: Tricksters--Metaplayers and Revealers," by William J. Hynes.]

Imbert-Terry, H. M. "The Poetical Contemporaries of Chaucer." In Chaucer Memorial Lectures, 1900: Read before the Royal Society of Literature. Ed. Percy W[illoughby] Ames. London: Asher, 1900. Pp. 1-43.

Ingham, Patricia Clare. Sovereign Fantasies: Arthurian Romance and the Making of Britain. The Middle Ages Series. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2001.

Jager, Eric. The Tempter's Voice: Language and the Fall in Medieval Literature. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1994. [On the centrality of the doctrine of the Fall to medieval literature and culture.]

Jeffrey, David Lyle. "Chaucer and Wyclif: Biblical Hermeneutic and Literary Theory in the XIVth Century." In Chaucer and Scriptural Tradition. Ed. David Lyle Jeffrey. Ottawa: University of Ottawa Press, 1984. Pp. 109-140. [HSS PR 1924.C474 1984. [Wycliffe]]

Kane, George. Middle English Literature: A Critical Study of the Romances, the Religious Lyrics, "Piers Plowman." Methuen's Old English Library. London: Methuen, 1951.

Kelen, Sarah Ann. "'Clerkes, Poetes, and Historiographs': Chaucer, Langland, and the Literature of History." Ph.D. diss., Columbia University, 1996. [DAI 57 (1996-1997): 3928A-3929A. Abstract: "This dissertation argues that both Chaucer and Langland, the two most widely-read 'clerkes' and 'poetes' of fourteenth-century English literature, were, in fact, 'historiographs.' (These terms themselves come from William Caxton's 'Prohemye' to his second edition of the Canterbury Tales, one of the texts discussed in Chapter 3.) Part I of the dissertation offers historiographic readings of these poets' own works--Troilus and Criseyde and Piers Plowman; Part II analyzes the way that the early modern editions of the works of Chaucer and Langland emphasized the historical elements of their poetry. "Troilus and Criseyde and Piers Plowman are both interested in history as a process and as a topic of poetry; both address issues of what it means to write history. Piers Plowman does so in the context of its apocalypticism and its meditation on the relationship of earthly, historical communities to the Church which transcends time. Troilus and Criseyde does so in its various discussions of the relationship of a poem to its source texts and of the relationship between literary history and the events it represents. "The early modern reception and transmission of Chaucer's poetry and of Piers Plowman (and other works that focus on the figure of the virtuous Plowman) consistently emphasize the antiquity of medieval literature. Early printed editions of works by Chaucer and Langland cast this antiquity as simultaneously a hindrance to interpretation and a mark of authority. Furthermore, for their fifteenth- and sixteenth-century readers and editors, the works of Chaucer and Langland are valuable because, as texts from the past, they necessarily embody and transmit English history. The early modern creation of a canon of English literature is thus produced by historical as much as literary motives."]

Kessel-Brown, Deirdre. "The Emotional Landscape of the Forest in the Mediaeval Love Lament." Medium Ævum 59 (1990): 228-247. [Where the garden (the "locus amoenus"--Kessel-Brown uses Curtius's phrase) is the landscape of "lovers' fulfilment," the forest "provides imagery for those unhappy in love" (p. 228).]

Knight, Stephen. "The Social Function of the Middle English Romances." In Medieval Literature: Criticism, Ideology, and History. Ed. David Aers. New York: St. Martin's, 1986. Pp. 99-122.

Knopp, Sherron Elizabeth. "The Figure of the Narrator in Medieval Romance and Dream Vision." Ph.D. diss., University of California, Los Angeles, 1975. [DAI 36 (1975-1976): 4471A.]

Kratins, Ojars. "Treason in Middle English Metrical Romances." Philological Quarterly 45 (1966): 668-687.

Lazar, Moshé, and Norris J. Lacy, eds. Poetics of Love in the Middle Ages: Texts and Contexts. Fairfax: George Mason University Press, 1989.

Le Goff, Jacques, and Pierre Vidal-Naquet. "Lévi-Strauss in Broceliande: A Brief Analysis of a Courtly Romance." In The Medieval Imagination. By Jacques Le Goff. Trans. Arthur Goldhammer. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 1988. Pp. 107-131. [Orig. published (in French) as "Lévi-Strauss en Brocéliande," Critique no. 325 (June 1974): 541-571; rpt. in Le Goff's L'imaginaire médiéval (Paris: Editions Gallimard, 1985). On Chrétien de Troyes's Yvain, and the Arthurian forest as reflecting dichotomies of "nature" and "culture."]

Levy, Bernard S., ed. The Bible in the Middle Ages: Its Influence on Literature and Art. Medieval and Renaissance Texts and Studies 89. Binghamton: Center for Medieval and Early Renaissance Studies, SUNY, 1992.

Lewis, C. S. The Allegory of Love: A Study in Medieval Tradition. London: Oxford University Press, 1936.

Machan, Tim William, ed. Medieval Literature: Texts and Interpretations. Medieval and Renaissance Texts and Studies 79. Binghamton: Center for Medieval and Early Renaissance Studies, SUNY, 1991.

Margherita, Gayle. The Romance of Origins: Language and Sexual Difference in Middle English Literature. University Park: Pennsylvania University Press, 1994. ["An exploration of the intimate relationship between sexual and historical fantasies in such medieval texts as Troilus and Criseyde, Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, The Book of Margery Kempe, The Life and the Passion of St. Julian, and several of the secular Harley Lyrics."]

Martindale, Charles, ed. Ovid Renewed: Ovidian Influences on Literature and Art from the Middle Ages to the Twentieth Century. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990.

Miller, Paul Scott. "The Mediaeval Literary Theory of Satire and its Relevance to the Works of Gower, Langland and Chaucer." Ph.D. thesis, Queen's University of Belfast, 1982. [DAI 51 (1990-1991): 1222A. Abstract: "In this study, 'satire' is not used in any modern sense, but in the classical and mediaeval sense: satire is a specific body of poetry founded in ancient Rome and developed in Western Christendom during the Middle Ages. Indeed, much recent scholarship on Roman satire has rightly taken pains to distinguish between the formal satire of the Roman poets Lucilius, Horace, Persius, and Juvenal on the one hand, and, on the other hand, that variety of post-Renaissance literature named 'satire' for want of a more appropriate literary category. That distinction is preserved here, for it is an objective of this study to investigate, without reference to twentieth-century literary prejudices, the nature of satire in the Middle Ages. There is a fundamental justification for this approach. We are familiar with the boundaries and conventions of classical, renaissance, and modern literary genres thanks to the assiduity of generations of scholars; but little corresponding work has been undertaken on mediaeval literary genres. Once it is known what mediaeval scholars and writers understood by the noun satura ('satire,' sometimes spelt satira or satyra) and the adjective satiricus ('satirical'; used as a substantive to mean 'satirist'), it will be possible to identify mediaeval satirical works. Once sufficient mediaeval satires have been identified, it will be possible to form an estimate of the mediaeval satirical tradition. None of this can be achieved by applying modern generic definitions to mediaeval literature. My purpose in the following pages is threefold. First, by investigating the way in which the classical satires of Horace, Persius, and Juvenal were studied in the schools during the Middle Ages, I hope to reconstruct the mediaeval definition of satire. Second, I propose to identify and classify works which, by reference to prevailing contemporary critical theory, can be shown to be the true mediaeval successors to Roman satire. Third, I intend to apply the findings to the works of three major English poets writing in the second half of the fourteenth century."]

Minnis, A. J., ed. Middle English Poetry: Texts and Traditions; Essays in Honour of Derek Pearsall. York Manuscripts Conferences 5. Woodbridge, Suffolk: York Medieval Press / Boydell and Brewer, 2001.

Minnis, A. J., and Charlotte C. Morse, Thorlac Turville-Petre, eds. Essays on Ricardian Literature in Honour of J. A. Burrow. Oxford: Clarendon Press; New York: Oxford University Press, 1997. [HSS PR 311 E77 1997.]

Monsma, Bradley John. "Active Readers, Obverse Tricksters: Trickster Texts and Recreative Reading." In Divine Aporia: Postmodern Conversations about the Other. Ed. John C. Hawley. Lewisburg, PA: Bucknell University Press; London: Associated University Presses, 2000. Pp. 153-171.

Nerlich, Michael. Ideology of Adventure: Studies in Modern Consciousness, 1100-1750. Trans. Ruth Crowley. Foreword Wlad Godzich. 2 vols. Theory and History of Literature 42-43. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1987. [Originally published as Kritik der Abenteuer-Ideologie. "Questions the traditional bourgeois notion that human beings are, by nature, adventurers, and instead shows how the notion of adventure changed over time--from the French medieval court down to the expanding capitalist societies of western Europe in the eighteenth century" (publisher's advertisement).]

Owst, Gerald R. Literature and Pulpit in Medieval England: A Neglected Chapter in the History of English Letters and of the English People. 2nd ed. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1961. [Argues that the satire of Chaucer, Langland, and others owes much to the preaching of the time against the vices of the age.]

Owst, Gerald R. Preaching in Medieval England: An Introduction to Sermon Manuscripts of the Period c.1350-1450. Cambridge Studies in Medieval Life and Thought. 1926; New York: Russell & Russell, 1965.

Patch, Howard. The Goddess Fortuna in Medieval Literature. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1927.

Patterson, Lee, ed. Literary Practice and Social Change in Britain, 1380-1530. New Historicism: Studies in Cultural Politics 8. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990. [HSS PR 275 S63 L776 1990.]

Patterson, Lee. Negotiating the Past: The Historical Understanding of Medieval Literature. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1987.

Pearsall, Derek, ed. Chaucer to Spenser: A Critical Reader. Blackwell Critical Readers in Literature. Oxford, and Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishers, 1999. [HSS PR 260 C47 1999. A companion volume to Chaucer to Spenser: An Anthology.]

Piehler, Paul. The Visionary Landscape: A Study of Medieval Allegory. London: Edward Arnold, 1971.

Pinti, Daniel J., ed. Writing after Chaucer: Essential Readings in Chaucer and the Fifteenth Century. Basic Readings in Chaucer and his Times 1; Garland Reference Library of the Humanities 2040. New York and London: Garland Publishing, 1998.

Plummer, John F. "The Woman's Song in Middle English and its European Backgrounds." In Vox Feminae: Studies in Medieval Woman's Songs. Ed. John F. Plummer. Studies in Medieval Culture 15. Kalamazoo, MI: Medieval Institute Publications, Western Michigan University, 1981. Pp. 135-154. [HSS PN 691 V97 1981.]

Powell, Susan, and Jeremy J. Smith, eds. New Perspectives on Middle English Texts: A Festschrift for R. A. Waldron. Woodbridge, Suffolk: Boydell and Brewer, 2000.

Scattergood, [Vincent] John. "Literary Culture at the Court of Richard II." In English Court Culture in the Later Middle Ages. Ed. V[incent] J[ohn] Scattergood, and J. W. Sherborne. Colston Papers. London: Duckworth, 1983. Pp. 29-43. [Rpt. in his Reading the Past: Essays on Medieval and Renaissance Literature. Dublin, and Portland, OR: Four Courts Press, 1996. Pp. 114-127.]

Scattergood, V[incent] J[ohn]. Politics and Poetry in the Fifteenth Century, 1399-1485. Blandford History Series: History and Literature. London: Blandford Press, 1971. [Chap. 9 includes a section on "London Lickpenny"; Chap. 10 includes a discussion of the Rising of 1381, the Letters of John Ball, and other political works of the late fourteenth century.]

Scattergood, [Vincent] John. Reading the Past: Essays on Medieval and Renaissance Literature. Dublin, and Portland, OR: Four Courts Press, 1996.

Scattergood, V[incent] J[ohn], and J. W. Sherborne, eds. English Court Culture in the Later Middle Ages. Colston Papers. London: Duckworth, 1983. [HSS DA 185 E58 1983.]

Schiffhorst, G. J., ed. The Triumph of Patience: Medieval and Renaissance Studies. Orlando: University Presses of Florida, 1978. [Studies in the History of the Idea of Patience, with special reference to Langland (Piers Plowman), to the Gawain-poet and his Patience, to Shakespeare and to Milton.]

Shklar, Ruth Sarah Nisse. "Spectacles of Dissent: Heresy, Mysticism and Drama in Late Medieval England." Ph.D. diss., University of California, Berkeley, 1995. [DAI 57 (1996-1997): 1130A-1131A. Abstract: "Spectacles of Dissent: Heresy, Mysticism and Drama in Late Medieval England examines the relationships between heterodox challenges to public institutions in Wycliffite writings and implicitly dissenting political agendas in The Book of Margery Kempe and the York Mystery Plays. Wycliffite attacks on tradition initiate the controversies about the authority of history that inform all of these texts' critical interpretations of personal and collective narratives. "Chapter One offers a reading of the antitheatrical polemic in the Tretise of Miraclis Pleyinge, an uneasy attempt to shore up the Wycliffites' own valorization of literalistic biblical exegesis by condemning the failed figural hermeneutics and fleshly excesses of Corpus Christi drama. The Tretise represents both the exegetical subtext and the civic ideology of the plays as a carnal literalism, a slide backward in which Christian players reenact rather than redeem their pagan and Jewish cultural origins. "Chapter Two takes up William Thorpe's account of his examination for Lollardy. Thorpe aligns a strangely intimate narrative of his own rejection of his parents' property and power with a heretical stance against church property, subverting the familial terms of secular political theories to define Archbishop Arundel's tyranny. He grounds the authority of his subsequent historical apologia for earlier Lollards in a discourse of absolute poverty that yokes authorship to humility and antityrranical resistance. "Chapter Three argues that the defendants in the 1428-31 Norwich Lollardy trials develop a distinctive political vocabulary by adopting a parodic relation to the lay spirituality of parish gilds. In their 'schools,' the Lollards appropriate the fraternities' associative style and exploit their potential for sedition while vehemently attacking their mechanisms for forming orthodox identities. "Chapter Four considers The Book of Margery Kempe as a disruptive response to attempts by Lancastrian propagandists to construct Lollardy as an infection of the political sphere by women. In the wake of Oldcastle's Rebellion, images circulated of heretics as literate women or men feminized by disobedience. Kempe reworks the gendered terms of such polemics as the basis of a unique type of mystical dissent. "Chapter Five argues that the plays of the 'trials of Christ' at the heart of the York Mystery cycle represent attempts by government authorities and gilds to transform biblical history into vernacular civic oratory. Even as these productions seek to counter heresy by creating an urban identity for players and audience, they reveal profound ideological debts to widely-circulated dissenting sermons."]

Silverstein, Theodore. Literate Laughter: Critical Essays in Medieval Narrative and Poetry. Ed. John C. Jacobs. Fwd. by Winthrop Wetherbee. Bern, Berlin, Bruxelles, Frankfurt-am-Main, New York, Oxford, Vienna: Peter Lang, 2002. [A collection of previously published essays by Silverstein, including several on Gawain and the Green Knight.]

Smalley, Beryl. The Study of the Bible in the Middle Ages. 3rd ed. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1983.

Southworth, John. The English Medieval Minstrel. Woodbridge, Suffolk: Boydell and Brewer, 1990.

Strohm, Paul. Hochon's Arrow: The Social Imagination of Fourteenth-Century Texts. With an appendix by A. J. Prescott. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1992. [HSS PR 275 S63 S92 1992.]

Sturges, Robert S. Medieval Interpretation: Models of Reading in Literary Narrative, 1100-1500. Carbondale, IL: Southern Illinois University Press, 1991.

Summit, Jennifer. Lost Property: The Woman Writer and English Literary History, 1380-1589. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000. [HSS PR 275 W6 S86 2000. Contents: "Following Corinne: Chaucer's Classical Women Writers"; "The City of Ladies in the Library of Gentlemen: Christine de Pizan in England, 1450-1526"; "The Reformation of the Women Writer"; "'A ladies penne': Elizabeth I and the Making of English Poetry."]

Sweeney, Michelle. Magic in Medieval Romance: From Chrétien de Troyes to Geoffrey Chaucer. Dublin, and Portland, OR: Four Courts Press, 2000.

Treharne, Elaine, ed. Writing Gender and Genre in Medieval Literature: Approaches to Old and Middle English Texts. Essays and Studies ns 55. Cambridge: D. S. Brewer / Boydell and Brewer, for the English Association, 2002. [HSS PR 13.E58 n.s. v.55. "The essays in this annual English Association volume provide useful examples of how the conventions behind and the expectations evoked by literary modes and genres help to shape what purports to be an entirely essential and/or socially constructed aspect of identity of the 'he,' 'she,' or 'I' of the literary text. Ranging across materials from Old English Biblical poetry and hagiography to the late Middle English romances and fabliaux, the essays are united by a commitment to a variety of traditional scholarly methodologies. But each examines afresh an important aspect of what it means to be man or women, husband, son, mother, daughter, wife, devotee or love in the context of particular kinds of medieval literary texts" (publisher's ad).]

Veldhoen, N. H. G. E., and H. Aertsen, eds. Companion to Early Middle English Literature. 2nd ed. Amsterdam: Free University Press, 1995.

Wallace, David, ed. The Cambridge History of Medieval English Literature. New Cambridge History of English Literature. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1999. [HSS PR 255 C35 1999. Contents: "Old English and its Afterlife," Seth Lerer (7-34); "Anglo-Norman Cultures in England, 1066-1460," Susan Crane (35-60); "Early Middle English," Thomas Hahn (61-91); "National, World and Women's History: Writers and Readers of English in Post-Conquest England," Lesley Johnson and Jocelyn Wogan-Browne (92-121); "Latinitas," Christopher Baswell (122-151); "Romance in England, 1066-1400," Rosalind Field (152-176); "Writing in Wales," Brynley F. Roberts (182-207); "Writing in Ireland," Terence Dolan (208-228); "Writing in Scotland, 1058-1560," R. James Goldstein (229-254); "Writing History in England," Andrew Galloway (255-283); "London Texts and Literate Practice," Sheila Lindenbaum (284-309); "Monastic Productions," Christopher Cannon (316-348); "The Friars and Medieval English Literature," John V. Fleming (349-375); "Classroom and Confession," Marjorie Curry Woods and Rita Copeland (376-406); "Medieval Literature and Law," Richard Firth Green (407-431); "Vox populi and the Literature of 1381," David Aers (432-453); "Englishing the Bible, 1066-1549," David Lawton (454-487); "Alliterative Poetry," Ralph Hanna (488-512); "Piers Plowman," Kathryn Kerby-Fulton (513-538); "The Middle English Mystics," Nicholas Watson (539-565); "Geoffrey Chaucer," Glending Olson (566-588); "John Gower," Winthrop Wetherbee (589-609); "Middle English Lives," Julia Boffey (610-634); "Hoccleve, Lydgate and the Lancastrian Court," Paul Strohm (640-661); "Lollardy," Steven Justice (662-689); "Romance after 1400," Helen Cooper (690-719); "William Caxton," Seth Lerer (720-738); "English Drama: From Ungodly Ludi to Sacred Play," Lawrence M. Clopper (739-766); "The Allegorical Theatre: Moralities, Interludes, and Protestant Drama," John Watkins (767-792); "The Experience of Exclusion: Literature and Politics in the Reigns of Henry VII and Henry VIII," Colin Burrow (793-820); "Reformed Literature and Literature Reformed," Brian Cummings (821-851).]

