Second, Third Punic Wars

P. Scipio cos. 218 decides to avoid Hannibal, take army to Spain
Establishes permanent Roman presence in Spain
Defeated, killed in 211
P. Cornelius Scipio elected to take over as commander in Spain
- Son of P. Scipio cos. 218
Scipio undermines Carthaginians
- Shows himself to be equal to Hannibal as general
Hannibal's brother takes army from Spain to Italy
- Defeated in Italy, 207
- No relief for Hannibal

Scipio cos. 205 leads army to Africa in 204
Carthaginians sue for peace, 203
Hannibal returns to Carthage, causes renewal of war
Zama, 202
- Scipio defeats Hannibal
Carthage surrenders
- Gives up all overseas territories
- Pays huge indemnity over 50 years
- Prohibited from building a new fleet
- Subordinate to Rome
Scipio receives title Africanus
- "victor over Africa"

Romans very hostile to Carthaginians during 50 years of Carthaginian tribute paying
Support Massinissa, king of Numidia
- Much to Carthaginians' annoyance
As end of 50 years' peace approaches, Roman desire for war clear
- Cato the Elder
  - "Carthage must be destroyed" (ceterum censeo delendam esse Carthaginem)
War declared in 149
- Roman consuls order Carthaginians to abandon their city
- They refuse
Many Roman volunteers for war
- Expectation of much plunder
Desperate Carthaginians fight much more bitterly than expected
Newly Raised Roman army not very efficient
- Takes time to put new army in order
- Commanders not too effective
Scipio Aemilanus elected consul in 147
- Grandson (by adoption) of Scipio Africanus
- Not eligible yet for consulship
  - Too young
  - hasn't held necessary junior offices
  - Rioting among electorate until senate allows election of Scipio
    - Major dissatisfaction with handling of war
Scipio restores order in demoralized Roman army
Carthage captured in 146 after massive siege operations
- Survivors enslaved
- City raised to ground

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