Civil War After Caesar's Death II

Major Realignments in 43

• Two consuls march against Antony, helped by Young Caesar
• Antony defeated in series of battles near Mantua,spring 43
  • Antony retreats NW into s. Gaul
• Both consuls die
• Young Caesar asserts indepedence of senate
  • Seizes Rome, has himself elected consul
• Antony allies with M. Aemilius Lepidus cos. 46
  • Lepidus son of M. Lepidus cos. 78
  • Senior Caesarian consul
  • Threatened by anti-Caesarian senate
  • Gov. of s. Gaul

Triumvirate

• Young Caesar enters into alliance with Antony, Lepidus
• Triumvirate established by law
  • In effect, a permanent three-man dictatorship
  • Antony, Young Caesar, Lepidus
    • Lepidus important only temporarily
    • Young Caesar at bottom of totem-pole now, will rise
• New Proscriptions
  • Cicero killed along with his brother and nephew

Showdown with Assassins

• Brutus, Cassius seize East in 43
  • In 44, Brutus and Cassius are sent off to minor eastern provinces by Antony to get them out of the way
  • Brutus takes over Macedonia, which was to be turned over to Antony
  • Cassius takes over Syria, which he had defended in 53 after Crassus' debacle at Carrhae
    • Dolabella, Antony's colleague as consul in 44 after death of Caesar tries to claim Syria
    • Troops stick with Cassius against Dolabella
  • In 43 Brutus, Cassius seize Asia Minor
    • loyalty of troops by letting them plunder "disloyal" cities of Asia (those that had gone over to Dolabella in his march east)
  • "Defenders" of Republic violate its principles
    • Military force now the only form of "legitimacy"
• Antony, Young Caesar cross over to Greece in 42
• Republican forces defeated at Philippi in Sept.
  • Cassius, Brutus commit suicide
  • Last army that even pretends to be fighting for Republic
• Reassignment of territory among triumvirs
  • Antony receives East
  • Young Caesar gets Italy
    • Difficult assignment b/c of need to find land for veterans
    • Gives moral high ground through control of Rome, Roman homeland
  • Lepidus shunted off to Africa

Sex. Pompeius/Pius Magnus

• Sex. Pompeius son of Pompey
• Survived the defeat of the Pompeians by Caesar in Spain in 45
• Established himself as a naval commander
• Seized Sicily, other islands in 44, 43
• The proscribed flee to him
• Republicans flee to him after Philippi
• Caused Young Caesar much trouble in Italy
  • Threatens grain supply of Rome
• Changes name to Pius Magnus
  • Magnus ("the Great") was a cognomen adopted by Pompey
  • Pius ("the dutiful one") shows his loyalty to his father
  • New name distinguishes the warlord from regular humans