Wasserman, Julian N., and Lois Roney, eds. Sign, Sentence, Discourse: Language in Medieval Thought and Literature. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 1989.

Wenzel, Siegfried. "Pestilence and Middle English Literature: Friar John Grimestone's Poems on Death." In The Black Death: The Impact of the Fourteenth-Century Plague; Papers of the Eleventh Annual Conference of the Centre for Medieval and Early Renaissance Studies. Ed. Daniel Williman. Intro. Nancy Siraisi. Medieval and Renaissance Texts and Studies 13. Binghamton, NY: Center for Medieval and Early Renaissance Studies, SUNY, 1982. Pp. 131-159.

White, Richard, ed. King Arthur in Legend and History. Fwd. Allan Massie. London: J. M. Dent, 1997. [An anthology of historical and literary writings, from Gildas to Malory, including French and German as well as English romances, and vernacular as well as Latin chronicles.]

Whitman, Jon. Allegory: The Dynamics of an Ancient and Medieval Technique. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1987.

Wilsbacher, Gregory James. "Art and Obligation: Reading, Ethics, and Middle English Poetry." Ph.D. diss., Indiana University, 1998. [DAI 59 (1998-1999): 3448A. Abstract: "This dissertation examines the ethical questions that arise from the study of late medieval culture in the twentieth-century academy. By incorporating recent work in philosophy from Jean-François Lyotard, Emmanuel Levinas, and Jean-Luc Nancy with the study of Middle English literature, I investigate the ethical questions raised through the encounter between literature and history in Chaucer's Legend of Good Women, between critics and medieval poverty in William Langland's fourteenth-century poem, Piers Plowman, and between critics and anti-Semitism in Geoffrey Chaucer's Prioress's Tale. Central to this work is the idea that history is not a stable category, but rather something that can return in uncanny ways to challenge readers ethically. In response to such a challenge--which I argue may provoke a feeling of obligation--readers of medieval literature should explore more fully the impact of the contexts (medieval, modern, and future) in which their reading takes place. By bringing a heightened attention to the complex contexts of reading medieval literature, my dissertation demonstrates that reading medieval texts can provide a place (in classrooms, conference rooms, or journals) in which obligation may happen, and in response to which we as readers are called to do justice. This justice, however, should not come in the form of a quid pro quo, or a payment of a debt. Instead, justice is something that must continually be pursued because one can never know if one's initial response was just."]

Yamamoto, Dorothy. The Boundaries of the Human in Medieval English Literature. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 2000. [HSS PN 56.5 W5 Y36 2000. Revision of the author's thesis (Ph.D.), Oxford Brookes University. Contents: "Introduction"; "The Bestiary: Establishing Ground Rules"; "Birds: The Ornament of the Air"; "The Fox: Laying Bare Deceit"; "The Heraldic Image"; "Bodies in the Hunt"; "A Reading of The Knight's Tale"; "The Wild Man 1: Figuring Identity"; "The Wild Man 2: The Uncourtly Other"; "Women and the Wild"; "Conclusion." ["monsters"; monstrous races; anthropomorphized animals; bestiary traditions; Aesopic fables]]

Yeager, Robert F., ed. Fifteenth Century Studies: Recent Essays. Hamden: Archon Books, 1985.

Yunck, John A. The Lineage of Lady Meed: The Development of Mediaeval Venality Satire. University of Notre Dame Publications in Mediaeval Studies 17. Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame, 1963.

E.ii. Late Middle English Political Literature

Astell, Ann W. Political Allegory in Late Medieval England. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1999.

Coleman, Janet. "The Literature of Social Unrest." Chap. 3 of her Medieval Readers and Writers, 1350-1400. English Literature in History 1. London: Hutchinson; New York: Columbia University Press, 1981. Pp. 58-156.

Delany, Sheila. Medieval Literary Politics: Shapes of Ideology. Cultural Politics. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1990.

Denton, Jeffrey Howard, ed. Orders and Hierarchies in Late Medieval and Renaissance Europe. Toronto and Buffalo: University of Toronto Press, 1999.

Ferguson, Arthur B. "The Problem of Counsel." Chap. 3 of his The Articulate Citizen and the English Renaissance. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1965. Pp. 70-90. [HSS DA 320 F35. "Counsel" in Gower, Langland, Mum and the Sothsegger, etc.]

Green, Richard Firth. "Jack Philipot, John of Gaunt, and a Poem of 1380." Speculum 66 (1991): 330-341. ["On the Times" (Wright's title; IMEV 3113): "Syng y wold, butt, alas!"; redated by Green to 1380 (from Wright's 1388) and connected to the background of the Peasants' Revolt of 1381.]

Hanawalt, Barbara A., and Kathryn L. Reyerson, eds. City and Spectacle in Medieval Europe. Medieval Cultures 6. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1994.

Justice, Steven. Writing and Rebellion: England in 1381. The New Historicism: Studies in Cultural Poetics 27. Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press, 1994. [Abstract: "Steven Justice examines the 'Letters of John Ball' to develop his argument that the Peasants' Revolt, although portrayed in the chronicles as hostile toward writing, was more importantly an attempt to appropriate the instruments and powers of documentary culture. This book illustrates the many ways in which English peasants in the 14th century were well accustomed to using the written word. It examines the role played in the Peasants' Revolt by Wyclif's vernacular works and preaching."]

Kane, George. "Some Fourteenth-Century 'Political' Poems." In Medieval English Religious and Ethical Literature: Essays in Honour of G. H. Russell. Ed. Gregory Kratzmann and James Simpson. Cambridge: D. S. Brewer / Boydell and Brewer, 1986. Pp. 82-91. [Argues that the "political" poems of the fourteenth century, including the letters of John Ball, are not works of "protest" or "dissent," but should be seen as conventional "complaints" in the tradition of the literature of the three estates.]

Kingsford, Charles Lethbridge. English Historical Literature in the Fifteenth Century, with an Appendix of Chronicles and Historical Pieces Hitherto for the Most Part Unprinted. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1913.

Kaeuper, Richard W. "Vox populi." Chap. 4 of his War, Justice, and Public Order: England and France in the Later Middle Ages. Oxford: Clarendon Press; New York: Oxford University Press, 1988. Pp. 269-380. [HSS DA 225 K12 1988. Includes a discussion of Gower, Wyclif, Langland, and Middle English political literature generally.]

Kendall, Ritchie D. The Drama of Dissent: The Radical Poetics of Nonconformity, 1380-1590. Studies in Religion. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1986.

Maddicott, J. R. "Poems of Social Protest in Early Fourteenth-Century England." In England in the Fourteenth Century: Proceedings of the 1985 Harlaxton Symposium. Ed. W. M. Ormrod. Woodbridge, Suffolk: Boydell Press / Boydell and Brewer, 1986. Pp. 130-144. [Contrasts the "political" poems of social protest with earlier, more strictly conventional, complaints and satires. Argues for a clerical origin for much of the political poetry of the period.]

Michelsson, Elisabeth. Appropriating King Arthur: The Arthurian Legend in English Drama and Entertainments, 1485-1625. Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis, Studia Anglistica Upsaliensia 109. Uppsala: Uppsala University, 1999. [Ph.D. thesis, Uppsala University, 1999. Explores the political "appropriations" of the Arthurian legend during the Tudor and early Stuart periods, especially in courtly masques and plays.]

Middleton, Anne. "The Idea of Public Poetry in the Reign of Richard II." Speculum 53 (1978): 94-114.

Peck, Russell A. "Social Conscience and the Poets." In Social Unrest in the Late Middle Ages: Papers of the Fifteenth Annual Conference of the Center for Medieval and Early Renaissance Studies. Ed. Francis X. Newman. Medieval and Renaissance Texts and Studies 39. Binghamton: Center for Medieval and Early Renaissance Studies, SUNY, 1986. Pp. 113-148. [[Chaucer, Gower, Langland, Wyclif, Lollards; John Ball; Peasants' Revolt of 1381]]

A Poem on the Times of Edward II, from a MS. Preserved in the Library of St. Peter's College, Cambridge. Ed. C. Hardwick. London: Richards, for the Percy Society, 1849.

Pugh, Tison. "'Falseness reigns in every flock': Literacy and Eschatological Discourse in the Peasants' Revolt of 1381." Quidditas 21 (2000): 79-103. ["Peasant" literacy is probably, in fact, clerical literacy: the peasant literature of the fourteenth century is probably written by priests, and there is a tradition of radicalism among the lower clerical orders which would explain the sympathy expressed with the lower classes. John Ball, then, is just one of the various radical priests of the fourteenth century. (On the expression of radical ideas in medieval sermons, see G. R. Owst's books on medieval literature and sermons.) Further, the eschatological imagery used in these texts--the talk of divine wrath about to fall, of the predominance of falsehood everywhere, and famine, as signs of the last days--is further evidence of clerical origin. In this light, Pugh offers readings of several pre-1381 poems which call for social reform, the letters of John Ball, and several post-1381 political poems to show the similarities of theme and eschatological image. Even prior to 1381 there was a literary tradition of calls for immediate social reform in order to avoid divine Judgment, soon to fall; in "The Song of the Husbandman," there is even an idea that the divine vengeance could take the form of a rebellion of the oppressed against their oppressors (and "The Song Against the King's Taxes" expresses a fear that, if ever a leader of the commons should arise, vengeance would be swift and terrible). Further, in these early fourteenth-century poems, as in the Rising of 1381, the king is repeatedly exempted from blame, but the "falseness" of his advisors has led to the present plight of the poor.]

Robbins, Rossell Hope. "Dissent in Middle English Literature: The Spirit of (Thirteen) Seventy-Six." Medievalia et Humanistica ns 9 (1979): 25-51.

Scase, Wendy. "'Strange and Wonderful Bills': Bill-Casting and Political Discourse in Late Medieval England." New Medieval Literatures 2 (1998): 225-247. [HSS PN 661 N392. On political "bills," anonymously produced but widely disseminated; Scase discusses John Ball and his letters (the English Rising of 1381), the use of bills attached to the doors of London houses during Jack Cade's rebellion of 1450, the spread of Lollard ideas.]

Scattergood, V[incent] J[ohn]. "English Society III: Verses of Protest and Revolt." Chap. 10 of Politics and Poetry in the Fifteenth Century, 1399-1485. Blandford History Series: History and Literature. London: Blandford Press, 1971. Pp. 351-377.

E.iii. The Three Estates and Estates Satire

Chaucer, Geoffrey. The Parliament of Fowls. In The Riverside Chaucer. 3rd ed. Gen. ed. Larry D. Benson. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1987. Pp. 385-394. [The lords and commons of the bird world assemble in a Parliament and debate issues of love.]

Duby, Georges. The Three Orders: Feudal Society Imagined. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992.

Gower, John. Vox clamantis ["The Voice of One Crying"]. In The Complete Works of John Gower. Ed. G. C. Macaulay. 4 vols. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1899-1902. 4: 3-313. [HSS PR 1980 E99. Text in Latin; an English translation appears in The Major Latin Works of John Gower: "The Voice of One Crying," and "The Tripartite Chronicle." Ed. and trans. Eric W. Stockton. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1962 [HSS PA 8520 G74 1962]. Book 1 includes a description of the Peasants' Revolt. Book 5 is on the faults of the estates. Mohl refers to this as "the most complete classification of feudal society."]

Mann, Jill. Chaucer and Medieval Estates Satire: The Literature of Social Classes and the General Prologue to the "Canterbury Tales." Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1973.

Map, Walter [supposed author]. The Latin Poems Commonly Attributed to Walter Mapes. Ed. Thomas Wright. London: J. B. Nichols and Son, for the Camden Society, 1841. [HSS DA 20 C17 v.016. "De statibus mundi" [Of earthly estates] is a short poem on the idea of the three estates.]

Mohl, Ruth. The Three Estates in Medieval and Renaissance Literature. Columbia University Studies in English and Comparative Literature. New York: Columbia University Press, 1933. [HSS PN 51 M69.]

E.iv. Outlaw Legends (other than Robin Hood)

Baum, Richard Howard. "The Medieval Outlaw: A Study in Protest." Ph.D. diss., University of Utah, 1972. [DAI 33 (1972-1973): 1673A.]

Bradbury, Nancy Mason. "The Tale of Gamelyn as a Greenwood Outlaw Talking." Southern Folklore 53 (1996): 207-223. [Part of a special issue entitled "Outlaws and Other Medieval Heroes." Rpt. in her Writing Aloud: Storytelling in Late Medieval England. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1998. Pp. 23-64. Abstract: "The form and social affiliations of Tale of Gamelyn are similar to those of the Robin Hood ballads. Far from affirming the legitimacy and justice of contemporary social relations, Gamelyn and the outlaw tales provide fantasies of outwitting, robbing, and chastising those with institutional power, particularly those with which ordinary people had most experience: local clerics and local secular authorities. Both Gamelyn and the ballad 'Robin Hood and the Monk' call themselves 'talkings,' a generic term that implies oral performance. Considering Gamelyn's close relationship to a tradition of orally transmitted outlaw legends and its self-designation as a 'talking,' it seems reasonable to recognize it as a very rare written survival of the type of late medieval narrative entertainment that was ordinarily transmitted orally." [outlaws; outlawry]]

Burgess, Glyn S., trans. Two Medieval Outlaws: Eustace the Monk and Fouke Fitz Waryn. Cambridge: D. S. Brewer / Boydell and Brewer, 1997. [[Fulk FitzWarren]]

Coggeshall, John M. "Champion of the Poor: The Outlaw as a Formalized Expression of Peasant Alienation." Southern Folklore Quarterly 44 (1980): 23-58. [[outlaws; outlawry]]

Crosland, Jessie. Outlaws in Fact and Fiction. London: Peter Owen, 1959. [[outlaws; outlawry]]

Hayward, John. "Hereward the Outlaw." Journal of Medieval History 14 (1988): 293-304. [[Hereward the Wake]]

Hoffman, Dean A. "'After bale cometh boote': Narrative Symmetry in the Tale of Gamelyn." Studia Neophilologica 60 (1988): 159-166.

Jones, Timothy S[cott]. "Reading Biblical Outlaws: The 'Rise of David' Story in the Fourteenth-Century." In Chaucer and the Jews: Sources, Contexts, Meanings. Ed. Sheila Delany. Multicultural Middle Ages. New York and London: Routledge, 2002. Pp. 109-132.

Jones, Timothy Scott. "Redemptive Fictions: The Contexts of Outlawry in Medieval English Chronicle and Romance." Ph.D. diss., University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1994. [DAI 55 (1994-1995): 84A. Abstract: "This study seeks to expand our perspective of the medieval outlaw narrative by acknowledging a common tradition of such stories, as previous scholarship has indicated, but more so by investigating the variety of literary contexts created to encompass these narratives. I begin by delineating common perspectives on outlawry in medieval England. These include not only the definition of outlawry in law and legal practice, but also the metaphorical association of the outlaw with wolves and the offspring of Cain. By examining a variety of legal, historical and literary texts, this chapter creates a picture of the common outlaw as a figure more at home with wild beasts than human company. With the second chapter, my attention turns to the heroic outlaws, beginning with Godwin, Earl of Wessex. After tracing the reputation of this nobleman through two centuries of the literature of church and court, I conclude with an analysis of the Vita Edwardi Regis. Notably, this text employs the patristic interpretation of David's flight from Saul in order to identify Godwin, despite his outlawry, as an heroic and loyal supporter of King Edward the Confessor. The third chapter, a look at the life and legends of Hereward Leofricsson, a Saxon nobleman who resisted the Normans in the fens of Ely and forests of Lincolnshire, argues that the subtext of Norse tradition in this narrative suggests both an under-appreciated dimension of medieval English literary culture, and the ability of this tradition to lend moral authority to an ambiguous figure. The fourteenth-century Anglo-Norman romance Fouke le Fitz Waryn redefines the outlawry of a minor nobleman of the Welsh border by appropriating the native Welsh legend of Brutus in order to defend the hero's rebellion, his family's right to a piece of property on the Welsh marches, and Norman manifest destiny in the British isles. From these historically based works, chapter five turns to the question of romance and the ability of this genre to incorporate and organize outlaw narratives. This chapter outlines the structural similarities of romance and outlaw narratives and considers the implications of these similarities for reading the story of Tristan and Isolde, notably its expression in the Middle English Sir Tristrem and Thomas Malory's Morte Darthur."]

Kaeuper, Richard W. "An Historian's Reading of the Tale of Gamelyn." Medium Ævum 52 (1983): 51-62. [Examines petitions to the crown against injustice and argues that Gamelyn mirrors contemporary social conditions. [outlaws; outlawry]]

Keen, Maurice H. The Outlaws of Medieval Legend. Studies in Social History. 1961; London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1977. [Contents: "Introduction: Some Recantations" (xiii-xxi); "The Matter of the Greenwood" (1-8); "The Story of Hereward" (9-22); "The Historical Background of the Hereward Legend" (23-38); "The Romance of Fulk Fitzwarin" (39-52); "The Romance of Eustace the Monk" (53-63); "William Wallace and the Scottish Outlaws" (64-77); "The Tale of Gamelyn" (78-94); "The Robin Hood Ballads (I)" (95-115); "The Robin Hood Ballads (II)" (116-127); "The Historical Background of the Robin Hood Ballads" (128-144); "The Outlaw Ballad as an Expression of Peasant Discontent" (145-173); "The Historicity of Robin Hood" (174-190); "The Outlaw in History" (191-207); "Conclusions" (208-218). Appendices: 1. "The Supposed Mythological Origin of the Robin Hood Legend" (219-222); 2. "Sources and Bibliography" (223-225); 3. "Additional Bibliography" (226-227); "Robin Hood in Recent Historical Writing (1977-86): A Postscript" (228-234). [outlaws; outlawry]]

Knight, Stephen. "Outlaw Myths; or, Was Robin Hood Alone in the Woods?" Myth and its Legacy in European Literature. Ed. Neil Thomas and Françoise Le Saux. Durham Modern Languages Series. Durham: University of Durham, 1996. Pp. 39-48.

Lange, Joost de. The Relation and Development of English and Icelandic Outlaw Traditions. Haarlem: Willink, 1935.

Lindner, F. "The Tale of Gamelyn." Englische Studien 2 (1879): 94-114 and 321-343.

McCall, Andrew. "Bandits, Freebooters and Outlaws." Chap. 4 of The Medieval Underworld. London: Hamish Hamilton, 1979. Pp. 82-132. [HSS HV 6943 M12 1979. P. 102: "Typical of so many disaffected individuals or groups in the Middle Ages, neither Robin nor Gamelyn envisages any fundamental changes: on the contrary, all they ask is that the King (who is always quick to recognize their virtues, is ever ready to pardon their misdeeds), be freed from the influence of his evil counsellors and officials; that corrupt Sheriffs or justices, and corrupted juries, be replaced by good men like Sir Ote, Gamelyn and Gamelyn's fellow outlaws."]

Menkin, Edward Z. "Comic Irony and the Sense of Two Audiences in the Tale of Gamelyn." Thoth 10 (1969): 41-53.

Nagy, Joseph Falaky. The Wisdom of the Outlaw: The Boyhood Deeds of Finn in Gaelic Narrative Tradition. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1985. [[outlaws; outlawry]]

Ohlgren, Thomas H., ed. Medieval Outlaws: Ten Tales in Modern English. Stroud, Gloucestershire: Alan Sutton, 1998. [[Fouke Fitz Waryn; Fulk FitzWarren; Eustace the Monk; Hereward the Wake; Gamelyn]]

Scattergood, [Vincent] John. "The Tale of Gamelyn: The Noble Robber as Provincial Hero." In Readings in Medieval English Romance. Ed. Carol M. Meale. Cambridge: D. S. Brewer / Boydell and Brewer, 1994. Pp. 159-194. [Rpt. in his Reading the Past: Essays on Medieval and Renaissance Literature. Dublin, and Portland, OR: Four Courts Press, 1996. Pp. 81-113. [outlaws; outlawry]]

Seal, Graham. The Outlaw Legend: A Cultural Tradition in Britain, America, and Australia. Cambridge, and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996. [HSS GR 365 S434 1996.]

Shannon, E., Jr. "Medieval Law in The Tale of Gamelyn." Speculum 26 (1951): 458-464.

E.v. Medieval Literary Theory

Allen, Judson Boyce. The Friar as Critic: Literary Attitudes in the Later Middle Ages. Nashville: Vanderbilt University Press, 1971.

Atkins, J. W. H. English Literary Criticism: Medieval. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1943.

Augustine (St.). On Christian Doctrine. Trans. D. W. Robertson, Jr. The Library of Liberal Arts. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1958.

Boitani, Piero, and Anna Torti, eds. Poetics: Theory and Practice in Medieval English Literature: J. A. W. Bennett Memorial Lectures, Seventh Series, Perugia, Italy, 1990. Cambridge: D. S. Brewer, 1991. [A series of essays on various "issues relating to medieval poetic theory and practice," with particular emphasis on Geoffrey Chaucer, "discussing such aspects as his appropriation of the reader's role to the symbolism of his landscape."]

Collins, Patrick J. "Typology, Criticism and Medieval Drama: Some Observations on Method." Comparative Drama 10 (1976): 298-313.

Copeland, Rita. Rhetoric, Hermeneutics and Translation in the Middle Ages: Academic Traditions and Vernacular Texts. Cambridge Studies in Medieval Literature 11. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991.

Dante Alighieri. "The Four Levels of Interpretation [from The Banquet (Il Convivio)]." In Literary Criticism of Dante Alighieri. Trans. Robert S. Haller. Regents Critics Series. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1973. Pp. 112-114.

Dante Alighieri. "The Letter to Can Grande." In Literary Criticism of Dante Alighieri. Trans. Robert S. Haller. Regents Critics Series. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1973. Pp. 95-111.

De Lubac, Henri. Medieval Exegesis. Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans Publishing, 1998. ["Examining the prominent commentators of the Middle Ages and their writings, de Lubac discusses the medieval approach to biblical interpretation and especially the practice of attempting to uncover the allegorical meanings of scripture" (Publisher's ad).]

Eco, Umberto, and Costantino Marmo, eds. On the Medieval Theory of Signs. Trans. Shona Kelly. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 1989.

Eden, Kathy. Hermeneutics and the Rhetorical Tradition: Chapters in the Ancient Legacy and its Humanist Reception. Yale Studies in Hermeneutics. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1997.

Gallacher, Patrick J., and Helen Damico, eds. Hermeneutics and Medieval Culture. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1989.

Griffiths, Paul J. Religious Reading: The Place of Reading in the Practice of Religion. New York: Oxford University Press, 1999.

Hugo of St. Victor. Didascalicon. Ed. Charles Henry Buttimer. The Catholic University of America Studies in Medieval and Renaissance Latin 10. Washington, DC: The Catholic University Press, 1939.

McGerr, Rosemarie P. "Medieval Concepts of Literary Closure: Theory and Practice." Exemplaria 1 (1989): 149-179.

Miner, Earl. Literary Uses of Typology from the Late Middle Ages to the Present. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1977.

Minnis, A. J., and A. B. Scott, eds., with David Wallace. Medieval Literary Theory and Criticism c.1100-c.1375: The Commentary Tradition. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1988. ["The majority of the texts are here translated for the first time; most of the translations have been prepared specially for this edition. The selections are fully annotated and provided with introductions which form a linked series of essays towards the history of medieval literary theory and criticism."]

Paxson, James J. "A Theory of Biblical Typology in the Middle Ages." Exemplaria 3 (1991): 359-383.

Vance, Eugene. Mervelous Signals: Poetics and Sign Theory in the Middle Ages. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1989.

F. Primary Texts
F.i. "Gawain and the Green Knight"

Arthur, Ross G. Medieval Sign Theory and "Sir Gawain and the Green Knight." Toronto: University of Toronto, 1987.

Ashley, Kathleen M. "'Trawth' and Temporality: The Violations of Contracts and Conventions in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight." Assays 4 (1987): 3-24.

Baughan, D. E. "The Role of Morgan le Fay in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight." English Literary History 17 (1950): 241-251.

Bennett, M. J. "Sir Gawain and the Green Knight and the Literary Achievement of the North-West Midlands: The Historical Background." Journal of Medieval History 5 (1979): 63-88.

Benson, Larry D. Art and Tradition in "Sir Gawain and the Green Knight." New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1965.

Blanch, Robert J., and Julian N. Wasserman. "Judging Camelot: Changing Critical Perspectives in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight." In New Directions in Arthurian Studies. Ed. Alan Lupack. Arthurian Studies 51. Cambridge: D. S. Brewer / Boydell and Brewer, 2002. Pp. 69-81.

Blanch, Robert J., Miriam Youngerman Miller, and Julian N. Wasserman, eds. Text and Matter: New Critical Perspectives of the Pearl Poet. Troy, NY: Whitson Publishing Co., 1990.

Brewer, Derek. "A Supernatural Enemy in Green in 'Sir Gawain and the Green Knight.'" In Supernatural Enemies. Ed. Hilda Ellis Davidson and Anna Chaudhri. Durham, NC: Carolina Academic, 2001. Pp. 61-70.

Burrow, J. A. A Reading of "Sir Gawain and the Green Knight." London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1965.

Carson, Angela (Mother), OSU. "The Green Chapel: Its Meaning and Function." In Critical Studies of "Sir Gawain and the Green Knight." Ed. Donald R. Howard and Christian Zacher. Notre Dame and London: University of Notre Dame Press, 1968. Pp. 245-254. [Originally published in Studies in Philology 60 (1963): 598-605.]

Clein, Wendy. Concepts of Chivalry in "Sir Gawain and the Green Knight." Norman, OK: Pilgrim Books, 1987.

Davenport, W. A. The Art of the Gawain-Poet. London: Athlone Press, 1978.

Elliott, Ralph W. V. The Gawain Country. Leeds Texts and Monographs, New Series 8. Leeds: School of English, University of Leeds, 1984. [The half-title page includes a subtitle: "Essays on the Topography of Middle English Alliterative Poetry." Contents: "Prologue," "The Rhetoric of Landscape," "The Landscape of Spiritual Pilgrimage," "Romantic Quest in the West Midlands," "The Scandinavian Influence," "The Topographical Vocabulary, I: Hills and Valleys," "The Topographical Vocabulary, II: Woods and Forests," "The Topographical Vocabulary, III: Streams and Swamps." Includes Maps.]

Feinstein, Sandy. "Sounding the Hunt in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight." Dalhousie Review 82 (2001): 35-54.

Finlayson, John. "Sir Gawain, Knight of the Queen, in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight." English Language Notes 27 (1989): 7-13.

Fisher, Sheila. "Leaving Morgan Aside: Women, History, and Revisionism in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight." In The Passing of Arthur: New Essays in Arthurian Tradition. Ed. Christopher Baswell and William Sharpe. New York: Garland, 1988. Pp. 129-151. [HSS PR 149 A79 P288 1986. What does it mean to take seriously Bertilak's declaration that Morgan was the principal instigator in the testing of Gawain?]

Fisher, Sheila. "Taken Men and Token Women in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight." In Seeking the Woman in Late Medieval and Renaissance Writings: Essays in Feminist Contextual Criticism. Ed. Sheila Fisher and Janet E. Halley. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1989. Pp. 71-105. [HSS PN 98 W64 S452 1989. Critics are unsure how to take the Green Knight's claim that Morgan was the principal instigator; there is an assertion here of women's power. At the same time, the Green Knight himself struggles to re-instate masculine power, seeing female power as disruptive of order, undermining the homosocial bonds of Christian chivalry. Thus Bertilak affirms that the girdle is his to give to Gawain (not to Morgan, not to his wife), and claims that he, not Morgan, controlled his wife's behaviour, and that his wife is, indeed, his, as is the girdle. Bertilak's own further explanation, then, attempts to erase the role of Morgan, to erase the Lady, in an assertion of his own personal ownership of Lady, girdle, and all. However, Fisher argues that there is a feminist subtext in the poem: the Lady represents a new "commercial" order of personal exchange, while Bertilak is struggling to maintain the traditions of feudalism and lordly privilege. Gawain's responses to Bertilak, including his antifeminist rant, show how he, also, subscribes to this patriarchal tradition, and is not a violation of his "chivalry" but is perfectly consonant with it: by identifying his own sins with those of Adam, Solomon, etc., he takes the sins of the fathers to himself, thus identifying himself with the fathers and the patriarchal tradition which Morgan and the Lady confront.]

Fox, Denton, ed. Twentieth-Century Interpretations of "Sir Gawain and the Green Knight." Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1968.

Gross, Gregory W. "Secret Rules: Sex, Confession, and Truth in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight." Arthuriana 4 (1994): 146-174.

Haines, Victor Yelverton. The Fortunate Fall of Sir Gawain: The Typology of "Sir Gawain and the Green Knight." Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 1982.

Hamilton, Ruth. "Chivalry as Sin in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight." University of Dayton Review 18.3 (Summer 1987): 113-117.

Hills, David Farley. "Gawain's Fault in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight." RES 14 (1963): 124-131. [See also the reply by J. Burrows in RES 15 (1964): 56. Reprinted in Critical Studies of "Sir Gawain and the Green Knight." Ed. Donald R. Howard and Christian Zacher. Notre Dame and London: University of Notre Dame Press, 1968. Pp. 311-324.

Honegger, Thomas. "'Luf-Talkyng' and Middle English Romance." In Towards a History of English as a History of Genres. Ed. Hans Jurgen Diller and Manfred Gorlach. Anglistische Forschungen 298. Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitatsverlag, 2001. Pp. 159-182.

Horgan, A. D. "Gawain's Pure Pentaungel and the Virtue of Faith." Medium Ævum 56 (1987): 310-316.

Kamps, Ivo. "Magic, Women, and Incest: The Real Challenges in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight." Exemplaria 1 (1989): 313-336.

Kline, Barbara. "Duality, Reality, and Magic in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight." In Functions of the Fantastic: Selected Essays from the Thirteenth International Conference on the Fantastic in the Arts. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1995. Pp. 107-114. [The poem's tensions between the realistic and the magical is deliberately created by the poet, and the poem does not fit easily into either of Todorov's categories of the marvelous (what appears to be a supernatural event evokes no wonder or surprise) or the fantastic (there is surprise, but there is also a clear demarcation of "fantastic" from "realistic" elements--in Gawain, by contrast, the distinction is blurred, in Gawain's journey through Wales, for instance, where dragons and wolves exist side by side).]

Manning, Stephen. "A Psychological Interpretation of Sir Gawain and the Green Knight." In Critical Studies of Sir Gawain and the Green Knight. Ed. Donald R. Howard and Christian Zacher. Notre Dame and London: University of Notre Dame Press, 1968. Pp. 279-294. [Originally published in Criticism 6.2 (1964): 165-177. A Jungian reading of the poem.]

McCarthy, Conor. "Sir Gawain and the Green Knight and the Sign of 'Trawthe.'" Neophilologus 85 (2001): 297-308.

Mills, M. "Christian Significance and Romance Tradition in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight." In Critical Studies of Sir Gawain and the Green Knight. Ed. Donald R. Howard and Christian Zacher. Notre Dame and London: University of Notre Dame Press, 1968. Pp. 85-105 [Originally published in Modern Language Review 60 (1965): 483-493.]

Moorman, Charles. The Pearl-Poet. Twayne English Authors Series. New York: Twayne, 1968.

Morgan, Gerald. "The Action of the Hunting and Bedroom Scenes in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight." Medium Ævum 56 (1987): 200-216.

Morgan, Gerald. "Medieval Misogyny and Gawain's Outburst against Women in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight." Modern Language Review 97.2 (April 2002): 265-278.

Reed, Thomas J., Jr. "Boþe Blysse and Blunder": Sir Gawain and the Green Knight and the Debate Tradition." Chaucer Review 23 (1988-1989): 140-161.

Scattergood, V[incent] J[ohn]. "Sir Gawain and the Green Knight and the Sins of the Flesh." Traditio 37 (1981): 347-371.

Solomon, Jan. "The Lesson of Sir Gawain." In Critical Studies of "Sir Gawain and the Green Knight." Ed. Donald R. Howard and Christian Zacher. Notre Dame and London: University of Notre Dame Press, 1968. Pp. 267-278. [Originally published in Papers of the Michigan Academy 48 (1963): 599-608.]

Spearing, A. C. The Gawain-Poet: A Critical Study. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1970.

Twomey, Michael W. "Morgan le Fay at Hautdesert." In On Arthurian Women: Essays in Memory of Maureen Fries. Ed. Bonnie Wheeler and Fiona Tolhurst. Dallas: Scriptorium, 2001. Pp. 103-119.

Wilson, Edward. The Gawain-Poet. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1976.

F.ii. Traditional Ballads: Editions

Chappell, W. The Ballad Literature and Popular Music of the Olden Time: A History of the Ancient Songs, Ballads, and of the Dance Tunes of England, with Numerous Anecdotes and Entire Ballads; also, A Short Account of the Minstrels. The Whole of the Airs Harmonized by G. A. Macfarren. 2 vols. London: Chappell and Co., 1859.

Child, Francis James, ed. English and Scottish Popular Ballads. Ed. Helen Child Sargent and George Lyman Kittredge. Cambridge Edition of the Poets. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin and Co., 1932. [A convenient one-volume abridgement of Child's original five-volume work (most variant versions and commentary are removed). The introduction by Kittredge is valuable.]

Child, Francis James. The English and Scottish Popular Ballads. 5 vols. Boston and New York: Houghton, Mifflin and Co., 1883-1898. [BARD PR 1181 C53 1965 (5 vols.); 1956 rpt.: HSS PR 1181 C53 1956 (5 vols. in 3). Limited edition of 1000 copies. Orig. issued in 10 parts, then organized into 5 vols. (the five title pages were issued with the last part); Part 10 was issued posthumously after Child's death, edited by George Lyman Kittredge. An edition of 305 traditional ballads, including 38 tales of Robin Hood. The appendices and supplmentary matter include a "Glossary," "Sources of the texts of the English and Scottish ballads"; "Index of published airs of English and Scottish popular ballads, with an appendix of some airs from manuscript"; "Index of ballad titles"; "Index of matters and literature"; "Biographical sketch of Professor Child [by G. L. Kittredge]"; "Titles of collections of ballads, or of books containing ballads"; Bibliography. Rpt.: New York: Dover Publications, 1965.]

Ritson, Joseph, ed. Ancient Songs and Ballads from the Reign of King Henry the Second to the Revolution. 3rd ed. Rev. W. Carew Hazlitt. London: Reeves and Turner, 1877. [First edition, 1790.]

F.iii. Robin Hood Ballads and Plays: Editions

Clawson, William Hall. The Gest of Robin Hood. Toronto: University of Toronto Library, 1909.

Dobson, R[ichard] B[arrie], and J[ohn] Taylor, eds. Rymes of Robin Hood: An Introduction to the English Outlaw. London: Heinemann, 1976. [HSS PR 2125 D63 1976. An edition of selected early Robin Hood ballads and plays. Includes (as Appendix IV) "A Select List of Robin Hood Place-Names" (sites associated with Robin Hood).]

Gutch, J[ohn] M[athew], ed. Robin Hood: A Collection of Poems, Songs, and Ballads. With a life of Robin Hood by John Hicklin. London: W. Tegg, 1866.

Gutch, John Mathew, ed. A Lytell Geste of Robyn Hode and his Meiny. London: Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans, 1847. [Reprinted from the edition edited by John Mathew Gutch, following the Wynken de Worde and William Copland texts, by Edwin and Robert Grabhorn for the Westgate Press; . . . San Francisco, [1932], 1847).]

Knight, Stephen, ed. Robin Hood: The Forresters Manuscript, British Library Additional MS 71158; with a Manuscript Description by Hilton Kelliher. Cambridge, and Rochester, NY: D. S. Brewer, 1998. [Twenty-two Robin Hood ballads in a recently-discovered seventeenth-century manuscript; these are mostly variants of ballads already known, but some of them are superior to otherwise known versions, and one, at least, predates the previously known version by 100 years.]

Knight, Stephen, and Thomas Ohlgren, eds. Robin Hood and Other Outlaw Tales. 2nd ed. Middle English Texts. Kalamazoo, MI: Medieval Institute Publications, for the Consortium for the Teaching of the Middle Ages (TEAMS), 2000.

Lees, Jim, ed. The Ballads of Robin Hood. Illus. David Gentleman. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1977.

Morris, George E. "A Ryme of Robyn Hood." Modern Language Review 43 (1948): 507-508. [A fragment of a poem beginning "Robyn hod in scherewod stod" is preserved in Lincoln Cathedral MS 132, fol. 100v (accompanied by a rough Latin translation of the English lines). The hand appears to be of the early fifteenth century, which would make this the earliest Robin Hood text to survive.
    Robyn hod in scherewod stod
    hodud and hathud hosut and schod
    ffour And thuynti arowus he bar In hit hondus]

Percy, Thomas. The Percy Folio of Old Engllish Ballads and Romances. The King's Library. 4 vols. London: De la More Press, 1905-1910. [HSS PR 1181 P432.]

Percy, Thomas. Reliques of Ancient English Poetry. 1765; London: Bohn, 1864.

Ritson, Joseph, ed. Robin Hood: A Collection of Poems, Songs, and Ballads, Relative to that Celebrated English Outlaw. London: Routledge, 1884.

Sidgwick, Frank, ed. Popular Ballads of the Olden Time. London: Sidgwick and Jackson, 1912. [Ballads of Robin Hood and other outlaws.]

F.iv. Robin Hood Stories: Seventeenth to Nineteenth Centuries

Dietrick, Laurabelle, and Joseph Franz-Walsh. The Merry Ballads of Robin Hood. Illus. Edna Reindel. New York: Macmillan Co., 1931. [The whole story of that Robin Hood, known as Earl of Huntington, and Locksley.]

Dumas, Alexandre. Le prince des voleurs. 2 vols. Paris: Michel Lévy frères, 1872.

Dumas, Alexandre. Robin Hood, le proscrit. 2 vols. Paris: Michel Lévy frères, 1873. [Sequel to Le prince des voleurs.]

Egan, Pierce (the Younger). Robin Hood and Little John; or, The Merry Men of Sherwood Forest. London: Foster and Hextall, 1840.

Heaton, William. The Story of Robin Hood. 2nd ed. London: Cassell, Petter, and Galpin, 1871.

The History of Robin Hood. 2nd ed. London: Printed for the Booksellers, 1816.

Hunt, Leigh. Ballads of Robin Hood. Ed. Luther A. Brewer. Cedar Rapids, Iowa: Privately printed, 1922.

Jonson, Ben. Ben Jonson's Sad shepherd, with Waldron's Continuation. Ed. W. W. Greg. Louvain: A. Uystpruyst, 1905.

Lee, F. H. The Children's Robin Hood. Illus. Honor C. Appleton. Frontis. Ernest Aris. The Children's Bookshelf. London: George G. Harrap and Co., 1934.

Marsh, John B. The Life and Adventures of Robin Hood. London, New York, G. Routledge and Sons [1865?].

Miller, Thomas. Royston Gower; or, The Days of King John: A Historical Romance. 3 vols. London: H. Colburn, 1838.

Mills, Alfred. Sherwood Forest; or, Robin Hood and Little John. London: E. Wallis, [ca. 1825].

Muddock, J. E. Maid Marian and Robin Hood: A Romance of Old Sherwood Forest. Illus. Stanley L. Wood. Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott, 1894.

Munday, Anthony. The Death of Robert, Earl of Huntingdon. Ed. John C. Meagher. The Malone Society Reprints. Oxford: Oxford University Press, for the Malone Society, 1967.

Munday, Anthony. The Downfall of Robert, Earl of Huntingdon. Ed. John C. Meagher. The Malone Society Reprints. Oxford: Oxford University Press, for the Malone Society, 1965.

Munday, Anthony. The Huntingdon Plays: A Critical Edition of "The Downfall" and "The Death of Robert, Earl of Huntingdon." Ed. and intro. John Carney Meagher. Renaissance Drama. New York and London: Garland Publishing, 1980. [HSS PR 2324 D6 1980. Originally presented as the author's thesis, University of London, 1961. The 110-page introduction is currently the most substantial critical work available on Munday and his Robin Hood plays.]

P[arker], M[artin]. A True Tale of Robin Hood; or, A Brief Touch of the Life and Death of that Renowned Outlaw, Robert, Earl of Huntington, Vulgarly called Robin Hood, Who Lived and Dyed in A.D. 1198, being the 9th Year of the Reign. . . . [London]: Printed for J. Clark, W. Thackeray, and T. Passinger, 1686.

Peacock, Thomas Love. Maid Marion. London: T. Hookham and Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme and Brown, 1822.

Pyle, Howard. The Merry Adventures of Robin Hood of Great Renown, in Nottinghamshire. Illus. Howard Pyle. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1883.

Scott, Walter (Sir). Ivanhoe: A Romance. Edinburgh: A. Constable, 1820. [Includes an outlaw character called "Locksley," identified in Scott's notes as Robin Hood.]

Seawell, Molly Elliot. Maid Marian and Other Stories. New York: Appleton, 1891.

Southey, Robert, and Caroline Southey. Robin Hood: A Fragment. London and Edinburgh: William Blackwood, 1847.

Tennyson, Alfred. The Foresters: Robin Hood and Maid Marian. New York: Macmillan, 1892.

Waldron, Francis Godolphin, ed. The Sad Shepherd; or, A Tale of Robin Hood: A Fragment. London: J. Nichols, 1783. [A continuation of Ben Jonson's Sad Shepherd.]

F.v. Robin Hood Stories: Some Select Twentieth-Century Versions

Bowman, Anne. The Boy Foresters: A Tale of the Days of Robin Hood. London and New York: G. Routledge, [1905].

Burnett, David. The Cranborne Chase. London: Hamish Hamilton, 1981.

Cadnum, Michael. Forbidden Forest: The Story of Little John and Robin Hood. New York: Orchard Books, 2002.

Cadnum, Michael. In a Dark Wood. New York: Orchard Books, 1998.

Carpenter, Richard, with Robin May and Anthony Horowitz. The Complete Adventures of Robin of Sherwood. Harmondsworth: Puffin / Penguin Books, 1990. [A series of novelizations of the "Robin Hood and the Sorcerer" TV series.]

Chase, Nicholas. Locksley. London: William Heinemann, 1983.

Creswick, Paul. Robin Hood. Illus. N. C. Wyeth. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1917.

Doherty, P. C. The Assassin in the Greenwood. London: Headline, 1993.

Eager, Edward. Knight's Castle. Illus. N. M. Bodecker. New York: Harcourt Brace, 1956. [A toy soldier comes to life, and through this four children discover a way to enter the world of Ivanhoe (and Robin Hood) and change the story.]

Emery, Clayton. Tales of Robin Hood. New York: Baen Books, 1988.

Fraser, Antonia, and Victor Ambrus. Robin Hood. Illus. Rebecca Fraser. London: Sidgwick and Jackson, 1977.

Friesner, Esther. The Sherwood Game. Riverdale, NY: Baen Books, 1995. ["A computer programer named Carl Sherwood creates a virtual reality Robin Hood game. There's just one problem, his program has taken on a life of its own" (Linda A. Furey).]

Furlong, Monica. Robin's Country. New York: Borzoi Book / Alfred A. Knopf, 1995.

Gilbert, Henry. Robin Hood and the Men of the Greenwood. Illus. Walter Crane. Edinburgh and London: T. C. and E. C. Jack, 1912.

Godwin, Parke. Robin and the King. New York: William Morrow and Co., 1993. [Sequel to Sherwood.]

Godwin, Parke. Sherwood. New York: Avon Books, 1992.

Greenberg, Martin H., ed. The Fantastic Adventures of Robin Hood. New York: Penguin, 1991.

Lang, Andrew, ed. The Story of Robin Hood, and Other Tales of Adventure and Battle. Illus. H. J. Ford. Rpt.: New York: Schocken Books, 1968.

Mooser, Stephen. Young Marian's Adventures in Sherwood Forest. Girls to the Rescue 1. Minnetonka, MN: Meadowbrook Press, 1997. ["Thirteen-year-old Marian and her friend Robin team up to rescue her father whom the Sheriff has wrongly condemned to death." A story of Maid Marian before she became Maid Marian and Robin became Robin Hood.]

Morpurgo, Michael. Robin of Sherwood. London: Pavilion Books, 1966.

Picard, Barbara Leonie. Lost John: A Young Outlaw in the Forest of Arden. Illus. Charles Keeping. London: Oxford University Press, 1962.

Rabe, Jean. "The Walnut-Hued Man of Sutton Passeys." In Warrior Fantastic. Ed. Martin H. Greenberg and John Helfers. New York: DAW Books, 2000. Pp. 20-45. [The Sheriff of Nottingham, frustrated in his attempts to best Robin of Locksley with the sword, seeks additional training from the walnut-hued man of Sutton Passeys--who turns out, of course, to be Robin Hood in disguise.]

Roberson, Jennifer. Lady of Sherwood. New York: Kensington Publishing, 1999. [Sequel to Lady of the Forest.]

Roberson, Jennifer. Lady of the Forest: A Novel of Sherwood. New York: Kensington Publishing, 1992. [The story of Maid Marion and Robin Hood.]

Singer, Marilyn. Lizzie Silver of Sherwood Forest. Illus. Miriam Nerlove. New York: Harper and Row, 1986.

Springer, Nancy. Lionclaw: A Tale of Rowan Hood. New York: Philomel Books, 2002. [Sequel to Rowan Hood.]

Springer, Nancy. Outlaw Princess of Sherwood Forest: A Tale of Rowan Hood. New York: Philomel Books, 2003. [Third in the series which began with Rowan Hood.]

Springer, Nancy. Rowan Hood: Outlaw Girl of Sherwood Forest. New York: Philomel Books, 2001. [Rowan (Rosemary), a 13-year-old girl, sets out for Sherwood Forest when her mother is killed, seeking her father, Robin Hood.]

Stone, Eugenia. Robin Hood's Arrow: Being an Account of Dan of the Mill and his Adventures with Robin Hood and the Merry Men of Sherwood Forest. Illus. Rafoello Busoni. Chicago: Wilcox and Follett, 1948.

Sutcliff, Rosemary. The Chronicles of Robin Hood. London: Oxford University Press, 1950.

Taylor, Timothy. Elaine the Fair. Jacksonville, NC: Horseshoe Press, 1991.

Tomlinson, Theresa. Child of the May. New York: Orchard Books, 1998. [Sequel to The Forestwife.]

Tomlinson, Theresa. The Forestwife. New York: Orchard Books, 1995. [A story of Sherwood Forest in the time of Robin Hood, though Robin is not the protagonist of this story: "a fifteen-year-old orphan named Mary will flee into the forest to avoid the fearsome marriage her uncle has arranged for her. She will not be heard from again, but the legend of Maid Marian, the Green Lady of the woods, will have begun" (back cover).]

Vansittart, Peter. The Death of Robin Hood: A Novel. London: Peter Owen, 1981.

Whitby, Sharon. The Last of the Greenwood. New York: Pyramid Publications / HBJ, 1975.

Williams, Jay. The Good Yeoman. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1948.

Yolen, Jane, ed. Sherwood. Illus. Dennis Nolan. New York: Penguin Putnam, 2000.

F.vi. Traditional Ballad and Song: Secondary Literature

Andersen, Flemming Gotthelf, Otto Holzapfel, and Thomas Pettitt. The Ballad as Narrative: Studies in the Ballad Traditions of England, Scotland, Germany and Denmark. Intro. Thomas Pettitt. Odense: Odense University Press, 1982.

Andersen, Flemming. Commonplace and Creativity: The Role of Formulaic Diction in Anglo-Scottish Traditional Balladry. Odense: Odense University Press, 1985. ["Andersen emphasizes the role of formulaic patterns in the traditional ballad in order to argue that such formulas are a key vehicle for the creativity and interpretive authority of the individual ballad-singer. Ballad formulas are not seen merely as hollow repetitions but instead as 'supra-narrative concentrates' of the ballad's action, 'partly outlining the event taking place right now, partly relating to other points in the ballad narrative.' As such, ballad style is seen not as impersonal (as is generally accepted) but instead as reflecting the individual creative prowess defined by the specific placement and use of formulaic diction. The study includes a detailed examination of the 'individual families' of supra-narrative formulas." (Joshua Fisher, Ballad web-site [URL: students.washington.edu/jbfisher/ballad_pages/index.html])]

Armstrong, Frankie (with editorial assistance from Brian Pearson). "On Singing Child Ballads." In Ballads into Books: The Legacies of Francis James Child. Ed. Tom Cheesman and Sigrid Rieuwerts. Selected Papers from the 26th International Ballad Conference (SIEF Ballad Commission), Swansea, Wales, 19-24 July 1996. Bern: Peter Lang, 1997. Pp. 249-258.

Atkinson, David, and Tom Cheesman. "A Child Ballad Study Guide with Select Bibliography and Discography." In Ballads into Books: The Legacies of Francis James Child. Ed. Tom Cheesman and Sigrid Rieuwerts. Selected Papers from the 26th International Ballad Conference (SIEF Ballad Commission), Swansea, Wales, 19-24 July 1996. Bern: Peter Lang, 1997. Pp. 259-280.

Bell, Michael. "No Borders to the Ballad Maker's Art: Francis James Child and the Politics of the People." Western Folklore 47 (1988): 285-307. ["Bell revisits Child's entry on ballad poetry in Johnson's Universal Cyclopedia (1874) to demonstrate Child's formal (and at heart Romantic) theories of balladry. Bell responds to critics such as Francis Gummere and D. K. Wilgus who regarded the work as consisting of 'oblique, half-hearted utterances' and metaphors, as opposed to representing serious, theoretical scholarship. The fact that Child carefully defines the socio-historical parameters of the popular ballad leads Bell to argue that Child 'advocates a position as much ideological as factual,' a position concerned with 'the thoroughly modern crisis of self and community.' As such, the entry stands as a significant contribution to the development of 'scientific American folklore scholarship.'" (Joshua Fisher, Ballad web-site [URL: students.washington.edu/jbfisher/ballad_pages/index.html])]

Blagden, Cyprian. "Notes on the Ballad Market in the Second Half of the Seventeenth Century." Studies in Bibliography 6 (1954): 161-180. [HSS Z 1008 V81. Blagden studies the variant versions of printers' names and discovers that they can aid in the dating of broadsides.]

Boglund-Logopoulus, Karin. "Judas: The First English Ballad?" Medium Ævum 62 (1993): 20-34. [Re: Child no. 23. "Seeking to contextualize 'Judas' within the narrative folksong tradition, Boglund-Logopoulus highlights the poem's proximity to later romantic and tragic popular ballads in terms of plot structure. In addition, the author points to stylistic elements such as incremental repetition and an 'economy of narrative' that firmly link the poem to oral composition and performance. While Boglund-Logopoulus does not offer conclusive evidence to suggest that 'Judas' is in fact a ballad, she does point out that many of the distinguishing features of the poem (both in terms of narrative and stylistic structures) are shared by the popular ballad. The author concludes her essay by suggesting that the composer of 'Judas' was very likely a Franciscan cleric, thus reinforcing the idea that the poem is firmly rooted in oral tradition." (Joshua Fisher, Ballad web-site [URL: students.washington.edu/jbfisher/ballad_pages/index.html])]

Boyes, Georgina. The Imagined Village: Culture, Ideology and the English Folk Revival. Music and Society. Manchester and New York: Manchester University Press, 1993. [(Not in U of A libraries: I have asked them to purchase a copy, if possible; I have a personal copy, which you can borrow when you are ready for it.) "A book-length study of the social and intellectual background to the folk song revival, and the personalities involved, up until shortly after World War II" (Atkinson, "English Folk Song: An Introductory Bibliography").]

Brewster, Paul G. The Two Sisters. Folklore Fellows Communications 62, no. 147. Helsinki: Suomalainen Tiedeakatemia, 1953. [Re: Child no. 10.]

Bronson, Bertrand. "The Interdependence of Ballad Tunes and Texts." California Folklore Quarterly (Western Folklore) 3 (1944): 185-207.

Buchan, David. The Ballad and the Folk. London and Boston: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1972. ["Buchan examines the ballad tradition in Northeast Scotland (Aberdeenshire) in order to investigate the ballad as oral (illiterate) literature, since literacy did not substantially affect the region until the end of the eighteenth century (and also because of the significant 'quality and quantity' of ballads from the region). This focus enables Buchan to 'set the regional tradition in its social context,' thereby tracing the effects of literacy on the oral tradition of the ballad. Buchan concludes that the shift toward literacy that penetrated Northeast Scotland by the late eighteenth and early nineteenth century severed the ballad form from the creative dynamism of oral transmission and production." (Joshua Fisher, Ballad web-site [URL: students.washington.edu/jbfisher/ballad_pages/index.html])]

Chambers, E. K. "Popular Narrative Poetry and the Ballad." Chap. 3 of his English Literature at the Close of the Middle Ages. Oxford History of English Literature 2.2. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1945. Pp. 122-184 (with a bibliography on pp. 223-229).

Cheesman, Thomas, and Sigrid Rieuwerts, eds. Ballads into Books: The Legacies of Francis James Child. 2nd ed. Bern and New York: Peter Lang, 1999. ["A collection of papers from the 26th International Ballad Conference (July 1996), this anthology explores 'the legacy of Francis James Child' in a wide variety of ways. The book is divided into sections which consider Child's editorial influences and practices, theories of the ballad, influences of the ballad on literary traditions (including Shakespeare, Gay, and American genre fiction), and ballad singing, as well as an up-to-date 'study guide' which includes a select bibliography and discography, as well as a list of on-line resources." (Joshua Fisher, Ballad web-site [URL: students.washington.edu/jbfisher/ballad_pages/index.html])]

Child, Francis James. "Ballad Poetry" [encyclopedia article]. In Johnson's New Universal Cyclopaedia. Ed. Frederic A. P. Barnard, et al. New York: A. J. Johnson & Son, 1877. 1: 365-368.

Christophersen, Paul. The Ballad of Sir Aldingar, Its Origin and Analogues. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1952. [Re: Child no. 59.]

Collinson, Francis. The Traditional and National Music of Scotland. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1966. [HSS (Music) ML 3655 C72. On traditional songs, folk songs, pipe tunes, harp tunes, etc., including sections on the Child Ballads, the Bothy ballads, and the Bannatyne Manuscript, James I and The Kingis Quaire, and other interesting subjects.]

Dugaw, Dianne. Warrior Women and Popular Balladry, 1650-1850. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989. Rpt. with a new preface, Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1996. ["Centering her study on the Female Warrior of Anglo-American ballad tradition, Dugaw suggests the ways in which this polyvalent (at once male and female) figure challenges and subverts gender hierarchies. Crucial to this notion of subversion, Dugaw argues, is the fact that the Female Warrior ballads encourage women to step outside of their socially ascribed positions, thus celebrating the heroic female figure as an ideal for which to strive. By focusing on the social and historical significance of the Female Warrior figure, Dugaw responds to traditional scholars who 'tend to explain her as a genre convention or as an exceptional and idiosyncratic fictional figure.'" (Joshua Fisher, Ballad web-site [URL: students.washington.edu/jbfisher/ballad_pages/index.html])]

Fowler, David C. A Literary History of the Popular Ballad. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1968. [HSS PR 507 F78. "This groundbreaking study emphasizes the relationship of the ballad genre to literary history by proposing a chronological approach to the material. Such an approach enables Fowler to trace 'the evolution of ballad style,' thus responding to a critical tradition (established by F. J. Child and 'the supposed autonomy of oral tradition') which set the ballad form in isolation from the literary tradition by neglecting its chronological development. Fowler argues that the dissolution of the professional minstrel tradition during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries resulted in an integration of popular folksong and minstrel traditions which solidified the influence of melody (stanzaic forms with refrain, incremental repetition) upon the ballad form." (Joshua Fisher, Ballad web-site [URL: students.washington.edu/jbfisher/ballad_pages/index.html])]

Fox, Adam. Oral and Literate Culture in England, 1500-1700. Oxford Studies in Social History. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2000. [HSS PR 428 P65 F69 2000.]

Friedman, Albert B. "The Late Medieval Ballade and the Origin of Broadside Balladry." Medium Ævum 17 (1958): 95-100. ["After demonstrating that the Medieval notion of 'balade' (or the Italian 'ballata') as denoting popular dance-songs is distinct from the 'traditional,' 'popular,' or 'folk' ballad (titles which carried over in the eighteenth century from the early modern broadside ballad), Friedman investigates the question of how the term 'ballad' passed from a courtly tradition to the popular broadside tradition by analyzing the fifteenth-century English ballade and pseudo-ballade (epitomized by Chaucer and Lydgate). Friedman points out that pseudo-ballades in the late fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries were vehicles for political propaganda, thus disseminated on printed broadsheets. This practice, he argues, provides the link between the medieval ballade form and the 'new and unlovely' broadside ballad of the late sixteenth and early seventeenth century. As printing became cheaper and the audience became wider and more popular, the ballads took on characteristics of song, replacing the non-singable decasyllable stanza of the pseudo-ballade." (Joshua Fisher, Ballad web-site [URL: students.washington.edu/jbfisher/ballad_pages/index.html])]

Friedman, Albert B. The Ballad Revival: Studies in the Influence of Popular on Sophisticated Poetry. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1961. ["Friedman focuses on the 'revival' of the traditional and broadside ballad by literary poets and collectors in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries , but his study is concerned more broadly with appropriations of ballads by 'sophisticated' poetic traditions from the medieval period to the twentieth century. Tracing the roles that the ballad played in the development of literary culture, Friedman identifies literary articulations of the ballad form ranging from parodies and imitations to the ballad's influence in shaping 'the Romantic imagination.' While Friedman suggests that the 'revival' of the ballad played a detrimental role in translating 'the genre from an active life on the popular level to a 'museum life' on the sophisticated level,' he emphasizes the ways in which literary appropriations attest to the social, cultural and artistic significance of the popular and broadside ballad forms." (Joshua Fisher, Ballad web-site [URL: students.washington.edu/jbfisher/ballad_pages/index.html])]

Gammon, Vic. "A. L. Lloyd and History: A Reconsideration of Aspects of Folk Song in England and Some of His Other Writings." In Singer, Song and Scholar. Ed. Ian Russell. Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press, 1986. Pp. 147-164.

Gerould, G. H. The Ballad of Tradition. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1932.

Gilchrist, Anne. "Lamkin: A Study in Evolution." Journal of the English Folk Dance and Song Society 1 (1932): 1-17. ["Lamkin" is Child no. 93.]

Green, Richard Firth. "The Ballad and the Middle Ages." In The Long Fifteenth Century: Essays for Douglas Gray. Ed. Helen Cooper and Sally Mapstone. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1997. Pp. 163-184. [HSS PR 293 L66 1997. "In response to critics who have apparently down-played the significance of oral transmission in the determination of Medieval ballad origins, Greene argues that the influence of Medieval romances and early proto-ballads upon eighteenth- and nineteenth-century printed ballads can be explained by continuous oral transmission. To substantiate this notion of oral continuity, Greene points to the endurance of opening lines, variations of medieval expressions, 'verbal echoes' and central thematic elements within printed ballads. By identifying such links to medieval origins, Green suggests that the printed popular ballad provides 'an authentic glimpse of a popular culture that was almost entirely silenced by the official voice of the medieval church and state.'" (Joshua Fisher, Ballad web-site [URL: students.washington.edu/jbfisher/ballad_pages/index.html])]

Gummere, Francis. The Popular Ballad. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1907.

Harris, Joseph, ed. The Ballad and Oral Literature. Harvard English Studies 17. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1991. ["Six of the papers gathered here originated as lectures at a symposium on the Child ballads held at Harvard University in November 1988." -- pref. "This anthology consists of papers presented at a 1988 symposium on Child ballads at Harvard University. Ranging from historical approaches (Rieuwerts, McCarthy, Lyle) to theoretical assessments of the distinction between 'ethnic' and 'analytical' categories of ballad study (Andersen, Shields, Buchan) to the 'intertextual relevance' of the Child ballads to literary ballads in English (Würzbach), the collection offers a useful cross-section of recent scholarship pertaining to the Anglo-Scottish, American, and Scandinavian ballad." (Joshua Fisher, Ballad web-site [URL: students.washington.edu/jbfisher/ballad_pages/index.html])]

Hendron, Joseph. "The Scholar and the Ballad Singer." Southern Folklore Quarterly 18 (1954): 139-146.

Hodgart, Matthew J[ohn] C[aldwell]. The Ballads. 2nd ed. London: Hutchinson's University Library; New York: W. W. Norton, 1962. ["A concise and very readable account of the ballads, their style, history, and poetry. It also includes a useful chapter on their music. Although it should be supplemented by some of the more recent research, this remains probably the best introductory study of the ballads" (Atkinson, "English Folk Song: An Introductory Bibliography").]

Hoffman, Dean Alan. "The Minstrelsy of the Greenwood: The Medieval English Outlaw Ballad in Literary and Social History." Ph.D. diss., University of California, Riverside, 1987. [DAI 48 (1987-1988): 2623A. Abstract: "This study seeks a revisionist approach to the five earliest Robin Hood ballads, the Tale of Gamelyn, 'Robyn and Gandeleyn,' and 'Adam Bell,' viewing them in an exclusively contemporaneous framework that eschews the influence of post-medieval balladry and later representations. "The purpose of the first half of this analysis is to establish the transitional character of this poetry by contrasting the formal conventions of the metrical romance with the ballad's tendency toward incremental repetition and narrative symmetry, a component which indicates the probable lateness of the Gest of Robyn Hode and virtually defines the style, structure and central conflict leading to outlawry in the Tale of Gamelyn. This combination also suggests a performance style for the yeoman minstrel marked by oral stylizations, opportunities for improvisation through a flexible stanzaic rhyme scheme, and rhetorical complexity typical of writing for private reading. "The balance of this study describes transitional qualities in the characters, images, and themes of these works. The outlaw protagonist is portrayed as an antihero throughout most of the medieval tales. The Gest of Robyn Hode, however, presents this character as a more benevolent figure, one closer in spirit to a later concept of the noble bandit. The appearance of archery in the medieval Robin Hood ballads differs not only from the later tradition in a less ornamental, more deliberately functional sense, but serves also to introduce and develop narrative and character. And through an examination of the relative absence in the outlaw ballads of the overt festivity and ceremony found in the Robin Hood drama, an important contrast becomes apparent between the two symbolic landscapes of forest and town, one which reveals the outlaw milieu to be based upon an intrinsic sense of order and propriety rather than the anarchy and lawlessness attributed to it by its enemies. "Finally, an examination of the shifting social framework of the three estates depicted in the Gest of Robyn Hode will articulate the relationship between the greenwood ballads and picaresque narratives--a larger strain of popular fiction of outsiders and rogues--which arose out of similarly disruptive periods of social history."]

Holloway, John, and Joan Black, eds. Later English Broadside Ballads. 2 vols. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1975. [HSS PR 1181 H74 1975. An anthology of broadsides of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, mostly from the Madden Collection in Cambridge.]

Hustvedt, Sigurd Bernhard. Ballad Books and Ballad Men: Raids and Rescues in Britain, America, and the Scandinavian North Since 1800. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1930.

James, Thelma. "The English and Scottish Popular Ballads of Francis J. Child." Journal of American Folklore 46 (1933): 51-68.

Kidson, Frank. "The Ballad Sheet and Garland." Journal of the Folk Song Society 2 (1905-1906): 70-78.

K[ittredge], G[eorge] L[yman]. "Introduction." English and Scottish Popular Ballads. Ed. Helen Child Sargent and George Lyman Kittredge. Cambridge Edition of the Poets. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin and Co., 1932. Pp. xi-xxxi. [A still useful introduction to the Child ballads, their origins, transmission, and themes. Uses "The Hangman's Tree" (a version of Child no. 95, "The Maid Freed from the Gallows" [a.k.a. "Hangman," "Gallows Pole"] as an example to illustrate some points (on pp. xxv-xxvii).]

Karpeles, Maud. An Introduction to English Folk Song. London, New York, and Toronto: Oxford University Press, 1973. [Includes chapters on the nature and characteristics of folk music, its difference from art music, on the classification of types of folk music, on ballads and broadsides, on the Folk Song Society and Cecil Sharp, as well as collectors and collection (and field work) more generally. [Maud Karpeles was one of Cecil Sharp's assistants.] "A short book by Cecil Sharp's assistant. Though it is quite a well-known book (partly because of its availability in paperback and its ease of reading), it is in effect little more than a restatement of Sharp's own arguments, and was therefore outdated even at the time of its publication" (Atkinson, "English Folk Song: An Introductory Bibliography").]

Keith, Alexander. "Scottish Ballads: Their Evidence of Authorship and Origin." Essays and Studies by Members of the English Association 12 (1926): 100-119.

Laws, G[eorge] Malcolm. American Balladry from British Broadsides: A Guide for Students and Collectors of Traditional Song. Publications of the American Folklore Society: Bibliographical and Special Series 8. Philadelphia: American Folklore Society, 1957. [Includes a catalogue of all known American ballads based on traditional British sources. ("Native"--i.e., non-British--American ballads are covered in his previous volume, Native American Balladry.)]

Laws, G[eorge] Malcolm. The British Literary Ballad: A Study in Poetic Imitation. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1972. ["Laws' discussion focuses on the influence of the folk and broadside ballad form upon 'literary' poets of the eighteenth through twentieth centuries. The author points to Percy's Reliques as central to the development of literary imitations of the ballad, since Percy's editorial practices set a precedent for the kinds of revisions and re-writings that defined the literary imitation. In light of such considerations, Laws attempts to classify stylistic characteristics of poems 'superficially alike' in order to distinguish the literary ballad from the 'sub-literary' folk and broadside forms. While suggesting that the boundary between these forms is often blurred, Laws concludes by praising the literary ballad as superior by virtue of its place as 'poetry' as opposed to mere 'verse.'" (Joshua Fisher, Ballad web-site [URL: students.washington.edu/jbfisher/ballad_pages/index.html])]

Leach, MacEdward, and Tristram Potter Coffin, eds. The Critics and the Ballad: Readings. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1961. [This collection of essays includes "a significant number of important writings on the ballad by scholars such as Francis Gummere, Alexander Keith, Phillips Barry, and Anne Gilchrist." (Joshua Fisher, Ballad web-site [URL: students.washington.edu/jbfisher/ballad_pages/index.html])]

Lloyd, A[lbert] L[ancaster]. Folk Song in England. London: Lawrence and Wishart, in association with the Workers' Music Association, 1967. [HSS Music ML 3652 L79. An introduction to, and collection of, folk songs, by one of the great promoters and preservers of traditional song. It includes some introduction to the music as well as the texts (discussion of modalities etc.). "The most influential work of the post-war English folk revival, full of enthusiasm for the democratic roots of folk song, but poorly annotated and with an over-emphasis on international parallels. Gammon ('A. L. Lloyd and History') offers a balanced critique of Lloyd's views" (Atkinson, "English Folk Song: An Introductory Bibliography").]

Long, Eleanor. "'The Maid' and 'The Hangman': Myth and Tradition in a Popular Ballad. Folklore Studies. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1971. ["A classic historical-geographical study of the international spread of a ballad" (Atkinson, "English Folk Song: An Introductory Bibliography"). ["Hangman," also known as "The Maid Freed from the Gallows" (Child no. 95).]]

MacColl, Ewan, and Peggy Seeger, eds. Travellers' Songs, from England and Scotland. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1977. [English "travellers" are also commonly but mistakenly called "gypsies." MacColl and Seeger present the words and melodies of traditional songs and ballads collected from travellers (some of these are variants of Child ballads.)]

MacKinnon, Niall. The British Folk Scene: Musical Performance and Social Identity. Buckingham: Open University Press, 1993. ["A sociological study of the post-war folk revival in both England and Scotland (with little discrimination), based on extensive surveys and interviews with participants, which generally takes a sympathetic view of the revival as a cultural activity" (Atkinson, "English Folk Song: An Introductory Bibliography").]

McCarthy, William. The Ballad Matrix: Personality, Milieu and the Oral Tradition. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1990. ["Following in the footsteps of Albert Lord and other advocates of the oral-formulaic tradition, McCarthy highlights the aesthetic qualities of the ballad form by situating stylistic considerations firmly within the context of 'oral poesis.' McCarthy applies oral theory to the 'weaving' ballads sung by Agnes Lyle of Kilbarchan in the early nineteenth century. He argues that Lyle's ballads demonstrate 'consistent patterns of formulicity' as well as other oral elements that situate the ballads in a 'recreative' as opposed to purely mnemonic oral tradition. That such elements contribute to the aesthetic value of the popular ballad is justified by McCarthy's identification of 'annular, binary, and trinary' structures of the ballad, which provide solutions to 'the three most significant aesthetic problems in any art . . . namely the problems of unity, organization, and sufficiency.'" (Joshua Fisher, Ballad web-site [URL: students.washington.edu/jbfisher/ballad_pages/index.html])]

McNamee, Peter, ed. Traditional Music--Whose Music?: Proceedings of a Co-operation North Conference, 1991. Belfast: Institute of Irish Studies, The Queen's University of Belfast, 1992. [HSS ML 3654 T73 1992.]

Middleton, Richard. Studying Popular Music. Milton Keynes: Open University Press, 1990. ["A standard textbook of popular music studies, which includes a rather hostile account of folk song, denying, in effect, the perceived difference of folk song from other kinds of popular music" (Atkinson, "English Folk Song: An Introductory Bibliography").]

Mitsui, Tori. "How Was 'Judas' Sung?" In Ballads and Boundaries: Narrative Singing in an Intercultural Context. Ed. James Porter. Los Angeles: Department of Ethnomusicology and Systematic Musicology, UCLA, 1995. Pp. 241-250. ["A musicological study which considers how the oldest text in The English and Scottish Popular Ballads, dating from the thirteenth century, might have sounded when, and if, it was sung" (Atkinson, "English Folk Song: An Introductory Bibliography"). [Child no. 23]]

Morgan, Gwendolyn A. Medieval Balladry and the Courtly Tradition: Literature of Revolt and Assimulation. American University Studies, Series 4: English Language and Literature 160. New York: Peter Lang Publishing, 1993. ["Morgan responds to the conventional view of the fourteenth- and fifteenth-century literary tradition as indicative of 'a monolithic Age of Faith' by suggesting that the popular ballad of the period provided a subversive and contradictory response to dominant authority. Situating the ballad within the context of Medieval social history, Morgan argues that the popular ballad (with its emphasis on practicality and pragmatism over the romantic and idyllic) offers a critique of the chivalric code by which the re-affirmation of feudalism was justified. By invigorating the ballad with social didacticism, Morgan suggests that one must not equate the simplicity of the ballad form with simplicity of thought, as has been the traditional practice." (Joshua Fisher, Ballad web-site [URL: students.washington.edu/jbfisher/ballad_pages/index.html])]

Munro, Ailie, and Morag MacLeod. The Democratic Muse: Folk Music Revival in Scotland. Rev. ed. Fwd. Hamish Henderson. Aberdeen: Scottish Cultural Press, 1997. [Revised version of Munro's Folk Music Revival in Scotland (1984); includes "The Folk Revival in Gaelic Song" by Morag MacLeod.]

Nettel, Reginald. A Social History of Traditional Song. Documents of Social History. New York: Augustus M. Kelley Publishers, 1969.

Nygard, Holger Olof. "Popular Ballad and Medieval Romance." In Folklore International: Essays in Traditional Literature, Belief, and Custom in Honor of Wayland Debs Hand. Ed. D. K. Wilgus. Hatboro: Folklore Associates, 1967. Pp. 161-173. Rpt. in Ballad Studies. Ed. E. B. Lyle. Cambridge: D. S. Brewer; Totowa: Rowman and Littlefield, for the Folklore Society, 1976. Pp. 1-19.

Opie, Iona, and Peter Opie. The Singing Game. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1985. ["The standard work on singing-games, which also traces their history" (Atkinson, "English Folk Song: An Introductory Bibliography").]

Palmer, Roy. The Sound of History: Songs and Social Comment. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1988. Rpt. London: Pimlico, 1996. ["A fascinating and informative book which demonstrates the enormous potential of broadsides and folk songs to illuminate the responses of the common people to all kinds of historical events, the methodological difficulties in making use of such evidence notwithstanding" (Atkinson, "English Folk Song: An Introductory Bibliography").]

Pegg, Bob. Folk: A Portrait of English Traditional Music, Musicians and Customs. London: Wildwood House, 1976.

Pettitt, Thomas. "Ballad Singers and Ballad Style: The Case of the Murdered Sweethearts." In The Entertainer in Medieval and Traditional Culture: A Symposium. Ed. Flemming G. Andersen, Thomas Pettitt, and Reinhold Schröder. [Odense, Denmark]: Odense University Press, 1997. Pp. 101-131.

Pettitt, Thomas. "The Ballad of Tradition: In Pursuit of a Vernacular Aesthetic." In Ballads into Books: The Legacies of Francis James Child. Ed. Tom Cheesman and Sigrid Rieuwerts. Selected Papers from the 26th International Ballad Conference (SIEF Ballad Commission), Swansea, Wales, 19-24 July 1996. Bern: Peter Lang, 1997. Pp. 111-123.

Pickering, Michael. Village Song and Culture: A Study Based on the Blunt Collection of Song from Adderbury, North Oxfordshire. London: Croom Helm, 1982. ["Describes the social context of folk song in an English village, from a broadly Marxist perspective, drawing on the collection of Janet Heatley Blunt; extremely difficult to read for both stylistic and typographical reasons" (Atkinson, "English Folk Song: An Introductory Bibliography").]

Pinto, Vivian de Sola, and Allan Edwin Rodway, eds. The Common Muse: An Anthology of Popular British Ballad Poetry, XVth-XXth Century. London: Chatto and Windus, 1957. [HSS PR 1181 P65. An anthology of street ballad texts, mostly of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.]

Pollard, Michael. Discovering English Folksong. Discovering Series 270. Aylesbury, Bucks.: Shire Publications, 1982. [A 48 p. introduction to English folksong, from a historian and former director of Topic Records. Pollard emphasizes the elements of the traditional and oral, and the medieval origins of English folksong, and distinguishes "folk" singing from "folksy" singing (the latter being the polished and commercial "folk music," from which the traces of real "folk" are completely removed). Pollard has chapters on the origins and development of folk music (medieval ballads, broadside ballads, music hall and pub singing, etc.), on the great collectors of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, and on the singers (and some of the venues, such as social clubs, where they can still, sometimes, be heard). He also has an alphabetical section on some of the themes of folk song: gallows songs, the murder of Maria Marten (murder in the Red Barn), Waly Waly (from the story of James Douglas), etc.]

Porter, James, ed. The Ballad Image: Essays Presented to Bertrand Harris Bronson. Fwd. Wayland D. Hand. Los Angeles: Center for the Study of Comparative Folklore and Mythology, University of California, Los Angeles, 1983. ["While this collection includes provocative essays on a range of issues pertaining to the singing (and oral transmission) of the ballad, most useful are the essays in the section entitled 'Problems of Oral Re-Creation.' Albert Friedman's 'The Oral-Formulaic Theory of Balladry: A Re-Rebuttal' points out that 'ballad variation is a far less radical operation than the recomposition from scratch' which oral-formulaic theories postulate as an explanation for variants. Instead, variation stems from 'communal re-creation,' whereby a text memorized and transmitted over time takes on the shape of the individual singer. In 'The Impossibles of Ballad Style,' Hugh Shields offers a catalogue of the rhetorical use of 'impossibles' in French and Irish, as well as in English and American ballad traditions. Focusing on 'Hugh Spenser's Feats in France' (Child 158), David Buchan examines the tension between 're-creation' and 'conservation' at both the compositional and functional level. Buchan argues that re-creation enables the individual ballad singer to fashion his art 'in accordance with the conditions of his context and his individual flair.'" (Joshua Fisher, Ballad web-site [URL: students.washington.edu/jbfisher/ballad_pages/index.html])]

Porter, James. The Traditional Music of Britain and Ireland. Garland Reference Library of the Humanities 807: Music Research and Information Guides 11. New York and London: Garland Publishing, 1989.

Porter, James, and Herschel Gower. Jeannie Robertson: Emergent Singer, Transformative Voice. Publications of the American Folklore Society, New Series. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1995. [Rpt. East Linton: Tuckwell, 1999. Jeannie Robertson is a "traveller" ("gypsy") who became something of a music hall sensation in the mid-twentieth century after being discovered by folk song collector Alan Lomax.]

Powers, Harold S. "Modal Scales and Folksong Melodies." In The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians. Ed. Stanley Sadie. London: Macmillan, 1980. 12: 418-422. ["Explains the musical theory of folk song tunes, as part of a longer section on the modes in musical theory" (Atkinson, "English Folk Song: An Introductory Bibliography").]

Renwick, Roger de V. English Folk Poetry: Structure and Meaning. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1980. ["One of the most inspiring text-based studies of recent folk song research, which uses the methodology of structuralism to look at ways in which some folk song texts might function. It attracted substantial criticism, however, for its apparent lack of attention to ethnography" (Atkinson, "English Folk Song: An Introductory Bibliography").]

Rieuwerts, Sigrid. "The Folk-Ballad: The Illegitimate Child of the Popular Ballad." Journal of Folklore Research 33 (1996): 221-226. ["Addressing the question of why Child uses the term 'popular' as opposed to 'folk' in his English and Scottish Popular Ballads, Rieuwerts calls attention to the distinction between the popular ballad (a product of a 'pre-civilized, ideal community of the past') and the folk-ballad (part of an ongoing tradition of oral transmission). Rieuwerts suggests that Child's collection places an emphasis on the former kind of ballad, while the latter is seen as poetically inferior. By pointing out this distinction, Rieuwerts responds to scholars such as Michael Bell who have argued that the two terms can be used interchangeably when discussing Child's theories of balladry." (Joshua Fisher, Ballad web-site [URL: students.washington.edu/jbfisher/ballad_pages/index.html])]

Rieuwerts, Sigrid. "From Percy to Child: The 'Popular Ballad' as 'a distinct and very important species of poetry.'" In Ballads and Boundaries: Narrative Singing in an Intercultural Context. Ed. James Porter. Los Angeles: Department of Ethnomusicology and Systematic Musicology, UCLA, 1995. Pp. 13-20.

Rieuwerts, Sigrid. "'The Genuine Ballads of the People': F. J. Child and the Ballad Cause." Journal of Folklore Research 31 (1994): 1-34. ["An excellent discussion of what Child had in mind in selecting and editing material for The English and Scottish Popular Ballads, which also reprints some key documents" (Atkinson, "English Folk Song: An Introductory Bibliography"). "In the path of Michael Bell and others who have recently re-visited and challenged the assertion that Francis Child offered no theoretical concept of the ballad, Rieuwerts traces Child's 'changing perception of the ballad as a genre.' Central to her claim is the fact that Child wrote more than one article on ballad theory; the problem is that many of these have remained unpublished and thus inaccessible to scholars. Examining two reviews of Percy's Reliques written by Child and published anonymously in The Nation, Rieuwerts suggests that the development of Child's theory of balladry (increasingly emphasizing the importance of 'genuine' oral and manuscript documentation) is clearly evident in his rejection of Percy's editorial practices. Since The English and Scottish Popular Ballads reflects Child's emphasis on the 'genuine,' Rieuwerts suggests that Child's work on the ballad stands 'complete,' despite the absence of a 'formal' preface on ballad theory." (Joshua Fisher, Ballad web-site [URL: students.washington.edu/jbfisher/ballad_pages/index.html])]

Rollins, Hyder E. "An Analytical Index to the Ballad-Entries in the Registers of the Company of Stationers of London." Studies in Philology 21 (1924): 1-324.

Rollins, Hyder E. "The Black-Letter Broadside Ballad." PMLA 34 (1919): 258-339. [HSS PB 6 M68. An introduction to the history of broadsides (somewhat dated, but still a good place to start).]

Rollins, Hyder E. "Martin Parker, Ballad-Monger." Modern Philology 16 (1919): 113-138. [HSS PB 1 M687. Parker was a prolific author of broadside ballads, including "A True Tale of Robin Hood" (Child no. 154).]

Rosenberg, Neil V., ed. Transforming Tradition: Folk Music Revivals Examined. Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1993. ["An impressive collection of fifteen essays and an introduction discussing folk music revivals in North America, with some allusions to the British experience, which suggests many historical parallels, influences, and distinctions, and raises many challenging theoretical issues" (Atkinson, "English Folk Song: An Introductory Bibliography").]

Russell, Dave. Popular Music in England, 1840-1914: A Social History. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1987.

Sharp, Cecil James. English Folk Song: Some Conclusions. 4th ed. Ed. Maud Karpeles, with an appreciation of Cecil Sharp by Ralph Vaughan Williams. Wakefield: EP Publishing, 1972.

Shepard, Leslie. The Broadside Ballad: A Study in Origins and Meaning. 2nd ed. Hatboro, PA: Legacy Books; and Wakefield, Eng., EP Publishers, 1978.

Siegmund, William Ian. "A Comparative Study of 'Earl Brand' (Child #7) and its Danish and Icelandic Analogues." 2 vols. Ph.D. diss., Ohio State University, 1973. [DAI 34 (1973-1974): 2489A.]

Simpson, Claude M[itchell]. The British Broadside Ballad and its Music. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1966. [HSS Music ML 2831 S612. "The standard reference work for the music of broadside ballads" (Atkinson, "English Folk Song: An Introductory Bibliography").]

Stewart, Polly. "Wishful Willful Wily Women: Lessons for Female Success in the Child Ballads." In Feminist Messages: Coding in Women's Folk Culture. Ed. Joan Newlon Radner. Publications of the American Folklore Society, New Series. Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1993. Pp. 54-73.

Stewart, Susan. "Scandals of the Ballad." In Crimes of Writing. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1991. Pp. 102-131. ["Stewart identifies a 'crisis of authenticity' that occurred when the ballad as artifact was severed from its performative context by collectors from the sixteenth century onward. In the process of 'artifactualizing' the ballad material, the literary community 'sought an idea of folklore more than the actuality of folkloric materials themselves.' Stewart suggests that, by the eighteenth century, the revival (or 'discovery') of the ballad at the hands of collectors and literary imitations served a nationalistic agenda and also provided literary authors with 'an idyllic context of representation' removed from the realm of 'patronage, professionalism, and the parodies of ventriloquism.'" (Joshua Fisher, Ballad web-site [URL: students.washington.edu/jbfisher/ballad_pages/index.html])]

Stradling, Robert, and Meirion Hughes. The English Musical Renaissance, 1860-1940: Construction and Deconstruction. London: Routledge, 1993. ["A historical analysis of the drive in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries for the development of a distinctively English national music, which became identified with folk music, particularly through the work of Vaughan Williams" (Atkinson, "English Folk Song: An Introductory Bibliography").]

Sykes, Richard. "The Evolution of Englishness in the English Folksong Revival, 1890-1914." Folk Music Journal 6 (1993): 446-490. ["A detailed study of the significance of nationalism and the development of a concept of English identity as part of the cultural and political climate of the revival" (Atkinson, "English Folk Song: An Introductory Bibliography").]

Symonds, Deborah. Weep Not for Me: Women, Ballads, and Infanticide in Early Modern Scotland. University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1997. ["While this book is concerned primarily with the historical details and implications of infanticide in eighteenth- and nineteenth-century Scotland, it is relevant to the study of early modern balladry since Symonds provides a close analysis of ballads dealing with infanticide in order to contrast popular depictions of the crime with those of court trial records and the literary novel. Scots ballads provide a useful window into the socio-historical context of infanticide, since many of the poems were produced and sung by members of the communities in which the infant murders took place. Symonds examines ballads such as 'Mary Hamilton' in order to argue that such texts construct a 'ballad heroine' whose willingness to die for the murder of her child 'offered a tough, honorable, sexual, and utterly sensible model of what a woman could be.'" (Joshua Fisher, Ballad web-site [URL: students.washington.edu/jbfisher/ballad_pages/index.html])]

Toelken, Barre. Morning Dew and Roses: Nuance, Metaphor, and Meaning in Folksongs. Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1995. ["An important and readable study, which demonstrates wide-ranging poetic possibilities in ballads and folk songs, and relates them to their singing contexts. Chapters in the book reproduce several earlier classic articles by Toelken, for instance on the riddle or wit combat ballads and on metaphor and ambiguity in ballads" (Atkinson, "English Folk Song: An Introductory Bibliography").]

Vaughan Williams, R[alph], and A. L. Lloyd, eds. The Penguin Book of English Folk Songs, from the Journal of the Folk Song Society and the Journal of the English Folk Dance and Song Society. Harmondsworth, Middlesex: Penguin Books, 1959. [Texts with unaccompanied melodies. A collection of various traditional ballads and songs, including tunes, including "The Bramble Briar" (pp. 24-25), "The Cruel Mother" (Child 20) (p. 28), "The Golden Vanity" (Child 286 ["The 'Sweet Kumadie'"; Kumadee; "Sweet Trinity"]) (pp. 46-47), "The Greenland Whale Fishery" (pp. 50-51), "John Barleycorn" (pp. 56-57), "Lord Thomas and Fair Eleanor" (Child 73 ["Lord Thomas and Fair Annet"]) (pp. 62-63), "Mother, Mother, Make My Bed" (related to "Lady Maisry" [Child 65], "Lord Lovel" [Child 75], and "Barbara Allen" [Child 84]) (p. 71), "The Outlandish Knight" (Child 4 ["Lady Isabel and the Elf-Knight"]) (pp. 80-81), "Robin Hood and the Pedlar" (variant of Child 132) (pp. 88-89), "Young Edwin in the Lowlands" (pp. 106-107).]

Vicinus, Martha. The Industrial Muse: A Study of Nineteenth Century British Working-Class Literature. London: Croom Helm, 1974. ["A wide-ranging study of popular literature, including broadsides, songs, and poetry, and dialect writing and song" (Atkinson, "English Folk Song: An Introductory Bibliography").]

Watson, Ian. Song and Democratic Culture in Britain: An Approach to Popular Culture in Social Movements. London: Croom Helm; New York: St. Martin's Press, 1983. [MUSIC ML 3795 W33 1983. "An attempt to establish the central place of folk song in a cultural opposition to other popular forms motivated primarily by commercialism. Heavily informed by Marxism, the argument draws on ideas about industrial song developed by A. L. Lloyd, and extends to the revival and the work of later writers of oppositional songs in the traditional idiom. Ultimately, the book is probably of greater value in analysing the post-war folk revival than for studying folk song at large" (Atkinson, "English Folk Song: An Introductory Bibliography").]

Wilgus, D. K., and Barre Toelken. The Ballad and the Scholars: Approaches to Ballad Study; Papers Presented at a Clark Library Seminar, 22 October 1983. Los Angeles: William Andrews Clark Library, University of California, Los Angeles, 1986. ["Two papers which, although ostensibly demonstrating the confrontation between textual and contextual approaches to ballad and folk song study, actually display a lot of shared ground" (Atkinson, "English Folk Song: An Introductory Bibliography").]

Wilgus, D. K., and Eleanor R. Long. "The Blues Ballad and the Genesis of Style in Traditional Narrative Song." In Narrative Folksong: New Directions; Essays in Appreciation of W. Edson Richmond. Ed. Carol L. Edwards and Kathleen E. B. Manley. Fwd. Bruce A. Rosenberg. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1985. Pp. 435-482.

Wiltenburg, Joy. Disorderly Women and Female Power in the Street Literature of Early Modern England and Germany. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1992. ["Framing her discussion within the early modern conviction that women were out of control, Wiltenburg examines German and English street ballads and pamphlets in order to shed light on the social and cultural implications of such representations of women. Wiltenburg notes many similarities between English and German portrayals of unruly women, most notably the notion that imagined female power contained and regulated any real threat of female disorder. However, most important to the discussion are the differences between English and German depictions of female unruliness, suggesting the complex ways in which attitudes toward gender and sexual power are informed by wider social and cultural considerations." (Joshua Fisher, Ballad web-site [URL: students.washington.edu/jbfisher/ballad_pages/index.html])]

Woods, Fred. Folk Revival: The Rediscovery of a National Music. Poole, [Eng.]: Blandford Press, 1979.

Würzbach, Natascha. The Rise of the English Street Ballad, 1550-1650. Trans. Gayna Walls. European Studies in English Literature. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1990. [Translation of Anfänge und gattungstypische Ausformung der englischen Strassenballade 1550-1650. "This study focuses on the cultural and social conditions that accompanied the development of the broadside (street) ballad in early Modern England. Through an investigation of the printers and authors, market and distribution, and the ballad-monger and his audience, Würzbach identifies a close relationship between text and socio-cultural environment, in order to argue that elements of production, transmission, and reception are articulated through the content and structure of the ballad form. Würzbach also examines the ballad as a literary form, taking into account various ballad types and devices in order to convey elements of the genre, as well as to counter conventional notions that the street ballad is a necessarily inferior and sub-literary genre." (Joshua Fisher, Ballad web-site [URL: students.washington.edu/jbfisher/ballad_pages/index.html])]

F.v. Robin Hood: Secondary Literature

Anderson, Eric R. "Game and Reality in Medieval and Renaissance English Outlaw Narratives." Aethlon: The Journal of Sport Literature 8.2 (Spring 1991): 73-88. [Including Robin Hood and Hereward the Wake.]

Barczewski, Stephanie L. Myth and National Identity in Nineteenth-Century Britain: The Legends of King Arthur and Robin Hood. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000. [Abstract: "Scholars continue to find that fictional narratives provide rich insight into the historical development of a modern national consciousness. In nineteenth-century Britain, the legends of King Arthur and Robin Hood played an important role in construction of contemporary national identity. These two legends provide important windows on British culture and draw from very different perspectives. King Arthur and Robin Hood have traditionally been diametrically opposed in their ideological orientation, with Arthur at the pinnacle of the social and political hierarchy and Robin Hood completely outside conventional hierarchical structures. The fact that two such different figures could simultaneously function as British national heroes suggests that nineteenth-century British nationalism did not represent a single set of values and ideas, but rather that it was forced to assimilate a variety of competing points of view."]

Behlmer, Rudy. "'Welcome to Sherwood!': The Adventures of Robin Hood (1938)." In Behind the Scenes. 2nd ed. Hollywood: French, 1990. Pp. 61-86. [On the 1938 movie starring Errol Flynn and Basil Rathbone. Rpt. as "Robin Hood on the Screen: From Legend to Film" in Robin Hood: An Anthology of Scholarship and Criticism, ed. Stephen Knight, pp. 441-460.]

Bellamy, John [G.]. Robin Hood: An Historical Enquiry. London and Sydney: Croom Helm, 1985. [HSS PR 2129 B43 1985. Bellamy summarizes the attempts to date (1985) to find a "historical" Robin Hood; the bulk of the book is a historical study of The Gest of Robyn Hode. Contents: "The Search and the Searchers I," "The Search and the Searchers II," "The Chronology of the Gest," "The Sheriff of Nottingham," "The Gest, Public Order and Crime," "Sir Richard at the Lee," "Other 'Personae' of the Gest," "Conclusions and Additional Considerations."]

Bessinger, J[ess] B., Jr. "The Gest of Robin Hood Revisited." In The Learned and the Lewed: Studies in Chaucer and Medieval Literature. Ed. Larry D. Benson. Harvard English Studies 5. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1974. Pp. 355-369. [Rpt. in Robin Hood: An Anthology of Scholarship and Criticism, ed. Stephen Knight, pp. 39-50.]

Bessinger, Jess B., Jr. "Robin Hood: Folklore and Historiography, 1377-1500." Tennessee Studies in Literature 11 (1966): 61-69.

Biddick, Kathleen A. "The Historiographic Unconscious and the Return of Robin Hood." In The Salt of Common Life: Individuality and Choice in the Medieval Town, Countryside, and Church; Essays Presented to J. Ambrose Raftis. Medieval Institute Publications 36. Kalamazoo, MI: Medieval Institute Publications, Western Michigan University, 1995. Pp. 449-483.

Biddick, Kathleen A. "The Return of Robin Hood." In her The Shock of Medievalism. Durham: Duke University Press, 1988. Pp. 74-75.

Blamires, David. "Robin Hood." Trans. (into German) by Silvia Westreicher. In Herrscher, Helden, Heilige. Ed. Ulrich Müller and Werner Wunderlich. Mittelalter Mythen Bd. 1. 2nd ed. St. Gallen: UVK, Fachbuchverlag für Wissenschaft und Studium, 2001. Pp. 437-450.

Briggs, Katharine Mary. "The Question of Robin Hood." In her Pale Hecate's Team: An Examination of the Beliefs on Witchcraft and Magic among Shakespeare's Contemporaries and His Immediate Successors. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1962. Pp. 203-217. [HSS PR 439 W5 B85 1962.]

Brockman, Bennet A. "Robin Hood and the Invention of Children's Literature." Children's Literature 10 (1982): 1-14.

Butler, Marilyn. "'The Good Old Times': Maid Marion and The Misfortunes of Elphin." In her Peacock Displayed: A Satirist in his Context. London and Boston: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1979. Pp. 140-182. [HSS PR 5164 B89 1979. On Maid Marion, a novel by Thomas Love Peacock. The "Maid Marion" portion of the chapter is rpt. in Robin Hood: An Anthology of Scholarship and Criticism, ed. Stephen Knight, pp. 141-153.]

Carpenter, Kevin, ed. Robin Hood: Die vielen Gesichter des edlen Räubers / The Many Faces of that Celebrated English Outlaw. Oldenberg: BIS, 1995. [On pictorial representations of Robin Hood.]

Chism, Christine. "Robin Hood: Thinking Globally, Acting Locally in the Fifteenth-Century Ballad." In The Letter of the Law: Legal Practice and Literary Production in Medieval England. Ed. Emily Steiner and Candace Barrington. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2002. Pp. 12-39. [HSS PR 275 L35 L47 2002.]

Coss, Peter R. "Aspects of Cultural Diffusion in Medieval England: The Early Romances, Local Society and Robin Hood." Past and Present no. 108 (August 1985): 35-79.

Crook, David. "The Sheriff of Nottingham and Robin Hood: The Genesis of the Legend?" In Thirteenth-Century England II: Proceedings of the Newcastle-upon-Tyne Conference, 1987. Ed. P. R. Coss and S. D. Lloyd. Woodbridge, Suffolk: Boydell Press / Boydell and Brewer, 1988. Pp. 59-68. [Speculating that the "sherrif" in question might have been Eustace of Lowdham, sometime undersherrif of Nottingham but also with connections to Barnsdale; Robin Hood may have been Robert of Wetherby, being hunted in Yorkshire in 1225.]

Crook, David. "Some Further Evidence Concerning the Dating of the Origins of the Legend of Robin Hood." In Robin Hood: An Anthology of Scholarship and Criticism. Ed. Stephen Knight. Cambridge: D. S. Brewer / Boydell and Brewer, 1999. Pp. 257-261. ["Investigates the appearance of a fugitive, William Robehod, in a memoranda roll (MS. London, P.R.O., E/159/36) who seems to be synonymous with the William son of Robert le Fevere found in an Eyre Roll (MS. London, P.R.O. JUST 1/40)" (International Medieval Bibliography). Crook presents this reference to a fugitive in 1262 as a "Robehod" as evidence that whoever referred to him in this way was familiar with legends of Robin Hood.]

Davis, Stephen M. Robin Hood's England. TimeTraveller's Guide. Washington, DC: TimeTraveller Press, 1991. [A suggested tour of parts of Nottinghamshire and Yorkshire, for sites associated with the legend, including some historical account of the origins of the legend (and the significant variants between earlier and later versions); also suggestions for further study; also suggestions for holding "Robin Hood festivals" at home (including some medieval recipes).]

De Ville, Oscar. "The Deyvilles and the Genesis of the Robin Hood Legend." Nottingham Medieval Studies 43 (1999): 90-109. [Re: A Little Gest of Robyn Hode.]

De Vriess, Kelly. "Longbow Archery and the Earliest Robin Hood Legends." In Robin Hood in Popular Culture: Violence, Transgression, and Justice. Ed. Thomas G. Hahn. Cambridge, and Rochester, NY: D. S. Brewer / Boydell and Brewer, 2000. Pp. 41-59.

Dobson, R[ichard] B[arrie], and J[ohn] Taylor. "The Medieval Origins of the Robin Hood Legend: A Reassessment." Northern History 7 (1972): 1-30.

Dobson, R[ichard] B[arrie], and J[ohn] Taylor. "Robin Hood of Barnesdale: A Fellow Thou Hast Long Sought." Northern History 19 (1983): 210-220.

Evans, Michael. "Robynhill or Robin Hood's Hills? Place-names and the Evolution of the Robin Hood Legends." Journal of the Place-Name Society 30 (1998): 1-15.

Field, Sean. "Devotion, Discontent, and the Henrician Reformation: The Evidence of the Robin Hood Stories." Journal of British Studies 41 (2002): 6-22.

Gray, Douglas. "The Robin Hood Poems." Poetica (Tokyo) 18 (1984): 1-39. [Rpt. in Robin Hood: An Anthology of Scholarship and Criticism, ed. Stephen Knight, pp. 3-37.]

Greenfield, Peter H. "The Carnivalesque in the Robin Hood Games and King Ales of Southern England." In Carnival and the Carnivalesque: The Fool, the Reformer, the Wildman, and Others in Early Modern Theatre. Ed. Konrad Eisenbichler and Wim Hüsken. Ludus: Medieval and Early Renaissance Theatre and Drama 4. Amsterdam, and Athens, GA: Rodopi, 1999. Pp. 19-28. [HSS PN 2152 C375 1999. "This collection . . . originates from the meetings of the Société Internationale du Théâtre Médiéval held on 2-11 August, 1995, at Victoria College in the University of Toronto" (Introd., p. 7).]

Hahn, Thomas G., ed. Robin Hood in Popular Culture: Violence, Transgression, and Justice. Cambridge, and Rochester, NY: D. S. Brewer, 2000.

Hanawalt, Barbara A. "Ballads and Bandits: Fourteenth-Century Outlaws and the Robin Hood Poems." In Chaucer's England: Literature in Historical Context. Ed. Barbara Hanawalt. Medieval Studies at Minnesota 4. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1992. Pp. 154-175. [Hanawalt compares medieval stories of Robin Hood with actual criminal records of medieval banditry, and finds many elements of the Robin Hood ballads to be "realistic." The most notable exception to the "realism" of the ballads is that real bandits spared neither women nor "husbandmen." Rpt. in Robin Hood: An Anthology of Scholarship and Criticism, ed. Stephen Knight, pp. 263-284.]

Hanawalt, Barbara A. "Men's Games, King's Deer: Poaching in Medieval England." Journal of Medieval and Renaissance Studies 18 (1988): 175-193.

Hark, Ina Rae. "The Visual Politics of The Adventure of Robin Hood." Journal of Popular Fiction 5 (1976): 3-17. [On the 1938 movie starring Errol Flynn and Basil Rathbone.]

Harris, P[ercy] Valentine. The Truth about Robin Hood: A Refutation of the Mythologists' Theories, with New Evidence of the Hero's Actual Existence. 2nd ed. Mansfield: Linneys, 1978.

Harty, Kevin J. The Reel Middle Ages: American, Western and Eastern European, Middle Eastern and Asian Films About Medieval Europe. Jefferson, NC: McFarland and Co., Publishers, 1999. ["Those tales of old--King Arthur, Robin Hood, The Crusades, Marco Polo, Joan of Arc--have been told and retold, and the tradition of their telling has been gloriously upheld by filmmaking from its very inception. From the earliest of Georges Méliès's films in 1897, to a 1996 animated Hunchback of Notre Dame, film has offered not just fantasy but exploration of these roles so vital to the modern psyche. St. Joan has undergone the transition from peasant girl to self-assured saint, and Camelot has transcended the soundstage to evoke the Kennedys in the White House. Here is the first comprehensive survey of over 900 cinematic depictions of the European Middle Ages--date of production, country of origin, director, production company, cast, and a synopsis and commentary. A bibliography, index, and over 100 stills complete this remarkable work."]

Hayes, T[homas] Wilson. The Birth of Popular Culture: Ben Jonson, Maid Marian, and Robin Hood. Pittsburgh: Duquesne University Press, 1992.

Hilton, R[odney] H[oward]. "The Origins of Robin Hood." Past and Present no. 14 (Nov. 1958): 30-44. [Rpt. in Peasants, Knights, and Heretics: Studies in Medieval English Social History. Ed. R[odney] H[oward] Hilton. Past and Present Publications. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1976. Pp. 221-235. Rpt. in Robin Hood: An Anthology of Scholarship and Criticism. Ed. Stephen Knight. Cambridge: D. S. Brewer / Boydell and Brewer, 1999. Pp. 197-210. "Argues that the significance of Robin Hood does not depend on whether he was a real person, and examines the recurring effort to manufacture 'an authentic, documented, individual'" (International Medieval Bibliography). Hilton argues for a connection between Robin Hood and the social unrest which led to the "Peasants' Revolt" of 1381.]

Hoffman, Dean A[lan]. "'With the shot y wyll / Alle thy lustes to full-fyl': Archery as Symbol in the Early Ballads of Robin Hood." Neuphilologische Mitteilungen 86 (1985): 494-505.

Holt, J. C. "The Origins and Audience of the Ballads of Robin Hood." Past and Present no. 18 (1960): 89-110. [Rpt. in Peasants, Knights, and Heretics: Studies in Medieval English Social History. Ed. R[odney] H[oward] Hilton. Past and Present Publications. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1976. Pp. 236-255. Holt argues, against Hilton, for the rural gentry as the primary original audience of the Robin Hood stories.]

Holt, J. C. Robin Hood. London: Thames and Hudson, 1982. [A medieval historian's study of the Robin Hood legends. Contents: "Prologue," "The Legend" (on the "Gest" and the early ballads), "Who was Robin Hood?" (on various attempts to discover a "historical" Robin Hood), "The Original Robin Hood" (on the "blend of fact and fiction" in the ballads, including information on real medieval outlaws), "The Physical Setting" (on Barnsdale, Sherwood Forest, etc., and a hypothesis about a Lancashire connection), "The Audience," "The Later Tradition," "Epilogue."]

Holt, J. C., and Toshiyuki Takamiya. "A New Version of 'A Rhyme of Robin Hood.'" English Manuscript Studies, 1100-1700 1 (1989): 213-221. [Re: Tokyo, Takamiya MS 51, fol. 1v: a 20-line fragment of "A Rhyme of Robin Hood" (a nonsense carol, only the first line of which refers to the outlaw), added to the flyleaf in a fifteenth-century hand: this is the only known MS version of a poem spoken by the character "Ignorance" in John Rastell's interlude, The Four Elements (ca. 1520) (the two versions are independent of each other).]

Ikegami, Masa. "The Language and the Date of A Gest of Robyn Hode." Neuphilologische Mitteilungen 96 (1995): 271-281. ["Argues that the Gest is likely to have been written later than is usually thought, probably sometime in 15c., and suggests the NE Midlands as its place of provenance" (International Medieval Bibliography).]

Johnston, Alexandra F. "The Robin Hood of the Records." In Playing Robin Hood: The Legend as Performance in Five Centuries. Ed. Lois Potter. Newark, DE: University of Delaware Press, 1998. Pp. 27-44. [On the evidence for the fifteenth-century "plays" and "games" of Robin Hood, found in the "Records of Early English Drama" [REED] series. To judge from the many references to Robin Hood games in the records, Robin Hood was a central figure in the social life of the sixteenth-century English village. Johnston disputes Wiles's identification of Robin Hood of the village fêtes with the Summer Lord, seeing these two as distinct and contrary roles in most villages.]

Jones, Dudley. "Reconstructing Robin Hood: Ideology, Popular Film, and Television." In A Necessary Fantasy?: The Heroic Figure in Children's Popular Culture. Ed. Dudley Jones and Tony Watkins. New York and London: Garland Publishing, 2000. Pp. 111-135.

Keen, Maurice H. "Robin Hood: A Peasant Hero." History Today 8 (1958): 684-689. [Rpt. in History Today 41.10 (Oct. 1991): 20-24. Abstract: "The legendary figure of Robin Hood personifies the aspirations and limits of England's oppressed common people of the 14th and 15th centuries. Robin Hood's enemies were petty local tyrants and land-owning nobles and clergymen, the same groups who were the targets of the failed peasant insurrection led by Wat Tyler in 1381. The violence committed by Robin Hood and his men is always done in the cause of justice; his role is not to destroy the old system but merely to right its wrongs. Portrayed in one tale as a disinherited nobleman, the character is always faithful to the king, just as the peasants of 1381 respected the sacred status of lordship and apparently had unswerving faith in Richard II. Robin Hood represents the ideal of good lordship, and his cult was the peasants' answer to the dilemma of loving a God above but hating the wrongs of his ministers below."]

Keen, Maurice H. "Robin Hood--Peasant or Gentleman?" Past and Present no. 19 (1961): 7-15. [Rpt. in Peasants, Knights, and Heretics: Studies in Medieval English Social History. Ed. R[odney] H[oward] Hilton. Past and Present Publications. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1976. Pp. 258-266. Keen attempts to connect the rise of the Robin Hood legends to the Peasants' Revolt. In the 1976 reprinting, the article concludes with a note, however, which declares that, since writing the article, he has been persuaded by the arguments of J. C. Holt's "The Origins and Audience of the Ballads of Robin Hood," and so does not "believe that my attempts to relate the Robin Hood story to the social pressures of the period of the Peasants' Revolt will stand up to scrutiny."]

Kevelson, Roberta. Inlaws/Outlaws: A Semiotics of Systemic Interaction: "Robin Hood" and the "King's Law." Bloomington: Indiana University and Lisse: Peter de Ridder Press, 1977.

Knight, Stephen. "Bold Robin Hood: The Structures of a Tradition." Southern Review [Adelaide] 20.2 (July 1987): 152-167.

Knight, Stephen. "Outlaw Myths; or, Was Robin Hood Alone in the Woods?" Myth and its Legacy in European Literature. Ed. Neil Thomas and Françoise Le Saux. Durham Modern Languages Series. Durham: University of Durham, 1996. Pp. 39-48.

Knight, Stephen. Robin Hood: A Complete Study of the English Outlaw. Oxford, and Cambridge, MA: Blackwell Publishers, 1994.

Knight, Stephen. Robin Hood: A Mythic Biography. Ithaca, NY, and London: Cornell University Press, 2003.

Knight, Stephen, ed. Robin Hood: An Anthology of Scholarship and Criticism. Woodbridge, Suffolk, and Rochester, NY: D. S. Brewer, 1999. [A collection of previously published articles. Contents: "The Robin Hood Poems," by Douglas Gray; "The Gest of Robin Hood Revisited," by J. B. Bessinger, Jr; "Who was Robin Hood?," by W. F. Prideaux; "Rymes of Robin Hood," by David C. Fowler; "Robin Hood as Summer Lord," by David Wiles; "The Earl of Huntington: The Renaissance Plays," by M. A. Nelson; "Keat's 'Robin Hood,' John Hamilton Reynolds, and the 'Old Poets'," by John Barnard; "The Good Old Times: Maid Marian," by Marilyn Butler; "The Legend Since the Middle Ages," by R. B. Dobson and J. Taylor; "Robin Hood," by Joseph Hunter; "The Origins of Robin Hood," by R. H. Hilton; "The Origins and Audience of the Ballads of Robin Hood," by J. C. Holt; "The Birth and Setting of the Ballads of Robin Hood," by J. R. Maddicott; "Some Further Evidence Concerning the Dating of the Origins of the Legend of Robin Hood," by David Crook; "Ballads and Bandits: Fourteenth-century Outlaws and the Robin Hood Poems," by Barbara A. Hanawalt; "Robin Hood," by Christopher Hill; "'Drunk with the Cup of Liberty': Robin Hood, the Carnivalesque, and the Rhetoric of Violence in Early Modern England," by Peter Stallybrass; "Aspects of Cultural Diffusion in Medieval England: Robin Hood," by Peter R. Coss; "The 'Mistery' of Robin Hood: A New Social Context for the Texts," by Richard Tardif; "An Outlaw and Some Peasants: The Possible Significance of Robin Hood," by Colin Richmond; "Robin Hood," by Sidney Lee; "Robin Hood," by Lord Raglan; "The Games of Robin Hood," by John Matthews; "The Paradoxes of Robin Hood," by Joseph Falaky Nagy; "Robin Hood on the Screen," by Jeffrey Richards; "Robin Hood on the Screen: From Legend to Film," by Rudy Behlmer; "Robin Hood: Men in Tights: Fitting the Tradition Snugly," by Stephen Knight.]

Knight, Stephen. "Robin Hood and the Printer." Trivium 31 (1999): 155-168. [On early printed editions of the Robin Hood ballads.]

Knight, Stephen. "Splitting Time's Arrow: Cultural History and the Robin Hood Myth." In History, Literature and Society: Essays in Honour of S. N. Mukherjee. Ed. Mabel Lee and Michael Wilding. Sydney Studies in Society and Culture 15. Delhi: Manohar 1997. Pp. 119-131.

Lewis, Brian. Robin Hood: A Yorkshire Man. Pontefract: Briton Press, 1994. [Subtitle on the cover: "The Case for the Wentbridge Robin Hood." Lewis argues that the original Robin Hood had nothing to do with Sherwood Forest or Nottingham, but his camp was at the site of what is now Wentbridge. The Sheriff of "Nottingham" was probably in fact the Sheriff of Pontefract, if not the Shire Reeve of Knottingley. The Prioress of Kirklees was probably a woman from Kirk Smeaton. This way, all of the locations named in the "Gest" would be within a four-mile radius of Wentbridge, much more realistic than the distances implied in the "corrupt" text. In Part II of the text, Lewis goes on to point out that a "Mary Magdalene" pilgrim badge was found in the Went valley under the new viaduct, suggesting that a Chapel of the Magdalene was located there--perhaps the chapel which the "Gest" states was founded in Barnsdale by Robin Hood.]

Lumpkin, Bernard. "The Ties that Bind: Outlaw and Community in the Robin Hood Ballads and the Romance of Eustace the Monk." In Robin Hood in Popular Culture: Violence, Transgression, and Justice. Ed. Thomas G. Hahn. Cambridge, and Rochester, NY: D. S. Brewer / Boydell and Brewer, 2000. Pp. 141-150.

Lumpkin, Bernard Isaac. "The Making of a Medieval Outlaw: Code and Community in the Robin Hood Legend, 1400-1600." Ph.D. diss., Harvard University, 1999. [DAI 60 (1999-2000): 2479A. Abstract: "The popular and enduring view of Robin Hood as the outlaw who steals from the rich in order to help the poor is a far-too generous description of the outlaw as he is portrayed in the medieval texts; nevertheless, this view captures an essential truth about the legend. Even though he breaks laws, Robin Hood represents more than a mere criminal because he subscribes to a code of higher principles: 'good yeomanry.' Good yeomanry dictates that the outlaws use their yeoman skills (archery) in the service of noble ideals (courtesy, piety). My dissertation analyzes the evolving portrayal of this code in Robin Hood entertainments, ballads, and plays of the period 1400-1600. Chapter One explores the relationship between Robin Hood and medieval English and French outlaw stories. Robin Hood uses the same set of strategies (deception, disguise) as the tricksters Reynard the Fox and Eustace the Monk, yet he eschews the selfish motivations of his French counterparts and embraces instead a communal cause similar to that of Hereward the Saxon in the Gesta Herewardi. Chapter Two explores the tension between the French tricksters' individualistic code and English outlaws' communal code as it is revealed in sixteenth-century Robin Hood entertainments and plays. Chapter Three analyzes the content of good yeomanry in the medieval Robin Hood ballads (particularly the seminal Gest of Robyn Hode) and how that code is tested in the context of games, sports, and combats. Chapter Four discusses historical plays that emphasize the Elizabethan vision of Robin Hood as the outlaw who maintains his communal ties but whose highest loyalties are to king and country. Eric Hobsbawm (on the 'noble robber' figure) and Benedict Anderson (on 'imagined communities') provide the critical framework for my analysis of Robin's Hood's code and community."]

Lundgren, Tim. "The Robin Hood Ballads and the English Outlaw Tradition." Southern Folklore 53 (1996): 225-247. [Part of a special issue entitled "Outlaws and Other Medieval Heroes." Abstract: "The writer surveys the development of the outlaw-hero tradition recorded in the chronicles and romances of the 10th through the 14th centuries. He examines how the tradition was modified in the late medieval Robin Hood ballads. He observes that early outlaw-hero narratives in England focused around issues of land-ownership and the conflicts generated when outside authority challenged locally established customs. He notes that the late medieval Robin Hood ballads are remarkable for their emphasis on the social class of the protagonist and for the care with which the outlaw's relations to those above him in the social scale are depicted."]

MacLean, Sally-Beth. "King Games and Robin Hood: Play and Profit at Kingston upon Thames." Research Opportunities in Renaissance Drama 29 (1986-1987): 85-93. [HSS PN 2171 R395. On the records of the Robin Hood plays/games held as part of Whitsuntide church ales at Kingston upon Thames in the early sixteenth century.]

Maddicott, J. R. "The Birth and Setting of the Ballads of Robin Hood." English Historical Review 93 (1978): 276-299.

Margeson, J. M. R. "Dramatic Form: The Huntington Plays." Studies in English Literature, 1500-1700 14 (1974): 223-238. [HSS PR 1 S93. [Anthony Munday]]

Marshall, John. "'Goon in-to Bernysdale': The Trail of the Paston Robin Hood Play." Leeds Studies in English 29 (1998): 185-217.

Marshall, John. "Playing the Game: Reconstructing Robin Hood and the Sheriff of Nottingham." In Robin Hood in Popular Culture: Violence, Transgression, and Justice. Ed. Thomas G. Hahn. Cambridge, and Rochester, NY: D. S. Brewer / Boydell and Brewer, 2000. Pp. 161-174.

May, Jill P. "The Hero's Woods: Pyle's Robin Hood and the Female Reader." Children's Literature Association Quarterly 11 (1986-1987): 197-200. [HSS PN 1008.2 C5362. On a female reader's experience of Howard Pyle, Robin Hood, when she was a young girl.]

Meyer, Richard E. "The Legacy of Robin Hood." Southwest Folklore 3.4 (1979): 23-31.

Mitchell, W[illiam] R[eginald]. The Haunts of Robin Hood. Clapham via Lancaster: Dalesman, 1970. [Guidebook to northern England, especially sites associated with Robin Hood.]

Nagy, Joseph Falaky. "The Paradoxes of Robin Hood." Folklore 91 (1980): 198-210. ["Argues that the Robin Hood ballads present a liminal world where basic social values are juxtaposed and mixed with their opposites, so as to highlight aspects of social life" (Atkinson, "English Folk Song: An Introductory Bibliography").]

Nelson, Malcolm A[ntony]. The Robin Hood Tradition in the English Renaissance. Salzburg Studies in English Literature, Elizabethan and Renaissance Studies 14. Salzburg: Institut für englischen Sprache und Literatur, Universität Salzburg, 1973. [HSS PR 2129 N42 1973. Contents: "The Basis of the Tradition"; "The May Lord"; "The Elizabethan Beginning"; "The Earl of Huntington"; "Jacobean Diversity"; "King of May Again"; "Restoration Curio"; "Appendix: The Historical Robin Hood." The book is on early Modern uses of Robin Hood, both in "popular" and in "elite" culture; it considers the folk plays of Robin Hood and his connection with May Games, and also includes a section on Elizabethan Robin Hood plays (such as those of Anthony Munday).]

Nollen, Scott Allen. Robin Hood: A Cinematic History of the English Outlaw and His Scottish Counterparts. Jefferson, NC, and London: McFarland and Co., 1999. ["From Errol Flynn to Kevin Costner to Daffy Duck, the bandit of Sherwood Forest has gone through a variety of incarnations on the way to becoming a cinematic staple. The historic Robin Hood--actually an amalgam of several outlaws of medieval England--was continually transformed by oral tradition to become the romantic and deadly archer-swordsman who 'robbed from the rich to give to the poor.' This image was reinforced by popular literature, song and, in the 20th century, cinema. This volume provides in-depth information on each film based on the immortal hero. In addition, other historical figures such as Scottish rebel-outlaws Rob Roy MacGregor and William Wallace are examined. Nollen also explores nontraditional representations of the legend, such as Frank Sinatra's Robin and the Seven Hoods and Westerns featuring the Robin Hood motif. A filmography is provided, including production information, and the text is highlighted by rare photographs, advertisements, and illustrations."]

Ohlgren, Thomas H. "Edwardus Redivivus in A Gest of Robyn Hode." Journal of English and Germanic Philology 99 (2000): 1-29. [On Child 119 ("Robin Hood and the Monk"), Child 121 ("Robin Hood and the Potter"), and Child 117 ("A Gest of Robyn Hode") and their treatment of Edward III, King of England.]

Ohlgren, Thomas H. "The 'Marchaunt' of Sherwood: Mercantile Ideology in A Gest of Robyn Hode." In Robin Hood in Popular Culture: Violence, Transgression, and Justice. Ed. Thomas G. Hahn. Cambridge, and Rochester, NY: D. S. Brewer / Boydell and Brewer, 2000. Pp. 175-190. [Ohlgren argues that the "mercantile" interests of the "Gest" would suggest a wealthy Middle Class audience.]

Parker, David. "Popular Protest in 'A Gest of Robyn Hode.'" Modern Language Quarterly 32 (1971): 3-20. ["Interprets the long Robin Hood ballad in terms of contemporary class sympathies" (Atkinson, "English Folk Song: An Introductory Bibliography").]

Phillips, Graham, and Martin Keatman. Robin Hood: The Man Behind the Myth. London: Michael O'Mara, 1996. [Purports to identify the "real" Robin Hood (in fact, their theory is that there were three men who contributed different parts to the legend: Robert Hood of Warwick, and archer in the early 14th century (but who was not an outlaw), someone else who was an outlaw, and someone else who was born in Loxley). As far as I can tell, there are no new discoveries here: each of the three has been discussed in previous Robin Hood literature.]

Phillips, Helen. "Forest, Town, and Road: The Significance of Places and Names in Some Robin Hood Texts." In Robin Hood in Popular Culture: Violence, Transgression, and Justice. Ed. Thomas G. Hahn. Cambridge, and Rochester, NY: D. S. Brewer / Boydell and Brewer, 2000. Pp. 197-214.

Potter, Lois, ed. Playing Robin Hood: The Legend as Performance in Five Centuries. Newark, DE: University of Delaware Press, 1998.

Pringle, Patrick. Stand and Deliver: Highwaymen from Robin Hood to Dick Turpin. London: Dorset Press, 1991.

Richardson, Christine. "The Figure of Robin Hood within the Carnival Tradition." REED Newsletter 22.2 ([Fall] 1997): 18-25. ["Studies carnivalesque reversals of power in May Games and ballads concerned with Robin Hood" (International Medieval Bibliography). [Records of Early English Drama]]

Richmond, Colin. "An Outlaw and Some Peasants: The Possible Significance of Robin Hood." Nottingham Medieval Studies 37 (1993): 90-101. [Rpt. in Robin Hood: An Anthology of Scholarship and Criticism. Ed. Stephen Knight. Cambridge: D. S. Brewer / Boydell and Brewer, 1999. Pp. 363-376. "Examines ballads featuring Robin Hood as an expression of the consciousness and aspirations of a class of yeomen and husbandmen in the period 1350-1500;" considers Robin Hood as "a yeoman hero for husbandmen" (International Medieval Bibliography).]

"Robin Hood: Outlaw of the Forest" [TV program]. Prod. and dir. Peter Swain. An episode of Biography. The A & E Television Network. New York: A & E Home Video, 1995. [Edm. Pub. Library Videocassette 398.22 ROB. The scholars who participated include Stephen Knight, Brian Lewis, and Georgina Boyes.]

Simeone, William E. "The May Games and the Robin Hood Legend." Journal of American Folklore 64 (1951): 265-274. [On "folk plays" and games as part of village festivities.]

Simeone, William E. "Renaissance Robin Hood Plays." In Folklore in Action: Essays for Discussion in Honor of MacEdward Leach. Ed. Horace P[almer] Beck. Publications of the American Folklore Society, Bibliographical and Special Series 14. Philadelphia: American Folklore Society, 1962. Pp. 184-199. [BARD GR 15 B39. On the "literary" Robin Hood plays of the 1590s.]

Singman, Jeffrey L. Robin Hood: The Shaping of the Legend. Contributions to the Study of World Literature 92. Westport, CT, and London: Greewood Press, 1998. [HSS PR 2129 S56 1998. Contents: "Robyn Hod in Scherewod Stod" (on the "Gest" and the fifteenth-century ballads), "Robin Hoodes Daye" (on the fifteenth-century and early sixteenth-century Robin Hood plays and games), "Rather a Merry than an Mischievous Thief" (on sixteenth- and seventeenth-century developments in the legend), "Vain Tales of Robin Hood" (on the social significance of the legend of Robin Hood). There are also two appendices, the first a collection of the records regarding Robin Hood games in various locales, and the second a collection of the records concerning the Edinburgh Riots of 1561 (there was a major riot when the authorities suppressed the annual Robin Hood games).]

Skura, Meredith. "Anthony Munday's 'Gentrification' of Robin Hood." English Literary Renaissance 33 (2003): 155-180. [On Anthony Munday, Matthew Parker, etc.]

Spence, Lewis. "Robin Hood in Scotland." Chamber's Journal 7th ser. 18 (1928): 94-96. [On the Scottish chronicles and other evidence of a particular fascination with Robin Hood in medieval and early modern Scotland (including the association of William Wallace with Robin Hood).]

Stallybrass, Peter. "'Drunk with the Cup of Liberty': Robin Hood, the Carnivalesque, and the Rhetoric of Violence in Early Modern England." Semiotica 54 (1985): 113-145. [Rpt. in The Violence of Representation: Literature and the History of Violence. Ed. Nancy Armstrong and Leonard Tennenhouse. Essays in Literature and Society. London and New York: Routledge, 1989. Pp. 45-76. Also rpt. in Robin Hood: An Anthology of Scholarship and Criticism, ed. Stephen Knight, pp. 297-327.]

Stapleford, Richard. "Robin Hood and the Contemporary Idea of the Law." Literature Film Quarterly 8 (1980): 182-187.

Stock, Lorraine Kochanske. "Lords of the Wildwood: The Wild Man, the Green Man, and Robin Hood." In Robin Hood in Popular Culture: Violence, Transgression, and Justice. Ed. Thomas G. Hahn. Cambridge, and Rochester, NY: D. S. Brewer / Boydell and Brewer, 2000. Pp. 239-249.

Stokes, James D. "Robin Hood and the Churchwardens of Yeovil." Medieval and Renaissance Drama in England 3 (1986): 1-25. [HSS PR 621 M489. On "folk plays" and games as part of village festivities; more specifically, Stokes considers the evidence in churchwarden accounts for the practice of Robin Hood games in Yeovil, Somerset (based on research towards the REED "Somerset" volume). Stokes answers questions about who was chosen to play Robin Hood (various non-gentry members of the community, closely associated with the churchwardens), what the duties of the annual Robin Hood were (to organize the Whitsun Ale, including the entertainments associated with it, and to collect "alms"), etc. Part of the symbolic use of Robin Hood in such an event was to get every member of the parish to donate money in exchange for Robin Hood's "livery," so that the whole parish community becomes united as members of Robin Hood's "outlaw" band, feasting together in the "greenwood," and providing relief for the poor (or other maintenance of the parish) through their donations.]

Swan, George. "Robin Hood's 'Irish Knife.'" University of Mississippi Studies in English ns 11-12 (1993-1995): 51-80. [A contribution to the debate over whether the plays or the ballads of Robin Hood came first; Swan offers evidence that the ballads sometimes adapted the plays rather than the other way around.]

Talbot, Robert. "The Wakefield Master, Robin Hood, and the Agrarian Struggle of the Latter Middle Ages." Ph.D. diss., Duke University, 1995. [DAI 56 (1995-1996): 1768A. Abstract: "This dissertation discusses the medieval poems of Robin Hood and the roughly contemporary fifteenth-century plays of the Wakefield Master. I address both the prevailing view among literary historians that the Robin Hood poems cannot be read in terms of class struggle and the unchallenged assumption of literary interpretation that the Wakefield Master expresses a great deal of sympathy for the plight of the poor peasant. Through a detailed examination of the social context of competition between lords and peasants, such as rental strikes and repressive labor legislation, and a more probing reading of the texts themselves, I find just the opposite to be the case. I argue that while the poems of Robin Hood advocate peasant solidarity in social struggle, the plays of the Wakefield Master represent peasant resistance as a threat to a stable social order and disparage peasant community. The value of this work, then, is as a corrective to the available criticism which has obscured both the ideological motivation of the Wakefield Master and the voice of peasant resistance within the plays--a voice that can be inferred from of the Wakefield Master's efforts to repress it. Its importance also lies in my close reading of the medieval Robin Hood poems which calls attention to the voices of revolt in a literature which is not widely known and has yet to be subject to a detailed literary analysis."]

Tardif, Richard. "The 'Mistery' of Robin Hood: A New Social Context for the Texts." In Words and Worlds: Studies in the Social Role of Verbal Culture. Ed. Stephen Knight and S. N. Mukherjee. Sydney Studies in Society and Culture 1. Sydney: Sydney Association for Studies in Society and Culture, 1983. Pp. 130-145. [Contextualizes the Robin Hood stories, not in terms of the peasants (as do Hilton and Keen) and not in terms of the manorial gentry (as does Holt), but in terms of the "yeoman" of the towns, the journeymen of the craft guilds, who were also part of the "Peasants' Revolt" of 1381 (and some of whom are known to have organized fraternities, and there are reports of secret meetings in forests to plot against their masters in attempts to win better working conditions).]

Thorndike, A. H. "The Relationship of As You Like It to the Robin Hood Plays." Journal of English and Germanic Philology 4 (1902): 59-69. [[William Shakespeare]]

Walker, John William. The True History of Robin Hood. Illus. Ethel W. Walker. East Ardsley: E. P. Publishing, 1973. [Reprint of the 1952 ed. published by West Yorkshire Print Co., Wakefield; with a new index.]

Wasson, John M., ed. Devon. Records of Early English Drama. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1986. P. 89. [HSS PN 2595.5 D48 D499 1986. The earliest reference to Robin Hood games or plays is recorded in Exeter in 1427 (cited in Stock, "Lords of the Wildwood," 239n4). In the "Receivers' Account Rolls" (in the Devon Records Office), for 1426-7, membrane 2*: around St. John the Baptist's Day (24 June; midsummer) there is an expenditure of 20 pence for "lusoribus ludentibus lusum Robyn Hood."]

Watson, Steve. "Touring the Medieval: Tourism, Heritage, and Medievalism, in Northumbria." Studies in Medievalism 11 (2001): 238-261. [Vol. 11 is a special issue, entitled Appropriating the Middle Ages: Scholarship, Politics, Fraud, ed. Tom Shippey and Martin Arnold. "Discusses sociological theories for the increased attraction of the Middle Ages in times of insecurity and change, especially with regard to figures like King Arthur and Robin Hood" (International Medieval Bibliography).]

Wiles, David. The Early Plays of Robin Hood. Woodbridge, Suffolk: Boydell and Brewer, 1981. [Wiles considers the evidence for late medieval and Tudor games of Robin Hood, which appear to have been especially common in Scotland and in certain parts of southern England such as the Thames valley (Henley-on-Thames, etc.). The games are associated with Whitsuntide (not May Day), particularly the parish "Whitsun Ale," and often continued thereafter (sometimes travelling to neighbouring villages) well into June (to the summer solstice). The games are not merely imitations of the ballads but some of the ballads are just as likely to arise out of the games. Further, the games are not originally associated with Morris dances as some have argued (rather, the Robin Hood games are a late medieval development of the King games which are associated with springtime and the bringing in of the May and which go back to the mid-thireenth century, on which see E. K. Chambers, The Mediaeval Stage), but gradually Morris dancing comes to be part of the games and, eventually, replaces the Robin Hood games at the time when the games are being suppressed as "subversive." The games from the start involved dancing, lewd humour, combat games, and carnival festivities and misrule (a temporary leveling or inversion of hierarchy). While the ballads tend to confirm the monarchical status quo, the games are where we find Robin Hood stories becoming carnivalesque and truly antiauthoritarian, and they came to be suppressed in the Elizabethan period because they were perceived as real threats to the state (in 1549, for instance, the summer games in one town did grow into an all-out rebellion, which is now referred to by historians as Kett's Rebellion). Robin Hood in the games is the Summer Lord, a carnivalesque Lord of Misrule (and an outlaw who challenges social order); he is also a Green Man, an embodiment of Spring; and the Robin Hood play-games are the Spring equivalent of the Christmas mumming tradition (Robin Hood is the Spring equivalent of Christmas's St. George). Wiles also considers the characters of Maid Marion (who in some villages is the May Queen, but in other towns is a "man-woman," one of the Morris men in drag) and of Friar Tuck (the centre of much lewd and anticlerical humour). [Cf., however, Alexandra Johnston's "The Robin Hood of the Records," who disputes Wiles's identification of Robin Hood and the Summer Lord. The records indicate, in fact, that the Summer Lord and Robin Hood are distinct characters in most villages, the Summer Lord being a figure of order and the "director" of the feast and games, while Robin Hood is a figure of disorder (and a collector of "loot," which is later turned over for the use of the parish).] Includes in appendices the texts of several plays and May games. Also see the review of the book by J. A. Burrow ("Making with the Merry Men") in the Times Literary Supplement 1 Jan. 1982, p. 9.]

Wilson, Richard. "'Like the old Robin Hood': As You Like It and the Enclosure Riots." Shakespeare Quarterly 43 (1992): 1-19. [Shakespeare's pastoralism glosses over recent and hotly contested changes in forest use.]

Zellefrow, William Kenneth, Sr. "The Romance of Robin Hood." Ph.D. diss., University of Colorado, 1974. [DAI 35 (1974-1975): 5370A. On A Lytell Geste of Robyn Hode in the light of the romance tradition, specifically comparing it with "King Horn," "Havelok the Dane," "Athelston," and "Gamelyn."]

Back to The Canon of John Lydgate Project

Stephen R. Reimer
English; University of Alberta; Edmonton, Canada
Created: 1 Sept. 2003; Last revised: 21 Jan. 2004

email: Stephen.Reimer@UAlberta.Ca
URL: http://www.ualberta.ca/~sreimer/engl403/403-bib.htm